Introduction to psychiatry power point.pptx

Psychiatriy

1. PSYCHIATRY Dr Hiwot Bilal (GP) May, 2024

2. Introduction to psychiatry What is psychiatry ? Psychiatry : a medical discipline that deals with mental and behavioral disorders as well as its treatment . It is a branch of medicine that deals with the diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders.

3. Mental Health is defined as the successful performance of mental functions, in terms of thought , mood , and behavior that results in productive activities, fulfilling relationships with others, and the ability to adapt to change and to cope with adversity.

4. Psychology : a science that deals with the interaction of the person with his environment ( deals with study of the behavior of the person). The difference between psychiatry and psychology is psychiatry deals with the abnormal brain function but psychology deals with the normal function of the brain.

5. HISTORY OF PSYCHIATRY The word ' psychiatry ' is derived from the Greek psych , mind and iatros , treatment . The term has been in use for less than two hundred years , but identification and treatment of the mentally ill goes back to earliest recorded history . Bipolar affective disorder, formerly known as manic depressive illness, was recognized by ancient Greek philosophers and medical authorities, notably by Hippocrates, in the fourth century BC . He viewed it, according to the humoral medical system of that era, as an imbalance or disequilibrium, with environmental, physical and emotional contributions.

6. Four centuries later, Areteus wrote a clear- description of mood cycles; he saw depression as a precursor to mania. The Greek physician Galen , who practiced in Rome in the second century AD, continued the humoral tradition, postulating that depression was caused by an excess of black bile (hence the term melancholia, from melan , black and khole , bile), though he also took into account psychological and emotional causes, such as erotic desire.

7. Recognition of madness goes back a long way. Possibly the earliest known description of a psychiatrically disturbed person was written on a fragment of the Ayur Veda, a sacred Hindu text of the fourteenth century BC. A man is described as ' gluttonous , filthy , walks naked , has lost his memory and moves in an uneasy manner '.

8. BIBLE(c. 1450 BC): MADNESS AS A PUNISHMENT TO THOSE WHO VIOLATE GOD’S COMMANDS. “ THE LORD WILL SMITE YOU WITH MADNESS AND BLINDNESS AND CONFUSSION OF THE MIND”. EGYPT —EBERS PAPYRUS (1570 BC) DESCRIBES THE USE OF SURGICAL TECHNIQUES, DRUGS AND VARIOUS MAGICAL AND RELIGIOUS PRACTICES WHICH INCLUDED FUMIGATION AND PURIFICATION WITH HOLY WATER. PRE-ISLAMIC ERA —LIFE AND DEATH WERE SEEN AS A CONTINUOUS CYCLE AND SO GREAT ATTENTION WAS PAID TO THE AFTERWORLD. MISFORTUNE IN LIFE, AND PARTICULARLY MENTAL ILLNESS, WAS THOUGHT DUE TO SUPERNATURAL FORCES.

9. HIPPOCRATES (470-400B.C )--- MADNESS AROSE FROM A DISTURBANCE OF THE BRAIN AND WAS CAUSED BY AN IMBALANCE OF THE ELEMENTS (FIRE, AIR, EARTH AND WATER) AND OF THE HUMORS ( BLOOD , PHLEGM AND BILE ). THE HUMORS WERE BELIEVED TO BE THE BASIS OF THE FOUR TEMPERAMENTS: SANGUINEOUS (good humour and enthusiasm), CHOLERIC (irritability), PHLEGMATIC (torpor and apathy) AND MELANCHOLIC.

10. ARISTOTLE (384-322 B.C.): TAUGHT THE PRESENCE OR ABSENCE OF THE PSYCHE DISTINGUISHED BETWEEN LIVING AND NON-LIVING SUBSTANCES AND THAT IT WAS THROUGH SUFFERING THAT THE INDIVIDUAL ACHIEVED SELF-KNOWLEDGE . CHRISTIAN ERA (EARLY): MADNESS WAS CAUSED AND CURED BY SUPERNATURAL AGENTS WHICH WERE PERSONIFIED BY PARTICULAR GODS AND GODDESSES-THEY ACTED THROUGH MORTALS IN A STATE OF ANGER OR PLEASURE.

11. GALEN (129-199 AD): SUSTAINED THE BELIEF THAT MENTAL ILLNESS WAS DUE TO AN IMBALANCE OF HUMORS, ESPECIALLY BLACK BILE AND CHOLER, AND HE RECOMMENDED VAPORS, BATHS, DIETS, EMETICS AND CATHARTICS.

12. ISLAMIC ERA : THE MOST FAMOUS PHYSICIANS OF THE TIME ( AL –RAZI AND IBN SINA ) DESCRIBED INSANITY IN THEIR WRITINGS. NINE SUBTYPES OF MELANCHOLIA. MANIA WAS DISCUSSED AND RABIES WAS CONSIDERED AS A TYPE OF MANIA. IBN SINA DESCRIBED A PATIENT HAVING DELUSIONS OF BEING A COW, WHO RECOVERED COMPLETELY WHEN HE RECEIVED PROPER NUTRITION . DURING THE HEIGHT OF ISLAMIC MEDICINE, WARDS FOR TREATMENT OF INSANE PATIENTS WERE OPERATIONAL IN HOSPITALS IN CAIRO, ALEXANDRIA, DAMASCUS, ALEPPO, BAGHDAD, AND FEZ.

13. The mental illness in the past. There were 3 patterns followed by western culture and by African’s:– a- Primitive . Greek and Romans - due to imbalance in body fluid. Europeans considered as possessed by the Devil. b- Humanistic. In middle east and Arabic countries As sick persons Requiring the same care and treatments as the physically ill c- scientific patterns .