INTRODUCTIONTOETHICS_859411851968847.pptx

Ethics

1. ETHICS JUVY M. BUSTAMANTE, MA TPH

2. Activity: Think of a RULE / POLICY which you find most limiting? Why?

3. Why Rules? Order Get things done We are being with others

4. USUAL RULES OF OUR LIVES 1. Etiquette 2. Legal 3. Language 4. Aesthetics 5. Athletic

5. ETHICS DEFINED The word ethics comes from the Greek e  os (ethos), which means character or custom . From the latter was derived ta etika (ta etika ), the phrase that Plato and Aristotle used to designate their own studies of Greek values and ideals.

6. ETHICS DEFINED This concept of ethos is similarly expressed by the Latin mores which in turn is the root of the English morals . Ethics and morals therefore are words that have an equivalent meaning. Ethics is sometimes limited to the concern for the individual character and morality is referred to the rules concerning good and evil.

7. ETHICS DEFINED Ethics is the study of morality – of right conduct, obligation and responsibility, social justice, and the nature of the good life.

8. ETHICS DEFINED Its main concern is the definition of what constitutes the good , what is deemed synonymous with the ethical or the moral, in human action. This is the fundamental moral question and ethics attempts to give the right answer to this question.

9. ETHICS DEFINED It is a branch of philosophy that examines the moral standards of an individual or society and asking how these standards apply to our lives and whether these are reasonable or unreasonable

10. ETHICS DEFINED

11. MORAL STANDARDS It deals with matters that can seriously injure or benefit human beings, e.g., theft, rape, fraud, slander, murder.

12. MORAL STANDARDS The validity of moral standards rests on the adequacy of reasons to support and justify them, not on the decisions of majority or authoritative bodies. E.g , that one ought to tell the truth does not depend on how many people will vote on it or not.

13. Jurgen Habermas on MORAL STANDARDS

14. MORAL STANDARDS Moral Standards are to be preferred to other values, including self-interest, e.g., honesty is to be preferred than cheating, although cheating can make me graduate.

15. MORAL STANDARDS Moral standards are based on impartial considerations. Another way of expressing this is ‘universalizable’ or taking the point of view of an ideal observer.

16. MORAL STANDARDS However, impartiality must be balanced with partiality towards those we have a special relationship (family and friends) and the poor and the disabled.

17. MORAL STANDARDS Moral standards are associated with special emotions such as ‘guilt,’ ‘shame,’ ‘remorse,’ ‘praise,’ ‘indignation’

18. MORAL STANDARDS What is common to all five characteristics? None other than society taken in its broadest sense, or in philosophical terms, the ‘other’. In other words, individual responsibility cannot be taken in isolation from social responsibility.

19. MORAL STANDARDS

20. MORAL REASONING It is the process by which human behaviors, policies or institutions are judged to be in accordance with or in violation of moral standards

21. ETHICS AND MORALITY Morality refers to the standards that an individual or group has about what is right and wrong conduct, good and evil, and the values embedded, or pursued in the act, usually inherited from a community.

22. ETHICS AND MORALITY

23. Habermas on Questions concerning Right & Wrong

24. THE STUDY OF ETHICS 1. Ethics entails a reflective distance to critically examine standards. It looks values beneath these moral standards (What or Why)

25. THE STUDY OF ETHICS 2. It looks at the agent who makes the moral decision: Level of moral development; (WHO)

26. THE STUDY OF ETHICS 3. It is about the moral decision making process (HOW)

27. THE STUDY OF ETHICS Ethics is not about theoretical knowledge but application of that knowledge, transforming it to action in everyday life.

28. MORAL DILEMMAS

29. What is a dilemma? Dilemmas are experiences where an agent is confused about the right decision to make because there are several competing values that are seemingly equally important and urgent.

30. MORAL DILEMMAS DILEMMAS ARE NOT ABOUT COMPETING SOLUTIONS We normally handle the “ pagkabagabag ” by immediately offering solutions instead of articulating the competing values or issues, e.g., should I cheat or not

31. The case of Ramon Ramon, a Grade 5 honor student at an all-boys’ Grade School allows Jose, a large, burly boy seated next to him, to peek at his Math quarterly exam. Unfortunately, the Teacher sees this and immediately gives both boys a failing mark for the quarter exam. Ramon feels that a great injustice has been committed; that Jose should have been punished more severely than him.

32. How to handle a moral dilemma?

33. MORAL EXPERIENCE

34. MORAL, IMMORAL OR AMORAL