Introduction to satellitejhsudhudusadsa.pdf

Introduction to satellite

2. SATELLITE
COMMUNICATION
SATELLITE
MONITORING
USEFUL INFORMATION
SUMMARY
01
02
03
04

3. SATELLITE COMMNICATION 01

4. INCREASINGLY USE OF SATELLITE ORBIT POSITION AND FREQUENCY

•Burst requirement on satellite broadband Internet
•The satellite orbit position and frequency
is limited
•Over 1700 satellites are placed
•Over 40 countries and organizations have
their own satellites

5. Higher frequency
•From S/C band to Ku/Ka band
Larger space station
•To carry out applications and experiments in the fields of earth, space application new technology,
space technology and space medicine
Smaller satellite
•Lower cost and shorter development period
•To carry out research and experience
•To provide Internet service and emergency communication to the world

DEVELOPMENT TREND

6. Space radiocommunication: Any radiocommunication involving the use of one or more space
stations or the use of one or more reflecting satellites or other objects in space
Satellite link: A radio link between a transmitting earth station and a receiving earth station
through one satellite
RELATED DEFINITIONS IN RADIO REGULATIONS

7. Space station: A station located on
an object which is beyond, is
intended to go beyond, or has been
beyond, the major portion of the
Earth's atmosphere
RELATED DEFINITIONS IN RADIO REGULATIONS

8. Earth station: A station located either on the Earth's surface or within the major portion of the
Earth's atmosphere and intended for communication:
- with one or more space stations; or
- with one or more stations of the same kind by means of one or more reflecting satellites or other objects in space
RELATED DEFINITIONS IN RADIO REGULATIONS

9. ADVANTAGES
Large coverage and long distance
•Theoretically, 3 GSO satellite could
provide satellite communication
for the earth

10. ADVANTAGES
Broadcasting
•From earth station to satellite
•From satellite to earth stations

11. ADVANTAGES
Complex network structure and safety

12. ADVANTAGES
Large capacity
•Bandwidth
•C band: 800 MHz
•Ku band: 2050 MHz
•Ka band: 2300 MHz
•Space division Multiplexing
•Applications
•Broadcasting
•Inmarsat, Iridium
•VSAT

13. DISADVANTAGES
Time delay
•500ms – 800ms
Rain attenuation
•C band: < 2 dB
•Ku band: <20 dB
The Sun Outage
•Twice a year, 10 min
The Eclipse
•Twice a year, 5- 10 min period

14. SATELLITE FREQUENCY
Frequency
band
Frequency range
/MHz
Frequency
band
Frequency range
/GHz
VHF 30-300 Ku 12.5-18
UHF 300-3000 K 18-26
L 390-1550 Ka 26-40
S 1550-3400 Q 40-46
C 3400-8000 V 46-75
X 8000-12500 W 75-111

15. SATELLITE SERVICE
Fixed-satellite service
Inter-satellite service
Space operation service
Mobile-satellite service
Land mobile-satellite service
Maritime mobile-satellite service
Aeronautical mobile-satellite service
Aeronautical mobile-satellite (R) service
Aeronautical mobile-satellite (OR) service

Broadcasting-satellite service
Radiodetermination-satellite service
Radionavigation-satellite service
Aeronautical radio navigation-satellite service
Radiolocation-satellite service
Meteorological-satellite service
Earth exploration-satellite service
Standard frequency and signal-satellite service
Amateur-satellite service

16. SATELLITE CLASSIFICATION
Function
•Scientific satellite
•Space physics exploration satellite, Astronomical satellite, Microgravity experimental satellite
•SACI, solrad-1, SJ-10
•Technology test satellite
•Biosatellite
•Applied satellite
•Communication satellite: Direct Broadcasting Satellite,
•Remote sensing satellite: Meteorological satellites
•Navigation satellites: GPS, GLONASS, Galileo, Beidou
•Earth resources satellites: SMOS, SMAP, Ocean satellite, Landsat

