Ip address and subnet masking final

IP address and Subnetmasking

1. PREPARED BY Ms. NEERAJ BHARDWAJ Assistant Professor, C omputer Science Poornima Institute Of Engineering and Technology Introduction to Computer Network & IP(Internet Protocol) Addressing

2. Index History Computer Network IP Introduction IP addressing WITH CLASSFULL ADDRESSING Subnetting mASK with Examples

3. History Computer network started establishing in Late 60’s . In 1978 ISO (International Standard Organization) proposed a new model known as OSI (Open System Interface) model for networking. OSI model has 7 layers. An updated OSI model in TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/ Internet Protocol) was developed and merged on 1st January 1983 with ARPANET (The Advanced Research Projects Agency Network). The TCP/IP model has 4 layers which strictly follow the 7 layers of OSI model .

4. What is a Computer Network? It is a system containing any combination of computers, computer terminals, printers, audio , visual display devices or telephones interconnected by telecommunication equipment or cables used to transmit or receive information . The Network Diagram

5. Network Classification By Their Components Role

6. Applications of Computer Network : Sharing of resources such as printers Sharing of expensive software's and database Communication from one computer to another computer Exchange of data and information among users via network Sharing of information over geographically wide areas.

7. Network Benefits The network provided to the users can be divided into two categories: Sharing Connectivity Sharing Resources Hardware Sharing: A network which allows users to share many hardware devices such as printers , modems, fax machines, CD ROM, players, etc. Software Sharing: sharing software resources reduces the cost of software installation, saves space on hard disk.

8. Introduction The IP (Internet Protocol) is basically a unique address of any device by which the device can communicate with other devices or communicate world wide in terms of Internet . There are two basic Types of IP address. IPv4 (IP version 4) (Earlier technology still used by 70% devices) IPv6 (IP version 6) (Newer version as the addresses range is about to complete of IPv4) IPv4 (The address is divided into four parts each having 8 bits and separated by dotted decimal point and usually written in decimal for easy understanding)

9. IP addressing Basic classfull addressing An IP address basically a 32-bit address that universally defines unique connection of host or a router to the Internet. IP address is unique. Address space of IPv4 is 2 32 . 32 bit is divided into 4 equal parts of 8-8 bits separated by dotted decimal notation. It is in the range of minimum 0.0.0.0 to 255.255.255.255. Each 8 bit group is known by OCTET.

10. Rules for assigning Host ID: The Host ID is used to determine the host within any network. The Host ID is assigned based on the following rules: The Host ID must be unique within any network . The Host ID in which all the bits are set to 0 cannot be assigned as it is used to represent the network ID of the IP address. The Host ID in which all the bits are set to 1 cannot be assigned as it is reserved for the multicast address.

11. Rules for assigning Network ID If the hosts are located within the same local network, then they are assigned with the same network ID. The following are the rules for assigning Network ID: The network ID cannot start with 127 as 127 is used by Class A. The Network ID in which all the bits are set to 0 cannot be assigned as it is used to specify a particular host on the local network. The Network ID in which all the bits are set to 1 cannot be assigned as it is reserved for the multicast address

12. Class Higher bits NET ID bits HOST ID bits No.of networks No.of hosts per network Range A 8 24 2 7 2 24 0.0.0.0 to 127.255.255.255 B 10 16 16 2 14 2 16 128.0.0.0 to 191.255.255.255 C 110 24 8 2 21 2 8 192.0.0.0 to 223.255.255.255 D 1110 Not Defined Not Defined Not Defined Not Defined 224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255 E 1111 Not Defined Not Defined Not Defined Not Defined 240.0.0.0 to 255.255.255.255

13. An IP address consist of a NETWORK ID and HOST ID.

14. Classes of IP addresses Class A In Class A, an IP address is assigned to those networks that contain a large number of hosts . The network ID is 8 bits long. The host ID is 24 bits long. In Class A, the first bit in higher order bits of the first octet is always set to 0 and the remaining 7 bits determine the network ID. The 24 bits determine the host ID in any network.

15. The total number of networks in Class A = 2 7  = 128 network address The total number of hosts in Class A = 2 24  - 2 = 16,777,214 host address .

16. Example: 64.0.0.0 (this is only network address) Suppose 64.255.255.255 is Direct broadcasting address of an organization. If any person wants to send the message to all the hosts of university then he uses DB IP address . By this all will receive the same message in the organization. DBA address is fixed and unique. 64.0.0.1 is the first IP address of this network.

