Introduction to radiologic technology

1. Introduction to Radiologic
Technology

2. WELCOME TO
RADIOLOGIC
TECHNOLOGY!!!!

3. Chapter 1: Introduction to
Quality Customer Service
•The patient is healthcare’s customer
•Radiology is an expensive department
within the hospital (equipment,
procedures)
•Becoming aware of your surroundings
enables you to better understand your role
as a student technologist
•Quality customer service including quality
management is very important in radiology

4. JCAHO
•What is JCAHO?
•The Joint Commission on Accreditation
of Healthcare Organizations
•They stipulate that a patient/family
complaint system must be in place and
made available to all patients and
families
•You as a student are a part of the
healthcare delivery system and must
become familiar with it’s functions

5. Patient’s Perspective and Patient
Satisfaction
•By knowing what the public perceives about
health care delivery we can attempt to focus on
how to provide services.
•This is accomplished regularly in hospitals by
passing out surveys to patients (and also to
employees)
•In one survey performed, the top two factors that
were important to patients when choosing a
hospital were: #1-latest technology and
equipment and #2-courtesy of hospital staff

6. Customers
•Who are the customers?
•Outside customers are patients, families, physicians
and other within the community.
•Inside customers are members of other departments,
coworkers, radiologists.
•Remember that coworkers are customers too; this
makes for a better working environment.
•Project a professional image to all outside customers
(suppliers, sales reps, etc.) They spread the word
about what kind of service they observe while at your
facility.

7. Moments of
Truth
•Moments of truth are the points
at which patients form
perceptions about the quality of
service being given and the
quality of care.
•Moments of truth are affected by
physical appearance of the work
area, appearance of the
technologist and the professional
behavior of everyone involved in
their visit to the hospital.

8. Customer Service Cycles
Role-Playing Skit on page 11

9. Telephone Etiquette
Answer a ringing phone in the department within 3 rings if
possible.
Answer professionally- Radiology Department, this is Amber,
May I help you?
Speak clearly, pleasant and unhurried. Smiling while you
speak will automatically make you sound more pleasant.
Once you know the caller’s name, use it.
If you must put the caller on hold, ask their permission.
When you return, thank them for holding.
Become comfortable with the telephone system so that you
can properly use it’s functions (transferring, etc.)
When the call has ended, thank the caller and wait for them
to hang up first.

10. Conflict Resolution
This is the age of consumer awareness and increased
competition (and lawsuits); it is imperative that patients
are handled in the most professional manner possible.
Conflict resolution is important when dealing with
patients, coworkers and physicians.
The two most important tools to use in conflict
resolution are effective listening and empathy.
Effective listening- tells others we respect what they
have to say and are here to help them.
Empathy- understanding and accepting the other
person’s position without necessarily agreeing or
disagreeing; very difficult in stressful situations.

11. Critical Thinking
Chapter 4

12. What is critical thinking?
•Many have defined critical thinking in lots
of different ways. Basically, we can define
it as ‘making wise decisions based on a
set of universally accepted values’. The
JRCERT (Joint Review Committee on
Education in Radiologic Technology)
requires critical thinking as part of our
curriculum to further enhance student
competence.

13. Characteristics of a Critical
Thinker
•Humane
•Analytical
•Rational
•Open-minded
•Systematic
•Inquisitive

14. Things that Hinder Critical
Thinking
•Background beliefs (religious,
cultural traditions, parents, past
teachers)
•Faulty reasoning (from biased or
false information)
•Group loyalty (social groups with
sets of acceptable behaviors)
•Frozen mind-set (closed-minded)
•Emotional baggage (logic vs.
emotion)

15. Steps for Becoming a Critical
Thinker
•Approach learning humbly and with
an open-mind
•Have respect for others
•Self-awareness- when we are aware
of our own standards and ethics, we
can objectively make decisions and
act responsibly
•Hone your skills- practice makes
perfect; even in critical thinking!

16. The History of Medicine
Chapter 5

17. In the beginning…….
•We can only speculate about human
practice of pre-historic medicine
•All of the ancient cultures had various
beliefs about healing and medicine.
•The embalmings of the ancient Egyptians
have provided us with much of our
knowledge of ancient medicine
•The ancient cultures shared a common
bond in medicine- religion was always
linked to the medicinal practices.

18. Hippocrates
•The “Father of Medicine”
•His ideas revolutionized medicine
from the ancient past and began
turning it into an objective science.
•His teachings were:
–Observe all
–Study the patient rather than the
disease
–Evaluate honestly
–Assist nature

19. Christianity and Medicine
Dawn of Christianity changed many attitudes
about medicine
The healing message of Christ started to spread
and the church dominated medicine during the
Dark Ages with prayer, exorcism, holy oil, relics
of saints, supernaturalism, and superstition.
Jesus’ ministry did not differentiate healing into
physical, mental, or spiritual categories. Luke the
physician was the author of one of the gospels in
the Bible- here compassion, forgiveness, and
concern for the unfortunate and dispossessed is
emphasized.

20. The Renaissance
Paracelsus: the “father of pharmacology”
Andreas Versallus: the “father of anatomy”
Lots of medical discoveries were made during this
time period.
The Eighteenth
Century
Giovanni Battista Morgagni: the “father of physiology”
Jenner formulated the smallpox vaccine
Through experimental surgery, John Hunter developed a way to
close of aneurysms.