17. SATELLITE CLASSIFICATION
Orbit height
Name of satellite Abbr. Orbit Height
Low Earth orbit satellite LEO 200-2000 km
Medium Earth orbit satellite MEO 2000-35786 km
High Earth Orbit satellite HEO >35786 km
Highly Elliptical Orbit satellite HEO Perigee: 1000-21000 km
Apogee: 39500-50600 km
Geostationary orbit satellite GEO 35786 km

18. SATELLITE TRANSPONDER
Transparent transponder
Receive and amplify the signal in the uplink frequency, then retransmit it in the other
frequency (downlink frequency)
Processing transponder
Receive and demodulate the signal in the uplink frequency, then re-modulate it in the other
frequency (downlink frequency)

19. SATELLITE ANTENNA
Antenna type
Parabolic antenna
Array antenna
Polarization
Linear polarization: vertical or horizontal
Circular polarization: right or left

20. SATELLITE BEAM COVERAGE

21. IMPORTANT DEFINITIONS
EIRP(Effective Isotropic Radiated Power)
The product of the power supplied to the antenna and the antenna gain in a given direction
relative to an isotropic antenna (absolute or isotropic gain)
Unit: dBW
Free space transmission loss

PFD(Power Flex Density)

10 10 10 10
20log (4 ) 20log ( ) 32.4 20log ( ) 20log ( )
p
L d f d    
f: radio frequency, MHz; d: transmission distance, km; BW: bandwidth , Hz 24
10 10 10 10 2
910
10log()10log() 10log()10log()
4 4
pp
PFDEIRPL BWEIRPL BW
f

 

    dB .2
/.dBWmHz

23. SATELLITE MONITORING 02

24. •Duty 1: Evaluation on satellite resource utilization
•Carrier and transponder level
•Orbit position occupancy, frequency occupancy
•Orbit position and frequency assignment (over long-term usage)
•Power Flux Density(PFD) compliance
•Beam coverage
•Duty 2: Detection and resolution of interference
•Detection and technical analysis of interfering satellite communication networks
•Geolocation of interfering transmitters on the surface of the earth
•Determination if the interfering transmitters are mobile or fixed
• Duty 3: Identification of unauthorized transmitter
•Investigation and compliance verification of emission parameters
•Identification of unauthorized or improper emissions
•Mitigation of the interference
IMPORTANCE OF SATELLITE MONITORING

26. Signal reception
Signal measurement
Signal identification
Signal surveillance and alarming
Geolocation of transmitter on earth
Ground search and confirmation
Documentation and database
Monitoring data visualization
Statistics and analysis
SATELLITE MONITORING OPERATIONS

27. 1. Satellite reception
Acquirement
•Antenna system for both GSO satellite and non-GSO satellite
•Signal tracking ability
Expected output
•Polarization
•Azimuth
•Elevation
What operations to do

28. 2. Satellite measurement
Acquirement
•Modern receiver to perform real-time, non-real-time (post process) and fixed time period
measurements
•I/Q data recording
Expected output
•Center frequency
•Doppler frequency
•Bandwidth
What operations to do
•E.I.R.P
•C/N
0

•Power
•PFD

29. 3. Satellite identification
Acquirement
•Post processing and analysis of the signal external and internal parameters
•Broadcasting and TV program decoding
Expected output
•Modulation parameters
•Modulation type
•Coding type
What operations to do
•Communication protocol type
•Communication system
•Communication network type

•Code rate and symbol rate
•Multiplex Access
•DVB-CID

30. 4. Satellite surveillance and alarming
Acquirement
•Detect an anomaly or unauthorized transmission
•I/Q data recording
Expected output
•Center frequency
•Bandwidth
•E.I.R.P
What operations to do
•Guard band noise level changes
•Modulation characteristics
•Fast spectrograms

