IPR issues in Environmental Biotechnology.pdf

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1. INTRODUCTION TO INTELLECTUAL
PROPERTY RIGHTS

2. DEFINITION TO IPR AND IP-
•Intellectualpropertyrightsaretherightsgiven topersons over
the creationsoftheir minds.Theyusuallygivethe creatoran
exclusiverightoverthe useofhis/hercreationforacertain
periodoftime.
•Intellectualproperty(IP)referstocreationsofthe mind,suchas
inventions;literaryandartisticworks; designs; andsymbols,
namesandimagesusedin commerce.

3. TYPESOFIPR
•Trademarks
•Copyright
•Patents
•Tradesecrets
•Design

4. TRADEMARKS
Atrademarkisadistinctivesignwhichisusedtodistinguishthe
productsorservicesofonebusinessfromothers.Trademarksare
oftencloselylinkedtobrands.
Atrademark(alsowrittentrademarkortrade-mark
[1])is a
typeofintellectualpropertyconsistingofa
recognizablesign,design,orexpressionwhich
identifiesproductsorservicesofaparticularsourcefromthoseof
others,
[2][3]although trademarks used to identify services are
usually called service marks.
[4][5]The trademark owner can be an
individual,businessorganization,oranylegalentity.

5. COPYRIGHTS
•A copyright is a collection of rights that automatically vest to
someonewhocreatesanoriginal workofauthorship–likea
literarywork,song,movieorsoftware.Theserightsincludethe
right toreproducethework,topreparederivativeworks, to
distributecopies,andtoperformanddisplaytheworkpublicly.
•Examplesincludebooks, poems,plays,songs, films,and
artwork.

6. PATENTS
•patentisaformofintellectualpropertythatgivesitsownerthe
legalrightto excludeothers frommaking,using,sellingand
importinganinventionforalimitedperiodofyears,in
exchangeforpublishinganenablingpublicdisclosureofthe
invention.Inmostcountriespatent rights fallundercivil
lawandthe patentholderneeds tosuesomeoneinfringingthe
patentinordertoenforce his orherrights.In
someindustriespatentsareanessentialformofcompetitive
advantage;in otherstheyareirrelevant.

7. TRADESECRETS
•Trade secretsareatypeofintellectualpropertythat
comprise formulas, practices, processes, designs, instruments, patterns, or
compilationsofinformationthathaveinherenteconomicvaluebecause
they are not generally known or readily ascertainable by others, and which
the owner takes reasonable measures to keep secret.
[1]In some jurisdictions,
suchsecretsarereferredtoasconfidentialinformation.
•ExamplesofTradeSecrets
•Information that can be kept as a trade secret includes formulas, patterns,
compilations,programs,devices,methods,techniques,orprocesses.Some
examples of trade secrets include customer lists and manufacturing
processes. The economic value of the information can be actual or
potential.

8. DESIGN
•Theindustrialdesignrecognizesthecreationnewandoriginal
features of new shape, configuration, surface pattern,
ornamentationsandcompositionoflinesorcolorsappliedto
articleswhichinthe finishedstateappealtoandarejudged
solelyby the eye.

9. INTERNATIONALORGANIZATIONS
ANDTREATIESRELATEDTOIPR
•WIPO
•INTA
•Madrid protocol
•Parisconvention
•GATT
•TRIPS

10. WIPO
•TheWorldIntellectualPropertyOrganization(WIPO;French:Organisation
mondialedelapropriétéintellectuelle(OMPI))isone ofthe15 specialized
agenciesoftheUnitedNations
•WIPOwascreatedtopromoteandprotectintellectualproperty(IP)acrossthe
worldbycooperatingwithcountriesaswellasinternationalorganizations.It
beganoperationson26April1970whentheconventionenteredintoforce.
•WIPO'sactivitiesincludinghostingforumstodiscussandshapeinternationalIP
rules andpolicies,providingglobalservicesthatregisterandprotectIPin
differentcountries.
•WIPOadministers26internationaltreatiesthatconcernawidevarietyofIP
issues,rangingfromtheprotectionofbroadcaststoestablishinginternational
patentclassification.

11. INTA
•TheInternationalTrademarkAssociation(INTA)isaglobalnot-for-profit
advocacyassociationofbrandownersandprofessionalsdedicatedtosupporting
trademarksandrelatedintellectualpropertytofosterconsumertrust,economic
growth,andinnovation.
•INTAundertakesadvocacyworkthroughouttheworldtoadvancetrademarksand
offerseducational
programsandinformationalandlegalresourcesofglobalinterest.
•NTA’smembersaremorethan7,200organizationsfrom187countries
•INTA,originallyknownastheUnitedStatesTrademarkAssociation(USTA),was
establishedin
November1878inNewYorkCity

12. MadridProtocol
•Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty (The
Madrid Protocol) The Protocol on Environmental Protection to the
Antarctic Treaty (also knownasthe MadridProtocol)providesfor
comprehensiveprotectionof Antarctica,the lastgreatwildernesson
earth.
•TheMadridSystemisaconvenientandcost-effectivesolutionfor
registeringand managingtrademarksworldwide.Fileasingle
applicationandpay onesetoffeesto apply forprotectionin up to122
countries.

13. Parisconvention
•TheParisConvention,adoptedin1883,appliestoindustrialpropertyinthewidest
sense,includingpatents,trademarks,industrialdesigns,utilitymodels,servicemarks,
tradenames,geographicalindicationsandtherepressionofunfaircompetition.
•This internationalagreementwasthefirstmajorsteptakentohelpcreatorsensure
thattheirintellectualworkswereprotectedinothercountries.
•ParisConventionfortheProtectionofIndustrialProperty.TheParisConventionfor
theProtectionofIndustrialProperty,signedinParis,France,on20March1883,was
oneofthefirstintellectualpropertytreaties.ItestablishedaUnion for
theprotectionofindustrialproperty.

14. GATT
•TheGeneralAgreementonTariffsandTrade(GATT)isalegalagreementbetween
manycountries,whoseoverallpurposewasto promoteinternationaltrade by
reducingoreliminatingtradebarrierssuchastariffsor quotas.
•The GeneralAgreementonTariffsandTrade(GATT)isamultilateralagreement
regulatinginternationaltrade,thepurposeofwhich isthe“substantialreductionof
tariffsandothertradebarriersandtheeliminationofpreferences,onareciprocaland
mutuallyadvantageousbasis”.
•TheGeneralAgreementonTariffsandTrade(GATT)isa legalagreementbetween
manycountries,whoseoverallpurposewasto promoteinternationaltrade by
reducingoreliminatingtradebarrierssuchastariffsorquotas.TheGATT,andits
successortheWTO,havesuccessfully reducedtariffs.

15. TRIPSAgreement
•The Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual
Property Rights is an internationallegalagreement
betweenallthemembernationsoftheWorldTrade
Organization.
•Itsetsdownminimumstandardsfortheregulationby
nationalgovernmentsofmany formsofintellectual
property(IP)asappliedtonationalsofotherWTOmember
nations.
•TRIPSwasnegotiatedattheendoftheUruguayRoundof
theGeneralAgreementon Tariffsand Trade(GATT)
between1989and1990
[4]andisadministeredbythe WTO.