Introduction to Urban studies-Module I.pptx

Us

1. Urban Studies Introduction to Urban studies (Module I) Compiled by Ar. Manasi Khope SCOA URBAN STUDIES I 4 TH YEAR SEM VII

2. Introduction : SCOA By Ar. Manasi Khope URBAN STUDIES I 4 TH YEAR SEM VII Urban India : All places with a municipality, corporation, cantonment board or notified town area committee. All other places which has features as – a minimum population of 5000 At least 75% of the male working population engaged in nonagricultural pursuits and A density of population of at least 400 persons per sq. km Apart from urban area & urban agglomeration rest is considered as Rural Area. -Census of India

3. Introduction : SCOA By Ar. Manasi Khope URBAN STUDIES I 4 TH YEAR SEM VII

4. Origin of town: SCOA By Ar. Manasi Khope URBAN STUDIES I 4 TH YEAR SEM VII If a survey is carried out regarding the origin of some of the important existing towns and cities of the world, it can be easily established that any town or city has originated because of certain specific cause. The topographical features contributing o the origin of the towns are as follows: Conditions favorable for industrial units. Hilly area to achieve the object of defense. Plain area useful for business activities. River banks. Sea or ocean fronts etc The functional aspects responsible for the origin of towns are as follows: Education 2. Health 3. Political and 4. Religious

5. Growth of towns: SCOA By Ar. Manasi Khope URBAN STUDIES I 4 TH YEAR SEM VII The growth of towns and cities according to the origin can be divided in two categories: Growth according to origin I. Natural growth II. Planned growth 2 . Growth according to direction III. Horizontal growth IV. Vertical growth

6. Growth according to origin : SCOA By Ar. Manasi Khope URBAN STUDIES I 4 TH YEAR SEM VII Natural growth: Most of the towns in the past have grown in the natural ways., without any future planning. The provisions of various essential amenities are made in a irregular way without any consideration for future expansion of the town. The natural growth of a town may be in the form of the following four types: Concentric spread Ribbon development Satellite growth Scattered growth

7. Concentric spread: SCOA By Ar. Manasi Khope URBAN STUDIES I 4 TH YEAR SEM VII It is the natural tendency of the people to be as near as possible to the town or city and as a result of this tendency, the town develops in the forms of concentric rings with nucleus as town develops in the form of concentric rings with nucleus as town. The first zone embodies the central business district and it is the focal point of commercial, social and civic life of the town area. time and charges go away from the central zone and thus low-income housing, better-class residences and high class residence are subsequently formed away form the central business district respectively. Ribbon development: It has been observed that because of improvement of road surface and growth of motor traffic, it is the natural tendency of everyone to build as near as possible to the main road.

8. Ribbon development: SCOA By Ar. Manasi Khope URBAN STUDIES I 4 TH YEAR SEM VII As the houses extend in a long strip, there is increase in cost of various basic utility services such as water supply, electricity, postal deliveries, telephone etc. It thus results into wastage of available resources. The development of ribbons causes to loose and to scatter the community so that there is lack of social life The future improvement become costly and difficult. The houses face heavy traffic associated with noise, dust and undesirable smells. The interior part is left undeveloped which result in the wastage of valuable land.

9. Satellite growth: SCOA By Ar. Manasi Khope URBAN STUDIES I 4 TH YEAR SEM VII When a town reaches a certain size ,some sort of satellite growth is bound to take place. The development of a satellite town is mainly due to the metropolis and the term satellite is used to indicate a body under the influence of more powerful body but possessing its own identity. It has its own local government and corporate life. It is Connected to the parent city by local trains, buses etc. It is free to decide its economic, social and cultural activities.

10. Scattered growth: SCOA By Ar. Manasi Khope URBAN STUDIES I 4 TH YEAR SEM VII It is generally situated beyond the green belt of the parent city. It is mainly a residential area having only local shops, schools for children etc The main disadvantage of satellite growth is the necessity of long journey to work. However, this drawback of satellite growth has to be accessed by considering the efficiency of the different modes of transport. Scattered growth: In this case, the growth of the town takes place in a very irregular way. It result into traffic congestion encroachment of industries on residential areas, slums, lack of parks and various other problems which prove to be too difficult to be solved in future.

