Ionizing and non ionizing radiation.pptx

Medical Physics DPT 4th Semester

1. Ionizing and non ionizing radiation Dr. Atta Ur R ehman DPT(KMU), MS-PT(RIU)

2. Non-ionizing radiation Radiation that has enough energy to move around atoms in a molecule or cause them to vibrate, but not enough to remove electrons, is referred to as "non-ionizing radiation.“ Non-ionizing radiation ranges from extremely low frequency radiation, shown on the far left through the audible, microwave, and visible portions of the spectrum into the ultraviolet range. Ranges: 100hz or less

3. Ionizing radiation Radiation that falls within the "ionizing radiation" range has enough energy to remove tightly bound electrons from atoms, thus creating ions. This is the type of radiation that people usually think of as 'radiation. High frequencies ranges upto 100 billion hertz There are three main kinds of ionizing radiation: alpha particles , which include two protons and two neutrons beta particles , which are essentially high-speed electrons gamma rays and x-rays, which are pure energy (photons).

4. Internal & external hazards of radition

5. Internal hazards of radiation Internal radiation exposure hazards result from radioactive material that gets inside the body when you breathe it or eat it or when it passes through your skin. Internal exposure , however, can come from all types of radioactive materials if they are inside the body. Alpha Beta Gamma

6. Once inside, much of the radiation energy will get absorbed in cells, tissues, and organs. The extent of an internal radiation dose is r elated to the amount of material inside the body. Alpha particles can be very hazardous internally because an alpha particle does not travel very far and its energy is deposited within a small volume, increasing the chance of cell death.

7. External radiation hazards External exposure is radiation that comes from somewhere outside the body and interacts with us. The source of radiation can be a piece of equipment that produces the radiation. Sources outside the body that emit x or gamma rays can be external radiation exposure hazards. radiation exposure is unlikely from alpha and beta particles. high-energy beta particles can cause a large skin dose if allowed to be on the skin for a long time because they will leave much of their energy there.

8. How to reduce external hazards

9. External hazards can arise from any source of penetrating radiation, e.g. X-ray sets, gamma emitters, neutron sources and hard beta emitters Protection against radiation by (a) use of effective shielding; (b) keeping one's distance and (c) exposing oneself for the minimum of time

10. distance and shielding R adiation protection, distance and shielding are two fundamental principles used to reduce exposure to ionizing radiation : Distance : - Increasing the distance between a person and the radiation source reduces exposure. Radiation intensity decreases with the square of the distance. Doubling the distance reduces radiation exposure to one-quarter of the original level.

11. Shielding: Placing a barrier (shield) between a person and the radiation source absorbs or scatters radiation, reducing exposure. Different materials have varying degrees of shielding effectiveness, depending on their density and atomic number. Common shielding materials include lead, concrete, water, and steel. By combining distance and shielding, radiation exposure can be significantly reduced, ensuring safety for individuals working with or near radiation sources.