Introduction to Pharmacognosy AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE.ppt

Introduction to Pharmacognosy AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE SLIDE

1. Introduction
to
Pharmacognosy

2. The history of natural products in
medicine
Agreatproportionofthenaturalproducts
usedasdrugs
Thestudyofdrugsusedbytraditionalhealers
isanimportantobjectofpharmacognostical
research
SumeriansandAkkadians-Mesopotamia(3
rd
millenniumBC)

4. Egyptians(Eberspapyrus, 1550 BC)

5. Authors of antiquity
Hippocrates(460-377 BC)
“The Father of Medicine”

6. Dioscorides(40-80 AD)
“De Materia Medica” (600 medicinal plants)

7. The Islamic era
IbnAltabari(770850)
”همكحلا سودرف“

8. IbnSina(980-1037)
”بطلا يف نوناقلا“

9. Ibn Albitar(1148-1197)
”ةيذغلأاو ةيودلأا تادرفمل عماجلا“

10. The era of European exploration
overseas (16
th
and 17
th
century)

11. The 18
th
century, Pharmacognosy
JohnAdam Schimidt (1759-1809)-
ProfessorofGeneralPathology
Linnaeus-Swedishbotanist(naming and
classifyingplants)
Attheendofthe18
th
century,crude
drugswerestillbeingusedaspowders,
simpleextracts,ortinctures

12. The era of pure compounds
(In 1803, a new era in the history of medicine)
Isolationofmorphinefromopiumbetween
theyears1803and1817.
Strychnine(1817)
Quinineandcaffeine(1820)
Nicotine(1828)
Atropine(1833)
Cocaine(1855)

13. Inthe19
th
century,thechemical
structuresofmanyoftheisolated
compoundsweredetermined
Inthe20
th
century,thediscoveryof
importantdrugsfromtheanimal
kingdom,particularlyhormonesand
vitamins.
Microorganismshavebecomeavery
importantsourceofdrugs

14. Definitions
Pharmacognosy:
TheAmericanSocietyofPharmacognosy defines
“thestudyofthephysical,chemical,biochemical
andbiologicalpropertiesofdrugs,drugsubstances,
orpotentialdrugsordrugsubstancesofnatural
originaswellasthesearchfornewdrugsfrom
naturalsources.”Itisthescienceofbiogenicor
nature-derivedpharmaceuticalsandpoisons.
TwoGreekwords,“Pharmakon"meansdrug,and
"gignosco"meansknowledge.
Prof.JohnAdamSchimidt(1759-1809)coinedthe
termpharmacognosy inhisbookLehrbuchder
MateriaMedica

15. Crude drugs:
It is used for those natural products such as
plants or part of plants, extracts and exudates
which are not pure compounds/raw
Ethnobotany:
Itisabroadtermreferringtothestudyofplants
byhumans
Ethnomedicine:
Itreferstotheuseofplantsbyethniccommunity
asmedicine
Traditionalmedicine:
Itisthesumtotalofallnon-mainstreammedical
practices,usuallyexcludingsocalled“western”
medicine.Followedgenerationaftergeneration.

16. Natural products:they can be
1.Entire organism (plant, animal, organism)
2.Part of an organism (a leaf or flower of a
plant, an isolated gland or other organ of
an animal)
3.An extract or an exudate of an organism
4.Isolated pure compounds

17. Scheme for pharmacognosticstudies of a
natural drug
Officialtitle,synonym,orvernacular
Biologicalsourceandfamily
Geographicalsourcesandhabitat
Cultivation,collectionandprocessing
Morphologicalormacroscopicalstudies
Microscopicalorhistologicalstudies
Chemical constituents&qualitative
chemicaltests
Commercial verities,substitutesand
adulterants
Therapeutic/Traditionaluses