31. 5. Geolocation of transmitters on earth
Acquirement
•Provide an area where an interfering transmitter is most likely
•Whether the interferer is stationary or mobile
Expected output
•Longitude and latitude of the center point of the area
•The major axis, minor axis and angle of the area relative to North
•Transmitter is stationary or mobile
What operations to do

32. 6. Ground search and confirmation
Acquirement
•To positively identify and mitigate an interfering
•Terrestrial measurements with AOA, TDOA, FDOA, POA, ID-aided or correlative principles
Expected output
•Longitude and latitude of target transmitter
•Operator of the target transmitter
What operations to do

33. 7. Documentation and database
Acquirement
•Record monitoring procedures automatically
•Long term trend analysis
Expected output
•Operation documentation
•Spectrogram and monitoring data
•Audio and video information
•Test environment data
•Work log
What operations to do

34. 8. Monitoring data visualization
Acquirement
•To build understanding of the performance of a satellite system over time
•displaying data in different formats
Expected output
•Graphic display of signal data in spatial domain, time domain, frequency domain and modulation
domain, i.e. spectrogram, waterfall plot, and constellation diagram
•Audio and video display (for previously decoded data)
•Geolocation result display
•Driving route display of monitoring vehicle
What operations to do SM.1600-04
Time spectrum view
Time view
Continuous signal
Bursted
signal

35. 9. Statistics and analysis
Acquirement
•To manage the spectrum usage of satellites and earth stations
Expected output
•Status of receiving antennas
•Geolocation results of transmitters on earth.
•Satellite orbit position occupancy and frequency occupancy
•The emergence of new signals, including unauthorized signals.
•Identification of authorized/improper/unauthorized emissions. Authorized emissions by known
uplink earth stations have proper RF parameters and are approved by the administration.
•Deployment of unauthorized satellite communication network
What operations to do

36. System Functions
What systems to build

37. System types
Fixed monitoring system
Transportable monitoring system
Mobile monitoring system
Aerial monitoring system
Portable monitoring system
What systems to build

38. EVALUATION OF SATELLITE RESOURCE UTILIZATION
•Measurement on GSO satellite monitoring
•Satellite orbit position measurement
•RF signal measurement
•Signal identification
•Spectrum occupancy measurement
•Unauthorized or improper emissions

39. EVALUATION OF SATELLITE RESOURCE UTILIZATION

40. EVALUATION OF SATELLITE RESOURCE UTILIZATION
•Measurement on non-GSO satellite monitoring
•Satellite finding and tracking
•Orbit position measurement
•RF signal measurement
•Including carrier PFD curve measurement
•Spectrum occupancy measurement
•Signal identification

41. RESOLUTION OF INTERFERENCE
Who is interfered
1 Earth station 2 Satellite transponder

42. RESOLUTION OF INTERFERENCE
The earth station is interfered

43. RESOLUTION OF INTERFERENCE
The satellite transponder is interfered

44. RESOLUTION OF INTERFERENCE
Geolocation principles
•Geolocation of transmitters on Earth using two GSO satellites
•TDOA & FDOA
•Geolocation of transmitters on Earth using three GSO satellites
•TDOA & TDOA
•Geolocation of transmitters on earth using single GSO satellite
•With inverse Doppler shift
•correlation against known transmitters on Earth



Source: ITU document, 1C/101
Source: ITU document, 1C/101

45. RESOLUTION OF INTERFERENCE
516
9 14
2 2 2 1
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
Satellite Interference issues in 2013-2017
22
24
30
46
47
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Satellite Interference issues in 2013-2017

46. IDENTIFICATION OF UNAUTHORIZED TRANSMITTER
Measurement principles
•Conventional approaches based on amplitude comparison
•Using cross-correlation algorithm for improving system sensitivity
•Using aerial monitoring approach for quick detecting of the interference

47. •Conventional approaches based on amplitude comparison
IDENTIFICATION OF UNAUTHORIZED TRANSMITTER

