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1. Maranao
and
Lumad
The Indigenous People of
Mindanao

2. Group 6 (BSED SS 2-A)
Arquilano, Jesmar
Care, Anne Mariel
Dela Cruz, JereEsther
Gelera, Franshene Marie
Gelogo, Chessy Anne
Pedrosa, Mykha
Postrado, Jelyn

3. Learning Objectives
1.Understand the origin and historical context of
Maranao and Lumad people
2.Examine cultural practices and traditions
3.Analyze the Social Structure and Way of Life of
Maranao and Lumad people
4.Address Current Issues and Challenges
5.Appreciate Contributions of Maranao and Lumad to
the Society

4. Introduction
•The Maranao and Lumad people are two significant
indigenous groups from Mindanao, the southernmost
island in the Philippines, each with their own distinct
cultural heritage, histories, and ways of life.
•We can divide the traditional of Mindanao and Sulu into two
main groups. There’s the polytheistic lumad peoples of
northeastern, central and southwestern Mindanao. The other
group are the Islamized Moro peoples of the northwestern\
western side of Mindanao island and the Sulu\Tawi-tawi
archipelagoes.

5. The Lumad and the Moro are officially referred to as
“indigenous cultural communities” while they are
popularly called “cultural minorities” or “Tribal
Filipinos”, especially by the various Christian
Churches.
An official listing of all Indigenous communities was
prepared by the Commission on National
Integration (CNI). Together, Luzon and Visayas
account 19 indigenous groups, while in Mindanao
there are 27 groups: 10 Moro and 17 Lumad.

7. •There is incontrovertible evidence that the Lumad and
Moro had lived continuously in their places of habitation
since long before Spanish colonization was under way at
the end of the 16
th
Century, and they continued without
interruption until 1898.
•They were two of many population groups spread across
the archipelago.
•These people first came to the Philippines from the islands of
the Malay archipelago and Indonesia in clan communities or
barangays.
•They rode in sailing vessels, which were also called
“barangays”, and landed in different parts of the islands,
setting both on the coast at river-mountains and in
lowland riverside locations.

8. Maranao People of
Mindanao

9. History and Origins
•The name “Maranao” is derived from the word
“ranao”, which means lake.
•The Maranao people, traditionally known as
one of the Muslim groups in the Philippines,
trace their origins to the area surrounding Lake
Lanao in Lanao del Sur. They are part of the
larger Moro group, which has a long history of
resistance against foreign colonization,
particularly the Spanish and American forces.

10. History and Origins
•The original endonym of ancestral Maranao is
believed to be “Iranaoan”. This group later
diverged, resulting in the modern
Maguindanaon and the Iranun people, while
the ancestral Iranaoan who stayed in lake
Lanao became known as the Maranao.
•They are one of the largest Islamic groups in
the Philippines, with the core areas being
Marawi City, Lumba-a bayabao, and Bayang.

11. Their traditional arts, including
“Okir” (a form of ornamental
design), reflect their deep
connection to spiritual beliefs
and the natural world.
They also famous for their
Sarimanok (mythical bird) art,
which symbolizes prosperity and
fortune.
Culture and Traditions

12. The Darangen, a traditional epic
poem, is a significant part of
their oral tradition.
Maranao culture also practice
“panolong” (wood carving) and
“inabal” (woven cloth)
Culture and Traditions

13. The Maranao celebrate traditional
rituals like the “Kaamulan” festival,
which involves dances, music, and
ceremonial rites to mark important
milestones.
Culture and Traditions

14. Culture and Traditions
•“Awang” are traditional
dugout canoes of the
Maranao and Maguindanao
people in the Philippines.
They are used primarily in
lake Lanao, the Pulangi River,
and the Ligusan Marsh.
•The awang, or dugout boat, is
possibly the most unique and
ornate of dugouts.

15. Clothing
Malong, a traditional Filipino
tube skirt made of hand-woven
cotton cloth worn by maranao
women.
Culture and Traditions

16. Way of Life•The Maranao people are primarily farmers,
cultivating rice, corn, and other corps around
Lake Lanao. They live in traditional torogan
houses, which elaborately carved with designs
that represents their artistic and spiritual
beliefs.
•Communities are typically built around family
units, and their social organization is
hierarchical.

17. Way of Life
•Like other Filipinos Muslim, the Maranao differ
markedly from the Christians, who make up the
overwhelming majority of the country’s
population.
•Land is owned by the clan and controlled by
local leaders known as Datus.

18. Torogan
House

19. Current Issues
One of the most significant challenges the
Maranao people have faced in recent years is the
impact of the Marawi Siege in 2017, where the
city of Marawi was attacked by ISIS- inspired
militants. This conflict led to widespread
displacement and the destruction of cultural
landmarks and homes.
Reconstruction efforts have been slow, and many
Maranao people still live in temporary shelters.