18. SCOPE OF PHARMACOGNOSY
1.Pharmacognosyisimportantbranchofpharmacywhichisplayingkey
roleinnewdrugdiscoveryanddevelopmentbyusingnaturalproducts.
Pharmacognosyhasgivenmanyleadsfornewdrugdiscoveryand
development.
2.Itisanimportantlinkbetweenmodernmedicinesystems(allopathy)and
traditionalsystemofmedicine.Itispartmedicinalsystemwhichis
affordableaswellasaccessibletocommonman.Aspartofintegrative
systemofmedicine,pharmacognosycanhelptoincreaseeffectivenessof
modernmedicinesystem.
3.Itisactingasbridgebetweenpharmacology,medicinalchemistryand
pharmacotherapeuticsandalsopharmaceutics.Italsobridges
pharmaceuticswithotherpharmacysubjects.
4.AccordingtoWorldHealthOrganization(WHO),60%oftheworld'spopulation
reliesonherbalmedicineandabout80%ofthepopulationindeveloping
countriesdependsalmosttotallyonitfortheirprimaryhealthcareneeds
Pharmacognosycanprovidesafeandeffectivedrugsincombinationwithmodern
medicinesystem.

19. 5.Pharmacognosy includesknowledgeaboutsafeuseofherbal
drugsincludingtoxicity,sideeffects,druginteractionthereby
increasingeffectivenessofmodernmedicine.
6.Pharmacognosyisanimportantlinkbetweenpharmacologyand
medicinalchemistry.Asaresultofrapiddevelopment of
phytochemistryandpharmacologicaltestingmethodsinrecent
years,newplantdrugsarefindingtheirwayintomedicineas
purifiedphytochemicals,ratherthanintheformoftraditional
galenicalpreparations.
7.Pharmacognosyisthebasefordevelopmentofnovelmedicines.
Mostofthecompoundsobtainedfromnaturalproductserveas
prototypeorbasefordevelopmentofnewdrugwhicharemore
activeandlesstoxic.
8.Bymeansofpharmacognosy, naturalproductscanbe
dispensed,formulatedandmanufactured indosageforms
acceptabletomodernsystemofmedicine.
9.Therearevastnumberofplantandanimalspecieswhichare
notstudiedsystematically.
10.Developmentofpharmacognosyalsoleadstodevelopmentof
botany,taxonomy,plantbiotechnology,plantgenetics,plant
pathology,pharmaceutics,pharmacology,phytochemistryand
otherbranchesofscience

20. Sources of Drugs –Plants
Digitalis purpurea
Senna-Cassia angustifolia
Rauwolfiaserpentina
Cinnamon-Cinnamomum zeylanicum
Clove-Eugenia Caryophyllus
Amla-Phyllanthusemblica
Totola-Oroxylumindicum
Coriander-Coriandrumsativum,etc.

21. Sources of Drugs –Animals
Shark liver oil
Cod liver oil
Musk
Beeswax
Hormones
Enzymes and
Anti-toxins sera are the products
obtained from animal sources, etc.

22. Sources of Drugs –Marine
Antibacterialagents:Acanthellin-1
(Acanthellaacuta)(sponge-yellow)
Antiviralagents:Avarol(Disidea
avara)(bluepurplesponge)
Antifungal agents: Zonarol
(Dictyopteris zonoroid) (brown
algae)
Antibiotics: Cephalosporin-c
(Cephalosporium acrimonium)
(fungus),etc.

23. Mineral sources
Examplesincludeferroussulfateiniron
deficiencyanemia;
Magnesiumsulfateaspurgative;
Magnesiumtrisilicate,aluminumhydroxide
andsodiumbicarbonateasantacidsfor
hyperacidityandpepticulcer;
Zincoxideointmentasskinprotectant,in
wounds
Goldsalts(solganal,auranofin)asanti-
inflammatoryandinrheumatoidarthritis;
Seleniumasanti-dandruff.

24. References
Kokate, C. K., Purohit, A. P., & Gokhale, S.
B. (2003). Text book of
Pharmacognosy.Pune: Nirali
Prakashan,8(66), 1-624.