21. The Nineteenth Century
•Autopsies were a major focus of medicine during the
nineteenth century
•Advances in surgery
•Joseph Lister discovered that bacteria were often the
origin of disease
•Pasteur discovered that the decay of food could be
forestalled by heating and destroying the bacteria
•Gregor Mendel was the founding father of genetics in
1886
•November 8, 1895 Wilhelm Roentgen founded x-rays
while working in his lab

22. 20
th
Century
•Ehrlich: “father of
chemotherapy”
•Einthoven: first EKG
•Surgical techniques refined
•1930- invention of electron
microscope

23. Medicine in the 21
st
Century
•Trend emerging toward a more
personal healthcare
•Research into genetics has
greatly changed knowledge
about heredity and disease
•Biotechnology has opened
doors in treatment that were
once unimaginable

24. Important Definitions
•Health: a state of complete physical,
mental, and social well being, and not
merely the absence of disease or
imfirmity.
•Disease: the pattern of response of a
living organism to some form of injury
•Mortality: death rate
•Morbidity: occurrence of disease
•Emerging infectious diseases: diseases
of infectious origin whose incidence in
humans has either increased within the
past two decades or threatens to
increase in the near future

25. Top 3 Causes of Death in US
•Heart
disease
•Cancer
•stroke

26. Chapter 6
Historical
Perspective
of Radiology

27. The Pioneers of Radiology
•Evangelista Torricelli: produced first recognized vacuum with the
invention of the barometer (1643)
•Guericke, Boyle and Sprengel: experiments with vacuum tubes (1659,
1865)
•Isaac Newton: built and improved the static generator
•Benjamin Franklin: conduction of many electricity experiments
•Abbe Jean Antoine Nollet: significant improvements of the electroscope
(a forerunner of the x-ray tube).
•William Watson: demonstrated a current of electricity by transmitting
current from a jar through wires and a vacuum tube
•Michael Faraday: electromagnetic induction (led to production of better
generators and transformers for use in x-ray tubes)
•Johann Wilhelm Hittorf: experiments with cathode rays
•William Crookes: furthers studies of cathode rays (Crookes tube)
•William Goodspeed: produced first radiograph in 1890 (not credited for
discovery of x-rays)
•RL Maddox: produced film with gelatin silver bromide emulsion (1871)
•George Eastman: produced and patented roll-paper film (1884)

28. Discovery of X-Rays
•Discovered on November 8, 1895 by Wilhelm
Roentgen
•Roentgen worked at the University of
Wurzburg and did many experiments in the
physics department with the cathode ray
‘Crookes Tube’.
•X-ray: x is the mathematical symbol for
unknown quantity
•Roentgen proved that by continuously
producing the fluorescent effect of barium
platinocyanide, he had produced some sort of
x-ray

29. •Roentgen made the first
successful radiograph of his
wife’s hand using a cassette
loaded with a photographic
plate in which he directed the
rays from the tube.
•The bones in her hand as well
as two rings were clearly visible
•This was a major breakthrough
in the history of medicine

30. You can’t see, touch, taste, smell or
hear……………
•The public did not understand the principle behind x-ray
production (and they still don’t!)
•Entrepreneurs tried to capitalize on the discovery with
items such as x-ray glasses, bone portraits, and x-ray
units for the home to provide entertainment for guests
•Finally, Thomas Edison questioned the effects of x-rays
after his eyes were sore and red after working with a
fluorescent tube
•After these reports emerged in the US and Europe,
serious efforts were made to protect those who worked
with the rays. Today, a career in x-ray is as safe as any
other career (with the proper work habits and
precautions).

31. Advancements of the Roentgen
Rays
•First x-ray in the US was made by Michael Idvorsky Pupin
(professor at Columbia University) on January 2, 1896
•Thomas Edison did work focused on fluroscopy (real time x-ray)
•Clarence Madison Dally was Edison’s assistant and suffered severe
radiation damage due to the experiments in fluroscopy; Edison
immediately stopped his experiments.
•Pierre and Marie Curie are credited with studies in radioactivity (the
property of certain elements to spontaneously emit rays or
subatomic particles from matter)
•Marie Curie received the Nobel Prize in 1911 for her work in
chemistry
•She continued to study radioactivity and developed approx. 20
mobile radiographic units and 200 installations for the army. After
training herself as an x-ray technician, she trained French soldiers
and gave x-ray classes to American soldiers.

32. Nuclear Radiology
•Nuclear radiology is the branch of radiology that
deals with using radioactive materials for
medical diagnosis and treatment.
•1932= cyclotron invented by Ernest Lawrence.
It made it possible to accelerate particles to high
speeds for use as projectiles.
•1942= as a result of breakthrough by Enrico
Fermi at the University of Chicago, atomic
devices were built and tested experimentally.
Shortly after, these devices were introduced as
weapons and used on the cities of Hiroshima
and Nagasaki, Japan.

33. Technical advancements in
radiology are overwhelming when
looking back at where it all started.
Technology will continue to
advance at a rapid rate- you will
see many advancements just
throughout your educational
journey.

34. Chapter 7
Radiography
Education: From
Classroom to Clinic

35. •Daily tasks range from communications
and psychology to artistic expression in
the productionof the radiographic image to
physics, anatomy, physiology and
chemistry.
•To the novice, the work performed by a
well-educated registred tech may seem
methodic and lacking challenge.

36. How to treat patients:
•Interact with them
•Establish and maintain an atmosphere of
caring and empathy for the patient
•Treat the patient as a guest in the home
•These things become more difficult when
dealing with the elderly, terminally ill, small
children or the handicapped.

37. Chapter 9 and Chapter 10
No powerpoint notes,
just lecture and class
discussion

38. Chapter 11
Imaging: Life Cycle
and Quality