20. Contributions to Society
The Maranao contribute greatly to the cultural
diversity of the Philippines, particularly in the
arts, music, and literature. The Darangen is
recognized as a UNESCO cultural heritage
masterpiece.
Maranao individuals also contribute to
governance, education, and business sectors,
promoting the values of tolerance and peace
within the broader Filipino community.

21. Lumad People of
Mindanao

22. History and Origins
The Lumad are a group of Austronesian
indigenous peoples in the southern Philippines. It
is a Cebuano term meaning “native” or
“indigenous”, distinct from the Muslim Moro
groups. It is short for Katawhang Lumad (literally
“indigenous people”). They are the original
inhabitants of the region and have lived in the the
mountainous areas of Mindanao for centuries.

23. History and Origins
The collective term is used to describe the ethnic
groups of Mindanao, including the Blaan,
Bukidnon, Higaonon, Mamanwa, Mandaya,
Manobo, Mansaka, Sangir, Subanen, Tagabawa,
Tagakaulo, Tasaday, and T’boli.

24. History and Origins
It is adopted by a group of 15 from more than 18
Mindanao ethnic groups in their Cotabato
Congress in June 1986 to distinguish them from
the other Mindanao, Moro or Christian. Its usage
was accepted during the Cory Administration
when R.A 6734, the word Lumad was used in Art.
XIII sec. 8(2) to distinguish the ethnic
communities from the Bangsa Moro.

25. The lumad people have a rich tradition
of oral literature, rituals, and dance.
They celebrate important milestones
such as harvest festivals with dances
and offerings to nature spirits.
Their traditional clothing is often
made from indigenous materials
and is adorned with beads and
intricate designs.
Culture and Traditions

26. They are Non-Muslim or Non-Christian;
instead, they believe in spirits and gods.
There is god for land, water, and for the
harvest. Lumads believe that the
mountain is sacred. They also believe that
death and illness or bad faith are God’s
way of showing anger.
Culture and Traditions
The offering of live animals such as
pigs and chicken are common
during tribal ceremonies for them
to have a good harvest, health,
protection, and thanksgiving.

27. The Kadal Heroyon in T’boli is dance which
portrays this art of beautification to attract
would be suitors.
Culture and Traditions
•Kadal (mandal) is the T’boli term
for “dance”
•Heroyon means “flirty gesture”

28. The Lumad also engage
in T’nalak weaving, is a
sacred cloth woven by the
T’boli people.
Traditionally made by
women of royal blood,
thousands of patterns
that reference folklore
and stories are known to
the T’boli women by
memory. Fu Dalu, a
spiritual guardian, guides
T’nalak weaving.
Culture and Traditions

29. Way of Life
•The Lumad are traditionally subsistence
farmers, cultivating rice, corn, and root crops.
They rely heavily on fishing, hunting, and
foraging for sustenance.
•Their homes are typically built from bamboo
and other local materials, with designs that
reflect their relationship with nature.

30. Way of Life
•The Lumad community is organized around
tribal councils, with elders guiding the
community’s social and political affairs.

31. Current Issues
The Lumad face significant challenges,
particularly in the form of land dispossession.
Industrialization, logging, and large scale mining
operations threaten their ancestral lands.
The ongoing conflict in Mindanao has led to
frequent displacement of Lumad communities, as
they are caught between military forces, rebel
groups, and corporate interest.

32. Contributions to Society
The Lumad contribute significantly to
environmental preservation through their
traditional ecological knowledge and sustainable
farming practices. Their use of agroforestry, as
well as their deep connection to nature, is
increasingly recognized as a valuable model for
sustainable agriculture and conservation.

33. References
• Aldaba, F. R. (2010). Indigenous Peoples of the Philippines: The Lumad and the Struggle
for Self-Determination. Ateneo de Manila University Press.
• Cruz, M. A. (2020). The Marawi Siege and the Resilience of the Maranao People.
Philippine Social Science Review, 72(2), 99-118.
• Dumalagan, S. C. (2001). The Maranao: An Ethnographic Study. Mindanao Journal of
Social Sciences, 8(1), 56-74.
• International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs (IWGIA). (2019). The Indigenous World
2019: Philippines.
• Macapagal, J. (2014). Maranao Cultural Heritage: The Power of Symbolism. Journal of
Southeast Asian Studies, 45(3), 507-526.
• Salazar, N. (2006). The Lumad Peoples: Indigenous Communities of Mindanao. Philippine
Studies, 53(4), 433-451.