11. Planned growth: SCOA By Ar. Manasi Khope URBAN STUDIES I 4 TH YEAR SEM VII It case of a planned growth, a town develops in a predetermined line as conceived by the town planner. The overall growth of the town is controlled by the enforcement of suitable rules and regulations. such an orderly growth avoids the clashing of manifold activities to which a normal town has to undergo. There is rational distribution of various blocks such as residential, industrial, commercial, etc. The provision of various amenities such as widths of streets, drainage lines, water supply lines, parks, playgrounds, etc is made to meet with future requirement.

12. Growth according to direction : SCOA By Ar. Manasi Khope URBAN STUDIES I 4 TH YEAR SEM VII Horizontal growth: In case of horizontal growth, the town expands and develops horizontally in all directions. It is clearly that such a growth will be possible at places where land is available in plenty at nominal cost. Advantages: I. In general, there will be saving in cost as the building will usually consist of two of three storey's. II. It does not require the service of high technical personnel. III. It is possible to make the maximum possible use of the natural light. IV. The density of population can be restricted. V. There is economy of floor space as the provision of lift, escalators etc.

13. Growth according to direction : SCOA By Ar. Manasi Khope URBAN STUDIES I 4 TH YEAR SEM VII Disadvantage: It requires the use of more land hence, it will prove to be uneconomical where land values are very high. The foundation cost per unit area will be more There will be absence of group living. Vertical growth: In case of vertical growth, the building of the town are designed and developed as multi-storeyed flats. It is quite evident that such a growth will be possible at places where land is costly. Advantage: As many people will be staying and using the common amenities of the same building ,a sense of group living will develop. As foundation coast will be distributed between all the floors, the foundation cost per unit area will be in the reasonable limit.

14. Growth according to direction : SCOA By Ar. Manasi Khope URBAN STUDIES I 4 TH YEAR SEM VII For floor above certain height, the natural sceneries such as sea view, river view, etc. can be enjoyed in a better way. It will be possible to make the maximum use of the modern construction techniques such as fire-proofing sound –proofing heat insulation, air–conditioning, high speed lift ,etc. There is considerable saving in land and hence, It will prove to be economical where land values are very high. There will be economy in construction cost as the building will be designed as a framed structure with repetition of a typical floor plan at each floor level Disadvantage: In case of natural calamities such as earthquake or fire, It will be difficult for the inhabitant of the upper floors to escape safely. The density of population will be more. • The design of flats will be stereo-typed and there is no scope for personal likes or dislikes.

15. Growth according to direction : SCOA By Ar. Manasi Khope URBAN STUDIES I 4 TH YEAR SEM VII The failure of lifts ,pump to raise water, etc. will cause great inconvenience. The people staying at upper floors will be deprived of natural living near the ground level. Stages in town development A town undergoes different stages of development and accordingly, the town are classified into various categories. Sir Patrick Geddes classified the towns broadly into three categories ,namely primary, secondary and tertiary. The primary towns produce mainly human necessities e.g. agricultural village. The secondary towns act as centers of exchange e.g. marketing town. The tertiary towns provide residential, recreational and educational facilities. It is, however, very clear that no single town can be placed in one category only. There is always bound to be some admixture.

16. SCOA By Ar. Manasi Khope URBAN STUDIES I 4 TH YEAR SEM VII Planning Town Planning Urban Planning Urban studies

17. SCOA By Ar. Manasi Khope URBAN STUDIES I 4 TH YEAR SEM VII What is planning? It is considered a science and art. It is pre-thinking and pre-arranging things. Planning is a future-oriented problem solving process. It is a way of thinking about social and economic problems It is concerned with the relation of goals to collective decisions and strives for comprehensiveness in policies and programs It is the link between technical knowledge and action in the public domain. An orderly sequence of activities that will lead to the accomplishment of stated goals

18. SCOA By Ar. Manasi Khope URBAN STUDIES I 4 TH YEAR SEM VII What Is Town Planning ? The art and science of ordering the use of land and sitting of buildings and communication routes so as to secure the maximum practicable degree of economy, convenience and beauty. An art of shaping and guiding the physical growth of the town creating buildings and environments to meet the various needs such as social, cultural, economic and recreational etc. and to provide healthy conditions for both rich and poor to live, to work, and to play or relax, thus bringing about the social and economic well-being for the majority of mankind.