48. •Conventional approaches based on amplitude comparison
IDENTIFICATION OF UNAUTHORIZED TRANSMITTER
Direction antenna LNA
Parabolic antenna Omni-direction antenna

49. •Using cross-correlation algorithm for improving system sensitivity
IDENTIFICATION OF UNAUTHORIZED TRANSMITTER

50. •Using aerial monitoring approach for quick detecting of the interference
IDENTIFICATION OF UNAUTHORIZED TRANSMITTER

51. DEPLOYMENT OF NATIONAL SPACE MONITORING NETWORK
Beijing
Shenzhen
Urumqi
China
46

52. FACILITIES AND STAFFS
Fixed stations Geolocation
systems
Mobile
stations
Portable
equipment
3 4 2 9 25
47
Staffs

53. Beijing
Shenzhen
0°E 180°E 44°E
44°E~180°E
MONITORING COVERAGE
48

54. MONITORING COVERAGE
Beijing
Shenzhen
0°E 180°E 44°E
10°E~180°E
Urumqi
49

55. •Monitoring band
•GSO satellite in L/S/X/C/Ku/Ka band
•NGSO satellite in L/S/X band

•RF Parameter measurement
•Frequency, bandwidth, power, PFD, EIRP, symbol rate and modulation

•Satellite orbit and spectrum occupancy measurement

50
1. Spectrum parameter and occupancy measurement

56. •Monitoring band
•GSO satellites in C/Ku band
•Geolocation principle
•TDOA/FDOA algorithm with two satellites
•TDOA/TDOA algorithm with three satellites
•Geolocation performance
•Location accuracy: ≤10km
•Operating time: ≤30 min
51
2. Geolocation

57. •Monitoring band
•230MHz-18 GHz
•Monitoring principle
•Conventional approaches based on amplitude comparison
•In study: Using aerial monitoring approach for quick detecting of the interference
51
3. Ground search of interference source

58. USEFUL INFORMATION 03

59. ITU-R ACTIVITIES
•ITU-R initiative
•Dealing with assistance in the resolution of cases of harmful interference
•Dealing with a request by ITU for the provision of monitoring data in cases of reported interference arising
out of coordination issues
•Memorandum of Understanding between Administration and ITU to assist ITU in performing
measurements related to cases of harmful interference to space services
•8 monitoring stations are listed in the MoU between 6 administrations
•Belarus, China, Germany, Korea, Pakistan, Vietnam

60. INTERNATIONAL MEETINGS
ITU-R WP1C meeting, Geneva, Switzerland
The 20
th
International Space Radio Monitoring Meeting, Oman
International Satellite communication Symposium, Geneva, Switzerland
Jun 2018
Oct 2018
Maybe next year

61. ITU-R DOCUMENTS
•Handbooks
•Handbook on Spectrum Monitoring
•Recommendations
•SM.1139-0 International monitoring system
•SM.1392-2 Essential requirements for a spectrum monitoring system for developing countries
•1C/101 Measurement techniques and new technologies for satellite monitoring
•Reports
•SM.2182-0 Measurement facilities available for the measurement of emissions from both GSO and
non-GSO space stations

62. WEBSITES
•http://www.satbeams.com/
•http://celestrak.com/
•http://www.itu.int/en/ITU-
R/study-groups/rsg1/rwp1c
Source: http://www.satbeams.com/
Source: http://celestrak.com/
Source: ITU
website
Source: ITU website

63. SUMMARY 04

64. HOTSPOTS Evaluation on satellite resource utilization
Measurement techniques on GSO satellite monitoring
Measurement techniques on non-GSO satellite monitoring
Other requirements
Detection and resolution of interference
Geolocation methods of transmitter on earth (with one, two or three satellites)
System requirements and factors affecting geolocation accuracy
Useful techniques for each geolocation method
Identification of unauthorized transmitter
Conventional approaches based on amplitude comparison
Using cross-correlation algorithm for improving system sensitivity
Using aerial monitoring approach for quick detecting of the interference
Other methods