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1. The changing paradigm in which healthcare professionals and social care professionals collaborate as a team includes interprofessional education (IPE) and interprofessional collaborative practice (ICP). The World Health Organization states that IPE and ICP occur when multiple health workers from various professional backgrounds collaborate with patients and families, careers, and communities to provide the highest quality of care. ICP occurs when learners from two or more health professions engage in learning about, from, and with each other to enable effective collaboration and improve health outcomes.

2. The Patient and His or Her Social Support The patient is both the central focus and an integral member of the team. In many cases, the family and caregivers will also be part of the team. The community may also play an important role in the team, as when public health approaches to disease prevention and health promotion are considered as part of the context of care. The dentist treats the patient but must also partner with other health professionals and the community to modify the environmental risk factors for dental and systemic disease

3. Dental Team Members Depending on the context of care and patient population, the oral healthcare team may include some or all of the following: ● General or primary care dentist, dental assistant, and dental hygienist ●  Dental therapist ●  Dental laboratory technician ●  Denturists ●  Dental specialists

4. Other Health Professionals Depending on the patient, other health professionals may include: ● Athletic trainer ● Clinical geneticist/genetic counselor ● Clinical psychologist ● Doctor of chiropractic ● Ethicist ● Occupational therapist ● Optometrist ● Orthotist/prosthetist ● Podiatrist ● Religious/spiritual counselor

5. Primary Care Physician/Family Practice Physician The primary care physician (PCP) or family practice physician provides general medical care, including assessment and identification of previously undiagnosed medical conditions; health maintenance; and management of medical conditions. He/she provides detailed histories of positive responses to the health questionnaire and contributes to decisions relating to preoperative risk assessment and evaluation of severity and stability of medical diagnoses, and offers insights related to long-term prognosis, treatment compliance, and mutual treatment goals. Similar to the role of the general dentist, the PCP can serve as a coordinator of care and provide referrals to appropriate specialists, as described in the following sections. The PCP is the default primary resource for most medical consultations.

6. Physician—Medical Specialties Dental professionals may also interact with medical specialists in neurology, dermatology, radiation oncology, medical oncology, hematology oncology, psychiatry, pain medicine, and infectious disease, as well as with emergency physicians. For example, when treating a patient with dental pain that triggers trigeminal neuralgia, the dentist will need to collaborate with a neurologist. The dentist will treat the acute dental problem and coordinate care with the neurologist who treats the neuralgia, which is typically a chronic condition requiring long-term medical treatment. A neurosurgeon may be involved if the patient has a neurologic problem that has not responded to therapy.

7. Physician—Surgical Specialties In addition to working with oral and maxillofacial surgeons (who often have also earned a medical degree), dental professionals may interact with specialists in otolaryngology, plastic surgery, transplant medicine, or cardiac surgery. Consider a patient who suffers from injuries resulting from maxillofacial trauma received in a motor vehicle accident (MVA). The dentist assesses and manages traumatic injuries to the teeth and alveolus. To restore the occlusion in setting a mandibular or maxillary fracture, the clinician may coordinate dental treatment with a surgeon (otolaryngology, plastic and reconstructive surgery, or oral and maxillofacial surgery), who will reduce and immobilize the jaw fracture with rigid fixation.

8. Physician Assistant or Associate The physician assistant or associate (PA) is licensed to practice medicine under the direct supervision of a physician, and his or her role overlaps significantly with that of the physician (doctor of medicine [MD] or doctor of osteopathic medicine [DO]). PAs are involved in primary care medicine, as well as in the medical and surgical specialties; their responsibilities depend on the setting in which they work, their level of experience and training, and regional laws.

9. Nurse/Registered Nurse/Licensed Practical Nurse The registered nurse (RN) is responsible for the daily care tasks and administration of medications, often in an inpatient setting, but also in outpatient and home care settings. The nurse is trained to closely assess patient needs and detect small, yet significant, changes in function and status, which can be critical for any necessary treatment modifications. A licensed practical nurse (LPN) has been trained to provide home health or nursing care under the supervision of an RN or a medical doctor. These individuals, along with nurse’s aides, provide direct patient care, such as oral cleansing

10. Nurse’s Aide or Nursing Assistant The nursing assistant works directly with patients, providing assistance with ADL, including oral home care, eating, drinking, dressing, toileting, and bathing.

11. Advanced Practice Nurse, Including Nurse Practitioner The advanced practice nurse or nurse practitioner (NP) has completed advanced training beyond the RN and is trained for expanded practice capabilities, including independent practice, depending on training and jurisdiction.

12. Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist or Anesthetist The certified registered nurse anesthetist (CRNA) has completed advanced training beyond the RN with a focus on administration of anesthesia, sedation, and control of pain and anxiety. Nurse anesthetists provide work in collaboration with surgeons, anesthesiologists, dentists, podiatrists, and other qualified health professionals. They may be the primary providers of anesthesia care in rural settings and often provide general anesthesia in an operating room or outpatient treatment setting for patients unable to tolerate dental care in a routine clinic setting.

13. Pharmacist health professionals and provides health screening, health education, and valuable health information on drug interactions and contraindications. Some pharmacists also provide direct patient care, as well as compounding drugs as prescribed by the dentist when commercial drugs are not available or when custom formulations will better suit the patient’s needs

14. Social Worker/Case Worker/Case Manager These professionals can provide essential emotional and social support to the patient/client, caregiver, and family. When the patient, the patient’s family or friends, or the community at large becomes aware that an individual is no longer able to effectively provide for his or her own daily needs, a social worker (SW) is often called on to assist in identifying strategies for improving the situation.

15. Mental Healthcare Professional This provider routinely works to develop strategies and plans to enhance patient well-being, cooperation, and compliance for individuals with special challenges or distractions, specifically those who may have cognitive impairment or mental illness, or exhibit unhealthy behaviors or self-destructive habits.

16. Speech and Language Pathologist The speech and language pathologist can provide evaluation and rehabilitation for the patient who has suffered a stroke or received head trauma, or for the patient with head and neck cancer who has undergone surgical and/or radiation therapy. A speech and language pathologist will have expertise in the evaluation of such patients and in therapies for treating difficulty in swallowing (dysphagia), aspiration, or voice and articulation, all of which affect quality of life.

17. Audiologist The audiologist may contribute to the care of the patient with a suspected hearing deficit. This provider assesses hearing function and communication skills and the ways in which these problems may affect social interactions and relationships in various environments, including school and work-place. Audiologists are a critical component of the craniofacial and cleft lip/palate team.

18. Physical Therapist This professional provides therapy, stretching and exercises to address muscle-associated temporomandibular disorders (TMDs), as well as trismus (defined as any restriction to mouth opening, including restrictions caused by trauma, surgery or radiation) and microstomia (a congenital or acquired reduction in the size of the oral opening that is severe enough to compromise physical appearance, nutrition, and quality of life.

19. Dietitian This licensed healthcare professional assists and advises patients about healthy diets and dietary alternatives, especially individuals with metabolic diseases, such as diabetes or hypercholesterolemia, and those with hypertension, vitamin deficiencies, or food allergies. They have expertise in determining nutrient/caloric recommendations for patients undergoing head and neck cancer treatment or who suffer from protracted forms of stomatitis. The dietician can prescribe medical therapeutic nutrition.

20. Anaplastologist/Maxillofacial Prosthetist and Technologist This provider focuses on the prosthetic rehabilitation of an absent, disfigured, or malformed anatomically critical segment of the face or body. These providers can work in collaboration with a maxillofacial prosthodontist and/or ocularist to customize the fabrication of a facial prosthesis, including ocular within orbital, nasal, and auricular prostheses.