19. SCOA By Ar. Manasi Khope URBAN STUDIES I 4 TH YEAR SEM VII Town planning - aims Production of the guidelines dictating the course of development of a city or town. Improve built environment . Preserve the best features of our environment for benefit of future generations – cultural and historical preservation – environmental conservation Fulfill social and economic needs of population and nations Reduce poverty and inequality in development

20. SCOA By Ar. Manasi Khope URBAN STUDIES I 4 TH YEAR SEM VII Urban planning : Urban planning is a technical concerned with the development and design of land use in an urban environment, including air, water, and the infrastructure passing into and out of urban areas, such as transportation, communications, and distribution networks. Urban planning deals with physical layout of human settlements. The primary concern is the public welfare, which includes considerations of efficiency, sanitation, protection and use of the environment, as well as effects on social and economic activities. Similar to town planning but done on a much larger scale Economic base and infrastructure are also used to define whether a human settlement is a city, town or village. An urban environment is one in which natural environment is dominated by the man made environment.

21. SCOA By Ar. Manasi Khope URBAN STUDIES I 4 TH YEAR SEM VII Urban Studies : Urban studies is based on the study of the urban development of cities. This includes studying the history of city development from an architectural point of view, to the impact of urban design on community development efforts. Urban studies helps with the understanding of human values, development, and the interactions they have with their physical environment Elements of a city Transportation and communication routes Buildings; public, commercial, residential, recreational, educational, industrial, military, government Urban agriculture, vegetation.

22. SCOA By Ar. Manasi Khope URBAN STUDIES I 4 TH YEAR SEM VII Principles of Town/Urban planning : The subject of town planning demands knowledge of various professions, especially those of engineering, architecture and surveying. The town should not be designed only to satisfy the needs of the future generations. But the probable growth and development of the town should be suitably conceived by the town planner and it should be seen that the town does not develop in any haphazard fashion. Some of the guiding principle of town planning are as follows: Green belt 5.Road system Housing 6.Transport facilities Public building 7.Zonning Recreation centers

23. SCOA By Ar. Manasi Khope URBAN STUDIES I 4 TH YEAR SEM VII Principles of Town/Urban planning : Green belt: The provision of green belt on the periphery of town results in the limitation of its size and hence, the final size of the town can well be anticipated. Housing : Extreme care should be taken to provide housing accommodation to various categories of people. It should be observed that there is no development of slums and further, if slums are existing ,they are cleared by the provision of alternative arrangements. Public buildings: There should be well balanced grouping and distribution of various public buildings throughout the town. The unnecessary concentration of public building at certain spot of the town should be avoided.

24. SCOA By Ar. Manasi Khope URBAN STUDIES I 4 TH YEAR SEM VII Principles of Town/Urban planning : Recreation center: Depending upon the size of town, enough space should be reserved for the development as recreation centers for the general public. Road systems: The efficiency of any town is measured by the layouts of its roads. The provision of a faulty road system in the initial stages of town formation proves to be too difficult and costly to repair or to re-arrange in future. Transport facilities: The town should be provided with suitable transport facilities so that there is minimum loss of time from place of work to place of residence. Zoning: The town should be divided into suitable zones such as commercial zones, industrial zone, residential zone, etc. and suitable rules and regulations should be formed for the development of each zones.

25. SCOA By Ar. Manasi Khope URBAN STUDIES I 4 TH YEAR SEM VII Why urban/town planning is needed? Urbanization is increasing Population is growing. Planning is needed to make better use of resources Social inequality Realizing a settlement’s economic potential by overcoming weaknesses such as Lack of innovative urban development vision Lack of coordination between departments responsible for urban development Unsustainable development-uncontrolled development of town Environmental Degradation Corrupt and poorly managed Urban governance institutions

26. SCOA By Ar. Manasi Khope URBAN STUDIES I 4 TH YEAR SEM VII Why urban/town planning is needed? Facing new socio-economic and climatic challenges: Urban security Public Health and Safety Global Warming and climate change Social changes How Town/Urban planning provides health? Regulating and reducing pollutions of different kinds – air, noise, water Providing open spaces such as parks for public use Water and waste treatment facilities Use of renewable technologies for provision of electricity Providing pathways that encourage walking and reduce the use of vehicles that use non renewable fuels Implementation of environmental protection laws Proper disposal of waste

27. SCOA By Ar. Manasi Khope URBAN STUDIES I 4 TH YEAR SEM VII Levels of Urban Planning : Local/District – short or medium term development of a town Regional – medium term development focusing on solving problems with regional dimensions National – economic and long term development for national interests

