IPM for insect pests of ground nut

management practices of groundnut insect pests

1. UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES,RAICHUR PRESENTATION ON INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT OF GROUNDNUT PESTS Presented by, Jayant J P PG20AGR12016 Department of Agricultural Entomology. UAS Raichur

2. CONTENTS Introduction Pests of Groundnut. Integrated management of Groundnut pests. References.

3. Groundnut is an important oilseed and ancillary food crop of the world. Besides expulsion of oil, it is used for production of groundnut-butter and a host of other food products. India has the largest groundnut growing area in the world and is the second largest producer after China . In India, groundnut is cultivated during kharif , rabi and summer seasons under variou s cropping systems. The major groundnut growing states are Gujarat , Andhra Pradesh, Kamataka , Tamil Nadu, Rajasthan and Maharashtra covering about 90 per cent of total groundnut area. INTRODUCTION

4. The productivity is, however, low (around 1257 kg / ha ) as compared to other groundnut growing countries like United States of America, China, and Myanmar. Rainfed cultivation of groundnut coupled with attack by plethora of insect-pests and diseases are the major reasons for low productivity. The estimated annual losses of approximately Rs. 238 crore in groundnut are due to insect-pests, diseases and weeds. More than 100 insect-pests are reported to infest groundnut crop. Major ones are discussed below

5. MAJOR INSECT-PESTS DEFOLIATORS Groundnut leafminer ( Aproraema modicella ) Tobacco caterpillar ( Spodoptera litura ) Red hairy caterpillar ( Amsacta albistriga,A . moorei ) Gram pod borer ( Helicoverpa armigera ) SUCKING PESTS Thrips ( Caliothrips indicus , FranklinieUa schultzei , Thrips palmi , Scirtothrips dorsalis ) Aphids (Aphis craccivora ) Leatbopper / Jassids ( Empoasca kerri ) Mealybugs ( Phenacoccus solenopsis ) SUBTERRANEAN PESTS White grubs/Root grubs ( Holotrichia consanguinea , H. serrata ) Termites ( Odontotermes obesus , Microtermes obesi )

6. MINOR INSECT PESTS Pod bug ( Elasmolomus sordidus ) Jewel beetle/Stem borer ( Sphenoptera perotetti ) Earwig/Pod borer ( Euborellia stalli ) Bud borer ( Anarsia ephippias )

7. ETL’S

8. INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT

9. CULTURAL PRACTICES Timely sowing of the crop. Deep summer ploughing after the kharif crop, the field should be ploughed to expose the pupae to predatory birds. Castor and Sunflower as trap crop against defoliators. Pearl millet / Maize as border crops.

10. Irrigate once to avoid prolonged mid-season drought to prevent pre-harvest infestation. Planting of cowpea or soybean as trap crops. Always use well decomposed organic manure . Collection and destruction of white grub adults from host trees around the field.

11. Crop rotation with sorghum or maize. Digging the termitaria and destruction of the queen is most important in termite management.Harvest the groundnuts as soon as they are matured, which will reduce termite damage to pods. Intercropping groundnut with Pennisetum glaucum enhanced the parasitoid Goniozus spp . on leaf miner .

12. Use of tolerant or resistant varities .

13. Mechanical Control Hand picking and destruction of various insect stages and the affected plant part. Up-root and destroy severely infected plants. Erection of light traps soon after the monsoon for 20-45 days and collecting and killing of adult moths are found very effective. Install pheromone trap @ 10 / ha for mass trapping.

14. Use of sticky traps againt sucking pests. Install 10-12 bird perches/ha. Mulching with rice straw causes reduction in leaf miner incidence and increase in percentage parasitism.

15. For managing red hairy caterpillar, dig furrow trenches around field. Use of Mud pot traps againts root grub beetles.

16. Biological control Conserve the natural enemies like, coccinellids , spiders, hymenopteran and dipteran parasitoids. Release adults of Trichogramma chilonis or Telenomus remus @ 50000 / ha , two times at 7-10 days interval followed by release of Bracon hebetor @ 500 0/ha two times at 7- 10 days against leafminer and defoliators.