17. 64.0.0.8 belongs to which network? The network ID of any address can be calculate only by Default mask. Default mask of class A is 255.0.0.0 We apply AND operation on this.

18. Class B In Class B, an IP address is assigned to those networks that range from small-sized to large-sized networks. The Network ID is 16 bits long. The Host ID is 16 bits long. In Class B, the higher order bits of the first octet is always set to 10, and the remaining14 bits determine the network ID. The other 16 bits determine the Host ID. The total number of networks in Class B = 2 14  = 16384 network address The total number of hosts in Class B = 2 16  - 2 = 65534 host address

19. Most of big university try to take class B network. First 16 bits defines network and remaining 16 bits defines host parts. It has a highest nos. of address 2 30 .which is about 65,536.

20. Example : 130.2.3.4 We take a simple IP address of a host. First we will check it lies between the range of 128 to 191. The network ID of any address can be calculate only by Default mask . Default mask of class B is 255.255.0.0 We apply AND operation on this.

21. Class C In Class C, an IP address is assigned to only small-sized networks. The Network ID is 24 bits long. The host ID is 8 bits long. In Class C, the higher order bits of the first octet is always set to 110, and the remaining 21 bits determine the network ID. The 8 bits of the host ID determine the host in a network. The total number of networks = 2 21  = 2097152 network address The total number of hosts = 2 8  - 2 = 254 host address

22. A local area network use Class C IP address to connect with network . This IP range from 192 to 223. First 24 bits defines network ID and remaining 8 bits defines host parts.It has a highest nos. of address 2 29 .which is about 256.

23. Example: 194.2.3.4 We take a simple IP address of a host. First to check it lies between range 192 – 223. The network ID of any address can be calculate only by Default mask. Default mask of class C is 255.255.255.0 We apply AND operation on this.

24. Class-D In Class D, an IP address is reserved for multicast addresses. The higher order bits of the first octet is always set to 1110 and the remaining bits determines the host ID in any network. IP range from 224 to 239. It is not usually use in general applications. It is use in Special purpose applications known as Multicast. In Class D not available number of Network ID and Number of Host ID. IP address reserved for multicasting group, Email- broadcast etc .

25. Class D reserved for any group, if any group create related to research area. They can use this class D. Disadvantages: Approximately 250 million IP addresses waste because in all over world large group created .

26. Class-E In Class E, an IP address is used for the future use or for the research and development purposes. The higher order bits of the first octet is always set to 1111, and the remaining bits determines the host ID in any network. IP range from 240 to 255. It is not usually use in general applications. This type of IP address class is mostly used for the experimental or future use.

27. Need of Different IP Address IP address is the important key to find the physical location of the particular computer system. It works similar to the home address by the identification of that anything reaches to your house. To communicate in the network each electronic device uses IP address. To identify the network size these IP address is categorized into various classes. All these types of IP address is assigned to the organizations, businesses or government operations.

28. IP address Uses and Security For the security reasons many people hide IP address. Whereas some of them want to locate IP address to find out the visitors of the site. To locate IP address you can use free service of www.ip-location.khozz.com . It provides various services to know IP location of the unknown email sender, facebook friends’ location, website visitors etc.

29. Subnetting is the process to divide a Big network in a small network for ease of access. University Network Library Medical School Engineering School Subnetting is the process of dividing a network & its IP addresses into segments, each of which is called a subnetwork or subnet . The subnet mask is the 32-bit number that the router uses to cover up the network address to show which bits are being used to identify the subnet

30. We take a example of university, very difficult to maintain a big university . We know in Class A 2^24 host possible in a network. But all Host maintain in a network is very difficult. We divided this in a small parts, which can be easily handle.

31. For example we take a network IP ADDRESS in Class C : 200.10.20.0 In class C Number of Host = 256 Useable host = 254 Here divide the network in two logical form: S1 and S2 200 . 10 . 20 . 0 ( IP address of the network) First three octet to represents the network ID and Last octet to represents the Host ID.

32. Basic Idea of Subnetting Subnets can be freely assigned within the organization Internally, subnets are treated as separate networks Subnet structure is not visible outside the organization

33. Advantages of subnetting With subnetting , IP addresses use a 3-layer hierarchy: Network Subnet Host Improves efficiency of IP addresses by not consuming an entire address space for each physical network. Reduces router complexity. Since external routers do not know about subnetting . T he complexity of routing tables at external routers is reduced.  Note: Length of the subnet mask need not be identical at all sub networks.

34. THANK YOU