28. SCOA By Ar. Manasi Khope URBAN STUDIES I 4 TH YEAR SEM VII Outcome of planning = plan A plan is a diagram or a list of steps or activities or actions The steps must be performed within the allotted or available time and resources The performance of the steps leads to the fulfillment of objectives or goals • The plan is like a compass which helps in following the course of development A successful plan is based on thorough and accurate research

29. SCOA By Ar. Manasi Khope URBAN STUDIES I 4 TH YEAR SEM VII Plan : A planning system framework on the basis of – Hierarchy Spatial extents Scale of planning Details provided in the plan Function and their specialty ----Ref URDPFI Guidelines 2014

30. SCOA By Ar. Manasi Khope URBAN STUDIES I 4 TH YEAR SEM VII

31. SCOA By Ar. Manasi Khope URBAN STUDIES I 4 TH YEAR SEM VII

32. SCOA By Ar. Manasi Khope URBAN STUDIES I 4 TH YEAR SEM VII Perspective Plans : Perspective plans means a long term (20-25 yrs) plans providing the goals, policies, strategies and generals programs of spatio – economic development of metropolitan area, a district or local planning area. Section 2 subsection 18 B, MR&TP Act 1966 Is a long term (20-25 years) written document supported by necessary maps and diagrams providing the state government goals, policies, strategies and general program of urban local authority regarding spatio-economic development of the settlement under its governance. UDPFI guidelines Vol I, 1996

33. SCOA By Ar. Manasi Khope URBAN STUDIES I 4 TH YEAR SEM VII Perspective Plans : The purpose of a perspective plan is to provide overall framework for further detailing; and it serves as a guide for urban local authorities and regional development authorities in preparation of the regional and development plans. Goals of Perspective Plan : Socially beneficial Regionally contextual Environmentally sustainable Financially viable Institutionally executable Politically acceptable

34. SCOA By Ar. Manasi Khope URBAN STUDIES I 4 TH YEAR SEM VII Examples Perspective Plan Chandrapur district: To provide sector wise broad directions of development. spatial integration of the urban and rural settlements. Indicate future functional hierarchy of the settlements in the district. Plan for their all round development proposing for up-gradation of various infrastructural facilities

35. SCOA By Ar. Manasi Khope URBAN STUDIES I 4 TH YEAR SEM VII Examples Perspective Plan Chandrapur district:

36. SCOA By Ar. Manasi Khope URBAN STUDIES I 4 TH YEAR SEM VII Examples Perspective Plan Chandrapur district:

37. SCOA By Ar. Manasi Khope URBAN STUDIES I 4 TH YEAR SEM VII Regional Plans: Regional planning deals with the efficient placement of land use activities, infrastructure, and settlement growth across a larger area of land than an individual city or town. Regional planning is a sub-field of urban planning as it relates land use practices on a broader scale. it also includes formulating laws that will guide the efficient planning and management of such said regions. Delineation of regions: Regional delineation is the first step in the preparation of any regional development plan to ensure tentative operational area of planning.

38. SCOA By Ar. Manasi Khope URBAN STUDIES I 4 TH YEAR SEM VII Delineation of Formal regions : Delineation of formal regions involves the grouping together of local units which have similar characteristics according to certain clearly defined criteria and which differ significantly from the units outside the region on the basis of certain chosen criteria. - The criteria can be unemployment rates, activity rate, migration trends, per capita income etc. - The characteristics should differ significantly from units outside the region. The delineation depend on the development objectives. Formal regions are localities possessing homogeneity. The criteria, which we use, may relate to Geography – soil, rainfall, climate Economic – per capita income, no. of industries Socio-cultural – language, political affiliation etc

39. SCOA By Ar. Manasi Khope URBAN STUDIES I 4 TH YEAR SEM VII Development Plans : A "development plan" is an aspect of town and country planning ,comprising a set of documents that set out the local authority's policies and proposals for the development and use of land in their area. The development plan guides and shapes day-to-day decisions as to whether or not planning permission should be granted, under the system known as development control or development management. In order to ensure that these decisions are rational and consistent, they must be considered against the development plan adopted by the authority, after public consultation and having proper regard for other material factors.