17. Augment the release of Cheilomenes sexmaculata @ 1250/ha. Conserve bio agents like flower bugs ( anthocorids ), lady bird beetles ( coccinellids ), praying mantis, hover flies ( syrphids ), green lace wing ( chrysopids ), long horned grass hoppers and spiders

18. Spray commercial formulation of nuclear polyhedrosis viruses ( NPV- Spodoptera and NPV- Helicoverpa ) for the management of tobacco caterpillar and gram pod borer @ 0.4ml/L and granulosis virus ( GV- Amsacta ) @0.3 ml/L for redhairy caterpillars. Spray entomopathogenic fungus like, Nomuraea rileyi and Beauveria bassiana @ 2 g/L for defoliator pests and Verticillium lecanii @5 g/L for sucking pests. Spray entomopathogenic bacteria, Bacillus thuringiensis @ 2 g/L against red hairy caterpillar, tobacco caterpillar and gram pod borer.

19. CHEMICAL CONTROL Apply safe chemical insecticides at recommended doses only if the insect population crosses the ETL. Young crop may be applied with Dimethoate 30 EC @ 1.7ml/ ltr of water or Imidachloprid 17.8 SL 0.3 ml in 1 lit. of water or thiamethoxam 25 WG @ 0.2 g/L or acetamiprid 20 SP @ 0.2 g/L between 25 and 30 days after sowing for managing sucking pests like, thrips and leafhoppers. For grown up caterpillars - spray profenophos 1-2 ml in 1 lit. of water (or) dichlorvos 1 ml in 1 lit. of water (or) chlorpyriphos 2 ml in 1 liters of water.

20. Poison bait with Carbaryl , rice bran, j a ggery and water can be used to control the grown up larvae. Need based application chlorpyriphos 20 EC @2.5 ml/ Lor quinalphos 25 EC @2 ml/L or profenofos @50 EC @2 ml/ Lor fiubendiamide 480 SC @ 0.2 ml/ Lor novaluron 10EC @ 1 ml/L for managing the defoliator pests like, tobacco caterpillar and gram pod borer. Need based application profenofos@50 EC @2 ml/ Lor spinosad 45 [email protected] ml/L or fiubendiamide 480 SC @ 0.2 ml/ Lor quinalphos 25 EC @ 2 ml/L for managing leafminer .

21. AICRP GROUNDNUT, UAS RAICHUR Management of groundnut leaf miner through chemical: spraying 2 ml of Profenophos 50 C per litre of water on 30th and 45th days after sowing. Integrated management of insect pests in irrigated groundnut: Application of neem cake @ 500 kg/ha, boarder cropping with pearl millet, castor as a sprinkle crop, pheromone traps for Spodoptera @ 5/ha, need based application of insecticides quinolphos . Management of defoliators through Flubendiamide 48SC @ 0.075ml/ lt and Spinosad 45 SC @ 2ml/ lt . Management of groundnut defoliator pests using botanicals (R/S): Pongamia oil @ 3 ml/l or Azadirachtin 3% @ 3 ml/lit or Neem oil @ 3.0 ml/lit or Pongemia oil 50% plus Neem oil 50% @ 3 ml/l were found effective.

22. DO's AND DON'T s IN GROUNDNUT PEST MANAGEMENT Do's: Soil solarization , deep tillage and clean cultivation (keep the field free from weeds and crop debris). Seed treatment, crop rotation and intercropping practices. Need- based application of fertilizers . Surveillance and monitoring of the pest for need-based management practices. Prefer bio-pesticides over synthetic pesticides unless the situation warrants. Conserve natural enemies of pests by growing refuge crops. Apply pesticides including bio-pesticides ( entomopathogenic bacteria, fungus and viruses) during morning and evening hours of the day. Remove and destroy plants infected by groundnut bud necrosis disease.

23. Don'ts: Avoid deposition of soil particles on germinated plants during inter-cultural operations. Do not apply overdose of N fertilizers which increase the plant growth and crop susceptibility to insect-pests and diseases. Avoid indiscriminate use of pesticides. Avoid spurious pesticides. Do not spray pesticides during hot sunny hours and against the direction of wind. Do not use broad spectrum pesticides. Do not keep groundnut bud necrosis affected plants in the field. Avoid storing produce with >9% moisture in storage structures/ godowns . Do not store produce in infested godowns or gunny bags .

24. References Crop protection technologies generated through – AICRP, Ground nut IPM – Pakage for Ground nut – NCIPM Integrated pest and disease management in ground nut- ICAR-DIRECTORATE OF GROUNDNUT RESEARCH AICRP- Groundnut, Raichur.

25. I C A R N C I P M