40. SCOA By Ar. Manasi Khope URBAN STUDIES I 4 TH YEAR SEM VII Development Plans :

41. SCOA By Ar. Manasi Khope URBAN STUDIES I 4 TH YEAR SEM VII Development Plans :

42. SCOA By Ar. Manasi Khope URBAN STUDIES I 4 TH YEAR SEM VII Land use planning : Exercise in public policy that designates and regulates the use of land Outcome is a plan or document that outlines Allocation and zoning of land based on the nature of use Regulation measures for the intensity of use Formulation of legal and administrative devices for supporting and implementing the plan Existing land use : The base map will complete the groundwork for conducting the existing land use survey. This is a basic survey carried out plot by plot and is a pre-requisite for all planning work as well as plan enforcement. The accuracy of the existing land use map is very important as it will be used as the statutory requirement for giving or refusing planning permission and for compensation.

43. SCOA By Ar. Manasi Khope URBAN STUDIES I 4 TH YEAR SEM VII Classification of land uses:

44. SCOA By Ar. Manasi Khope URBAN STUDIES I 4 TH YEAR SEM VII Classification of land uses:

45. SCOA By Ar. Manasi Khope URBAN STUDIES I 4 TH YEAR SEM VII Classification of land uses:

46. SCOA By Ar. Manasi Khope URBAN STUDIES I 4 TH YEAR SEM VII Hierarchy of Roads:

47. SCOA By Ar. Manasi Khope URBAN STUDIES I 4 TH YEAR SEM VII Hierarchy of Roads: Expressway: The portion of the roadway of an urban road reserved for use only by high speed or power-driven vehicles is called Expressway or motorway or superhighway. An expressway is a divided highway for high-speed traffic with at least, partial control of access. Have superior facilities and design standards. Total Length in India = 3180 km Arterial Roads : A street primarily for through traffic, usually on a continuous route. These should be coordinated with existing and proposed expressway systems. These are divided highways with full or partial access.

48. SCOA By Ar. Manasi Khope URBAN STUDIES I 4 TH YEAR SEM VII Hierarchy of Roads: Sub-Arterial Roads : A street primarily for through traffic, usually on a continuous route but offering some what lower level of traffic mobility than the arterial road. Collectors Roads : Collector Streets provide access to arterial streets and they collect & distribute from and to local streets. Local Road : A street primarily for access to residence, business or other abutting property.

49. SCOA By Ar. Manasi Khope URBAN STUDIES I 4 TH YEAR SEM VII Hierarchy of Roads: National Highway (NH) Main Highways running through the length and breadth of country. Connects major ports, foreign highways, State capitals, large industrial and tourist centers. Total length of NH = 70548 Km State Highway (SH) Arterial routs of a State linking District Head Quarters and important cities within the state. 2. Connects National Highways or highways of neighboring states. 3. Total length of SH = 1,31,899 km Major District Road (MDR) Important roads within a district serving areas of production and markets. Connects some other MDR or with National Highways. Total Length of MDR = 4,67,763

50. SCOA By Ar. Manasi Khope URBAN STUDIES I 4 TH YEAR SEM VII Hierarchy of Roads: Other District Roads(ODR) : Serves rural areas of production. Connects to market centers, taluka head quarters, block development head quarters or other main roads. Village Roads : Roads connecting villages or groups of villages with each other and to the nearest road of higher category Total length of ODR and VR ( Rural Roads) = 26,50,000

51. SCOA By Ar. Manasi Khope URBAN STUDIES I 4 TH YEAR SEM VII Urban Road Pattern : Rectangular/Block pattern :

52. SCOA By Ar. Manasi Khope URBAN STUDIES I 4 TH YEAR SEM VII Urban Road Pattern : Radial (Star)/Block pattern :

53. SCOA By Ar. Manasi Khope URBAN STUDIES I 4 TH YEAR SEM VII Urban Road Pattern : Radial (Star)/Grid pattern :

54. SCOA By Ar. Manasi Khope URBAN STUDIES I 4 TH YEAR SEM VII Urban Road Pattern : Radial (Star)/Circular pattern :

55. SCOA By Ar. Manasi Khope URBAN STUDIES I 4 TH YEAR SEM VII Urban Road Pattern : Hexagonal pattern :

56. SCOA By Ar. Manasi Khope URBAN STUDIES I 4 TH YEAR SEM VII Urban Road Pattern : Minimum travel pattern: