IPR Unit-1 Unit-2 ppts.ppt xqwwtrwtwfgg

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1. 1
1.
INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP
Text Book : Rupinder Tewari, Mamta Bhardwaj, “Intellectual Property –A primer for
Academia”, ©PanjabUniversity,Chandigarh,2021,ISBN:81-85322-92-9
UNIT-I
INTRODUCTIONTOINTELLECTUALPROPERTY(IP):
RoleofIPintheEconomicCulturalDevelopment oftheSociety
IPGovernance
IPasaGlobalIndicatorofInnovation,
OriginofIP
Historyof IP inIndia

2. RoleofIPintheEconomicCulturalDevelopment
of theSociety
IntellectualProperty(IP)isaspecialcategoryof
propertycreatedbyhumanintellect(mind)inthe
fieldsofarts,literature,science,trade,etc.
IntellectualPropertyRights(IPR)aretheprivileges
accordedtothecreator/inventor(ofIP)in
conformancewiththelaws.
Theserightsaregiventothecreator/inventorin
exchangeforrevealingtheprocessof
creation/inventioninthepublicdomain.

3. RoleofIPintheEconomicCulturalDevelopment
of theSociety
Broadly, IP comprises of two branches i.e. Copyrights
and Related Rights‘ and Industrial Property Rights‘.
CopyrightsandRelatedRights‘refertothecreative
expressionsinthefieldsofliteratureandart,suchas
books,publications,architecture,music,wood/stone
carvings,pictures,portrays,sculptures,filmsand
computer-basedsoftware's/databases.
IndustrialPropertyRights‘refertothePatents,
Trademarks,TradeServices,IndustrialDesignsand
GeographicalIndications.

4. RoleofIPintheEconomicCulturalDevelopment
of theSociety
Forexample,compliancewiththeTrade-Related
AspectsofIntellectualPropertyRights(TRIPS)
Agreementhasaffectedthefarmingcommunityas
theyareunabletostoreseedsforthenextcrop.
Forexample,farmers‘rightsundertheProtectionof
PlantVarietiesandFarmers‘Rights(PVP&FR)Act,
2001entitlesthemtomanyprivileges.
Indiaisenrichedwithmassivebiodiversityand
geneticresourcesandtheiruseisembodiedinwhatis
referredtoasTraditionalKnowledge(TK).

5. IP Governance
InIndia,manyorganizations/agenciesdealwith
variousaspectsofIP.
ThegovernanceofallcategoriesofIP,exceptthePlant
VarietyandFarmers‘RightsAct,iscarriedoutbythe
DepartmentforPromotionofIndustry&Internal
Trade(DPIIT)undertheaegisofMinistryof
CommerceandIndustry,GoI.
inIndiae.g.TechnologyInformationForecastingand
AssessmentCouncil(TIFAC),NationalResearch
DevelopmentCorporation(NRDC)andCellforIPR
PromotionandManagement(CIPAM),etc.

6. IP Governance
TheUnitedNations(UN)hasestablishedan
organizationcalledtheWorldIntellectualProperty
Organization(WIPO).
Thisagencyisattheforefrontofimpartingknowledge
aboutIPandgovernsinternationalfilingand
registrationofIPthroughvariousConventionsand
TreatieslikeParisConventions,PatentCooperation
Treaty(PCT),RomeConvention,BerneConvention,
etc.

7. IP as a Global Indicator of Innovation
IP,especiallypatents,isconsideredasoneofthe
importantcogsinassessingtheinnovationindexofa
nation.Theglobalrankingorganizationsalwayshave
IPorasubsetofIPasoneoftheparametersfor
understandingandgradingtheScience,Technology
andInnovation(STI)ecosystemofanation.
Theglobalrankingcanbeimprovedbysensitizingthe
teachingandscientificcommunitiesaboutthe
importanceofIPandcreatinginfrastructureforthe
sameintheinstitutesofhigherlearning.

8. Origin of IP
ThoughthereisnoofficialrecordoftheoriginofIP,it
isbelievedthatarudimentaryformofIPwasbeing
practisedaround500BeforetheCommonEra(BCE)
inSybaris,astateofGreece.ThenativesofSybaris
weregrantedayear‘sprotectionforusingtheir
intellecttocreate―anynewimprovemetinluxury.
In1623,BritainpassedanIntellectualProperty
Legislationwhichentitledguilds(associationof
artisansormerchants)tocreateinnovationsandbring
themtomarketfortradepurposes.

9. Origin of IP
Another legislation, ‗Statute of Anne‘, was passed by
the British parliament in 1710.
Theworkcouldalsoberenewedforanother14years.
Bytheendofthe18
th
centuryandthebeginningofthe
19thcentury,almosteverycountrystartedlayingdown
IPlegislationtoprotecttheirnovelinventionsand
creations.

10. History of IP in India
Patents :
ThehistoryoftheIndianpatentsystemdatesbacktothe
pre-independenceeraofBritishrule.Thefirstpatent
relatedlegislationinIndiawasActVIof1856,adapted
fromtheBritishPatentLawof1852.
In1859,certainamendmentsweremadetotheAct,suchas:
Grantofexclusiveprivilegestousefulinventions.
Increaseofprioritytimefrom6monthsto12months.
Exclusionofimportersfromthedefinitionofthe
inventor.

11. History of IP in India
Theworld’sfirstpatentwasgrantedin1790to
SamuelHopkinsinUSAforthe"makingofpotash
andpearlashbyanewapparatusandprocess".In
India,thefirstpatent(knownas‘Exclusive
Privileges’atthattime)wasawardedin1856toa
civilengineer,GeorgeAlfredDePenningfrom
Calcutta,forhisinvention,‘AnEfficientPunkah
PullingMachine

12. History of IP in India
Afewyearslater,itwasfeltthat‗Designs‘couldalso
passthecriteriaoftheinventionandthusshouldbe
includedinthePatentAct.ThenewActwas
rechristenedas―ThePatternsandDesignsProtection
Act‖underActXIIIof1872.ThisActwasfurther
amendedin1883(XVIof1883)toincludetheprovision
ofprotectionfor‗Novelty‘intheinvention.
Atthebeginningofthe20thcentury,alltheearlier
Actsrelatedtoinventionsanddesignsweredoneaway
withtheintroductionofTheIndianPatentsand
DesignsAct,1911‘(ActIIof1911).

13. History of IP in India
Inthenextthreedecades,manyamendmentswere
introducedforreciprocalarrangementswithother
countriesforsecuringprioritydates.Theseamendments
dealtwith;
Use of invention by the government
Patent of Addition.
Enhancingthetermofthepatentfrom14yearsto16
years.
Filingof‗ProvisionalApplication‘andsubmissionof
CompleteApplication‘within9monthsfromthedate
offilingtheapplication

14. History of IP in India
AfterIndiagotindependencein1947,manypatent
expertsfelttheneedtoreviewtheIndianPatentsand
DesignsAct,1911,keepingthenationalinterest
(economicandpolitical)inmind.
Thecommitteesubmittedaplethoraof
recommendations,including:
Misuseofpatentsrightsneedstobeprevented.
TheremustbeaclearindicationintheActthatfood,
medicineandsurgicalandcurativedevicesshouldbe
madeavailabletothemassesatthecheapestrateby
givingreasonablecompensationtotheownerofthe
patent.

15. History of IP in India
In1957,thecentralgovernmentconstitutedyet
anotherpowerfulcommitteeunderthechairmanship
ofJusticeN.RajagopalaAyyangartoseekinputsfor
furtherstrengtheningtheIndianPatentLaw.
Thecommitteesubmitteditsreporttothegovernment
in1959.Itcomprisedoftwosegmentsaddressing:
a)Generalaspectsofthepatentlaws,andb)Bill
rejectedbackin1953.Therevisedpatentlegislation
wassubmittedtotheLokSabhain1965.
However, the Indian Patents and Designs Act of 1911
remained applicable for designs only till 1994.

16. History of IP in India
In1999,ThePatents(Amendment)Act,1999was
introducedprovidingforthefilingofapplicationsfor
ProductPatents‘intheareasofdrugs,pharmaceuticals
andagrochemicals(earlier,only‗processes‘were
protectedunderthe7PatentAct).ThenewPatentAct
alsoincludedprovisionsforthegrantofExclusive
MarketRights(EMRs)forthedistributionandsaleof
pharmaproductsonfulfillmentofcertainconditions.

17. History of IP in India
ActintroducednewPatentRules,2003,thusreplacing
theearlierPatentsRules,1972.Themajoramendments
were:
The protection term of 20 years for all inventions from the date
of filing.
Scope of non-patentable inventions including Traditional
Knowledge expanded.
Disclosure of source and geographical origin of biological
material made compulsory.
Provisions concerning convention countries simplified.
Establishment of Appellate Board.
Compulsory license provisions strengthened.
Simplification of procedures.
Harmonization

18. History of IP in India
WiththerapidlychangingscenarioofIPRataglobal
level,aneedwasfelttofurtheramendthePatentAct,
1970.ThehighlightofthePatents(Amendments)Act
2005were:
Product patent for inventions in all fields of technology.
New forms of known substances excluded to prevent
Ever greening of the patent.
Rationalization of the opposition procedure.
Introduction of pre-grant opposition by representation.
Introduction of post-grant opposition.
Compulsory license for export purposes.
Compulsory license for manufacture.
Extension of grace period from 6 months to 12 months for filing
a patent, if published in government exhibition.

19. Copyrights and Related Rights
Theconceptofcopyrightsstartedwaybackinthe15th
century.However,theactualneedforcopyrightslaw
wasfeltonlyaftertheinventionofprintersand
copiers.
TheevolutionofcopyrightslawinIndiaoccurredin
threephases.First,twophaseswereenactedduring
theBritishRaj.Inthefirstphase,theconceptof
copyrightswasintroducedin1847throughan
enactmentduringtheEastIndiaCompany‘sregime.

20. Copyrights and Related Rights
InthesecondphaseIndianlegislature,underthe
BritishRaj,enactedtheCopyrightActof1914based
ontheImperialCopyrightAct(1911)oftheUK.An
Actforcriminalsanctionforaninfringementwas
introduced.
Thethirdphaseofthecopyrightsregimewas
witnessedpost-independence.TheCopyrightAct1957
wasenacted,supersedingtheIndianCopyrightAct,
1914,inordertosuittheprovisionsoftheBerne
Convention(1886).

21. Trademarks
ThefirststatutorylawrelatedtoTrademarks(TM)in
IndiawastheTradeMarksAct,1940,whichwas
carvedoutfromtheTradeMarksAct,1938oftheUK.
Nearlyfourdecadeslater,thisActwasrepealedbythe
TradeMarksAct,1999.Theneedforthisoccurredto
complywiththeprovisionsoftheTRIPS.Itisthe
currentgoverninglawrelatedtoregisteredTM.

22. Geographical Indications
India,asamemberofWTO,enactedtheGeographical
IndicationsofGoods(RegistrationandProtection)Act,
1999.Itcameintoforcewitheffectfrom15thSeptember
2003.GeographicalIndicatorshavebeendefinedunder
Article22(1)oftheWTOAgreementonTRIPS.

23. Trade Secrets
AlthoughIndiahasnospecificTradeSecretsLaws,
IndiancourtshaveupheldTradeSecretsprotection
undervariousstatutes,includingcontractlaw,
Copyrightlaw,theprinciplesofequityandthe
commonlawactionofbreachofconfidence(whichin
effectamountstoabreachofcontractualobligation).

24. SemiconductorIntegratedCircuitsandLayout
Designs
Inthe21stcentury,InformationTechnology(IT)has
revolutionizedtheeconomicandsocietalgrowthof
theworldeconomy.
Therapidandtremendousscientificadvancementsin
thefieldofITresultedinthecreationofanewclass
ofIPcalledtheLayout-DesignoftheSemiconductor
IntegratedCircuits.
Variousorganizations,includingWTOandTRIPS
Agreementlaiddownrulesandregulationsregarding
theprotectionofSemiconductorIntegratedCircuits
andLayoutDesigns(SICLD)

25. Semiconductor Integrated Circuits and Layout
Designs
IndiabeingamemberoftheWTOalsopassedanAct
calledtheSICLDAct,2000.ThisActisTRIPS
compliantandfulfilstheconditionsoftheTRIPS
agreement(Articles.35to38)concerningthe
protectionofSICLD.

26. Plant Varieties
TheIndianPatentsAct,1970excludes―plantsand
animalsinwholeoranypartthereofotherthan
microorganisms‖frompatentability.Tocomplywith
themandateofArticle27.3(b)ofTRIPS,India
adoptedthePPV&FRAct,2001asasuigenerisregime
protectingnotonlynewplantvarietiesbutalso
farmers‘rights

27. Industrial Designs
Adesignisacreationofthehumanmind,whichis
appealingtotheeyesandattractstheattentionofthe
viewers.TheneedtoprotectIndustrialDesigns(ID)
wasrecognizedinthe18thcenturyandtheIndian
legislationenactedthe‗PatternsandDesignsAct‘in
1872forthefirsttime.
TheIndianPatentsandDesignsAct,1911,remained
inforcefordesignsonly.Finally,intheyear2000,a
dedicatedActfortheIDwaspassed,whichcameinto
forcein2001.

28. MajorAmendmentsinIPLawsandActsinIndia
InordertofillthegapsexistingintheIPLawsand
Actsandalsotointroducenewguidelines/directions
basedonthecurrentscenario(sociallyandpolitically),
eachnationkeepsonupdatingtheconcernedIPLaws
andActs.Someofthesalientamendmentsmadein
IndianLawsandActsonIPRarementionedbelow:
Pageno.16:Book

29. UNIT-II
CategoriesofIP:
Patents,
CopyrightsandRelatedRights,
Trademarks,Geographical
Indications,TradeSecrets,
SemiconductorIntegratedCircuitsand
Layout

30. CategoriesofIP
IntellectualProperty(IP)isavastfieldcomprisingof
technology-ledinventions,workofartisans,novel
IndustrialDesigns,uniquebrandsofcommercialitems,
andTraditionalKnowledgebeingpracticed
continuouslyovercenturiesfortheproductionofgoods
(carpets,textiles,foodproducts,etc.).Inorderto
understandtheextensivefieldofIP,ithasbeendivided
intovariouscategories.
InIndia,thesecategoriesincludePatents,Copyright
andRelatedRights,Trademark,TradeSecrets,
IndustrialDesigns,GeographicalIndicationsand
SemiconductorIntegratedCircuitsLayoutDesigns.

31. Patents:
Apatentisanexclusiverightgrantedforan
innovationthatgenerallyprovidesanewwayofdoing
somethingoroffersanewtechnicalsolutiontoa
problem.
Theexclusiverightlegallyprotectstheinvention
frombeingcopiedorreproducedbyothers.
Inreturn,theinventionmustbedisclosedinan
applicationinamannersufficientlyclearand
completetoenableittobereplicatedbyapersonwith
anordinarylevelofskillintherelevantfield.

32. Conditions for Obtaining a Patent Protection
Thereisasetcriterion,asprovidedinSection2(1)(j)of
thePatentsAct,1970,whichmustbefulfilledfora
productoraprocesstoqualifyforthegrantofapatent.
Thecriterionencompasses:
Novelty-Notpartof‘StateoftheArt’.The
innovationclaimedinthepatentapplicationisnew
andnotknowntoanybodyintheworld.
Inotherwords,theinnovationisa)notinthe
knowledgeofthepublic,b)notpublishedanywhere
throughanymeansofpublicationandc)notbeclaimed
inanyotherspecificationbyanyotherapplicant.

33. Conditions for Obtaining a Patent Protection
Inventivestep-Notobvioustotheperson(s)skilled
intheart.Theinnovationisa)atechnical
advancementovertheexistingknowledge,b)
possesseseconomicsignificanceand,c)notobvious
toapersonskilledintheconcernedsubject.
Capableofindustrialapplication-Forthebenefit
ofsociety.Theinventioniscapableofbeingmadeor
usedinanyindustry.

34. To Patent or Not to Patent an Invention
Onceaninventionhasbeendeveloped,theinventor
hastodecidewhethertoexploittheinventionfor
personalbenefitsasprovidedbythestatutorylawsof
thecountryorputitinthepublicdomain.
Iftheownerofaninventionwishestoseekmonetary
gains,hecanchoosefromeitherofthetwooptions,
i.e.patentingorTradeSecret.

35. Rights Associated with Patents
AspertheCourtofLaw,apatentownerhastheright
todecidewhomayormaynotusethepatented
invention.
Inotherwords,thepatentprotectionprovidedbythe
lawstatesthattheinventioncannotbecommercially
made,used,distributed,imported,orsoldbyothers
withoutthepatentowner'sconsent.
Thepatentownermaypermitotherpartiestousethe
inventiononmutuallyagreedterms.
Thepatentholdermaychoosetosuetheinfringing
partytostopillegaluseofthepatentandalsoaskfor
compensationfortheunauthorizeduse.

36. Enforcement of Patent Rights
Enforcementistheprocessofensuringcompliance
withlaws,regulations,rules,standardsandsocial
norms.Patentrightsareusuallyenforcedbythe
judicialcourts.
TheCourtofLawhastheauthoritytostoppatent
infringement.However,themainresponsibilityfor
monitoring,identifyingandtakingactionagainst
infringersofapatentlieswiththepatentowner.

37. Inventions Eligible for Patenting
Patents may be granted for inventions/technologies in
any field, ranging from a paper clip or ballpoint pen to
a nanotechnology chip.
Itisageneralbeliefthatpatentsareawardedonlyto
majorscientificbreakthroughs.But,itisnottrue.In
fact,themajorityofpatentsaregrantedtoinventions
displayinganimprovementovertheexistinginvention

38. Non-Patentable Matters
Inthe‗PatentAct,1970,therearesomeexclusions
(productandprocesses)thatcannotbepatented,such
as:
Inventioncontrarytopublicmorality-amethod
forhumancloning,amethodforgambling.
Merediscovery-findinganewmicro-organism
occurringfreelyinnature,lawsofgravity
Merediscoveryofanewformofaknown
substance-useofaspirinforhearttreatment.Aspirin
waspatentedforreducingfeverandmildpains.
Frivolousinvention-doughsupplementedwith
herbs,merelychangingthetasteofthedough,100
yearscalendar,bustimetable.

39. Non-Patentable Matters
Arrangementorrearrangement-anumbrellafitted
withafan,atorchattachedtoabucket.
InventionsfallingwithinSection20(1)ofthe
AtomicEnergyAct,1962-inventionsrelatingto
compoundsofUranium,Beryllium,Thorium,
Plutonium,Radium,Graphite,Lithiumandmoreas
notifiedbytheCentralGovernmentfromtimetotime.
Literary,dramatic,musical,artisticwork-books,
sculptures,drawings,paintings,computer
programmes,mathematicalcalculations,online
chattingmethod,methodofteaching,methodof
learningalanguageastheyarethesubjectmatterof
CopyrightAct.1957.

40. Non-Patentable Matters
Topographyofintegratedcircuits-protectionof
layoutdesignsofintegratedcircuitsisprovided
separatelyundertheSemiconductorIntegratedCircuit
LayoutDesignsAct,2000.
Plantsandanimals-plantsandanimalsinwholeor
anypartincludingseeds,varietiesandspeciesand
essentiallybiologicalprocessesfortheproductionor
propagationofplantsandanimalsareexcludedfrom
thescopeofprotectionunderpatents.
Traditional knowledge -an invention which in effect
is traditional knowledge or which is an aggregation or
duplication of known properties of traditionally
known components are also excluded.

41. Patent Infringements
Oncethepatentisgrantedtotheapplicant,heownsthe
righttouseorexploittheinventioninanycapacity.If
anyoneusestheinventionwithoutthepriorpermission
oftheowner,thatactwillbeconsideredaninfringement
oftheinvention.Infringementscanbeclassifiedinto
twocategories:
DirectInfringement-whenaproductissubstantially
closetoanypatentedproductorinacasewherethe
marketingorcommercialuseoftheinventionis
carriedoutwithoutthepermissionoftheownerofthe
invention.
IndirectInfringement-Whensomeamountof
deceitoraccidentalinfringementhappenswithoutany
intentionofinfringement.

42. Patent Infringements
Ifsuchanunlawfulacthasbeencommitted,thepatentee
holdstherighttosuetheinfringerthroughjudicial
intervention.Everycountryhascertainlawstodealwith
suchunlawfulacts.Followingreliefsaremadeavailableto
thepatentee:
Interlocutory/interim injunction.
Damages or accounts of profits.
Permanent injunction.
ItispertinenttomentionthattheCentralgovernmentalways
holdstherights(Section100ofthePatentAct,1970,Rule32
ofthePatentRules,2003)tousetheinventioninthecaseof
nationalemergencyorothercircumstancesofextreme
urgencyafternotifyingtheowner.

43. Avoid Public Disclosure of an Invention before
Patenting
Generally,aninventionthathasbeeneitherpublished
orpubliclydisplayedcannotbepatented,asthe
claimedinventionwilllosethe‗Novelty‘criterion.
However,undercertaincircumstances,thePatentsAct
providesagraceperiodof12monthsforfilinga
patentapplicationfromthedateofitspublicationina
journalorpresentationinareputedscientificsociety
orexhibition.
ItisadvisabletosignaNon-DisclosureAgreement
(NDA)oranyotherconfidentialagreementto
safeguardsyourinterest.

44. Process of Patenting
InIndia,theprocessofgrantofapatentisalengthy
procedurethatmaytakeanywhere3-4yearsormore.
Themajorstepsinvolvedinthisprocessarelisted
below:
1.FilingofapplicationwithIPO
2.Publishing
3.Examination
4.GrantofthePatent
Beforeaninventorembarksuponthepatentfiling
process,hehastoensurethathisinventionis‗novel‘
asperthecriterionforthegrantofapatent.Forthis,
hehastocheckwhetherornothisinventionalready
existsinthepublicdomain.

45. Patents’ Databases
Indian Patent Advanced Search System
(InPASS-http://ipindiaservices.gov.in/publicsearch/).
Patentscope(WIPO-https://www.wipo.int/patentscope/en/).
Espacenet(EU-https://worldwide.espacenet.com/patent/).
USPTO(USA-https://www.uspto.gov/).
Google Patents Advanced Search
(https://patents.google.com/advanced).
Orbit Intelligence
(https://www.questel.com/business-intelligence-software/
orbit-intelligence/).
Derwent Innovation
(https://clarivate.com/derwent/solutions/derwent-innovation/).
PROQUEST
(https://about.proquest.com/search/?searchKeyword=patent+).

46. Non-Patent Literature (NPL)
Scholarlypublications:Handbooks,Textbooks,
WithdrawnPatents,Encyclopedias,Journals.
Industry/tradepublications:Industryreviewsand
publicdisclosures.
Others:Newspapers,Websites,Technologyblogs,
Researchers‘websites,etc.
Although,majorityofNPLdataisavailablefreelyon
thepublicforum,someofthejournalsarepaidandcan
beaccessedafterpayingthesubscription.
MajorPatentOfficessuchastheUnitedStatesPatentandTrademark
Office's(USPTO),EuropeanPatentOffice(EPO),JapanPatentOffice
(JPO),etc.aremaintaininginhouseNPLdatabasestomakepatents
examinationmoreeffective.

47. Choice of Application to be Filed
Onceadecisionhasbeenmadetopatentthe
invention,thenextstepis,whatkindofapplication
needstobefiledi.e.provisionalpatentapplicationor
complete(Final)patentapplication-generally,the
provisionalpatentapplicationispreferredforthe
followingreasons:
Itischeaper,takeslesstime,andinvolvesfewer
formalities.
Anyimprovementsmadeintheinventionafterthe
filingoftheprovisionalapplicationcanbeincludedin
thefinalapplication.
Aprovisionalapplicationallowsyoutosecurea
prioritydateforthepatentapplied.

48. Patent Application Forms
https://ipindia.gov.in/
http://www.ipindia.nic.in/jurisdiction-of-patent-
offices.htm

49. Jurisdiction of Filing Patent Application
India has four offices for filing patent applications
1.Northern---New Delhi
2.South-----Chennai
3. Western---Mumbai
4. Rest of India---Kolkata

50. Publication
Oncethepatentapplicationhasbeenfiledatthe
RegionalPatentOffice,thepatentapplicationiskept
secretfor18monthsinthePatentOffice.Afterthe
expiryof18months(fromthedateoffilingofthe
applicationorthepriorityclaimeddate,whicheveris
earlier),theapplicationispublishedintheOfficial
Journal of Patent Office
(http://www.ipindia.nic.in/journalpatents.htm).
Thepurposeofpublishingtheapplicationistoinform
thepublicabouttheinvention.Thepublicationofan
applicationisa,mandatorystep.,

51. Pre-grant Opposition
Ifanybodyhasanobjectiontotheinventionclaimed
inthepatentapplication,hecanchallengethe
applicationbyapproachingtheControllerofPatents
within6monthsfromthedateofpublication.Itis
termedasPre-grantOpposition.Dependingonthe
outcomeofthecase,thepatentapplicationmaybe
rejectedorrecommendedforthenextstep,i.e.patent
examination.
Althoughthepatentapplicationiskeptsecretfor18
months,butunderspecialcircumstances,thisperiod
canbereducedwhenthepatentee/applicantplansto
sellorlicensethepatentorseekaninvestor).

52. Examination
Patentexaminationisacriticalstepintheprocessof
grantofapatent.Alltheimportantcriteria(novel,
inventivestep,etc.)arescrutinizedbythe
professionalsdependingonthecontentofthe
invention.Usually,theexaminerraisescertain
queries/doubtswhichneedtobeaddressedbythe
inventors.Oncetheexaminerissatisfiedwiththe
answersreceivedfromtheinventors,theapplicationis
recommendedforthegrantofapatent.

53. Grant of a Patent
Afterfulfillingalltherequirementsforthegrantofa
patent,includingallobjections/queriesraisedbythe
‗PatentExaminer‘andthepublicatlarge,thepatent
isgrantedtotheapplicant.Thegrantedpatentis
publishedintheOfficialJournalofthePatentOffice.
ThisjournalispublishedeveryFridayandcontains
informationrelatedtopatentapplicationspublished
undersection(u/s)11A,post-grantpublication,
restorationofpatent,notifications,listofnon-working
patentsandpublicnoticesissuedbythePatentOffice.

55. Validity of Patent Protection
Thepatentprotectionisgrantedtoanapplicantfora
limitedperiod,generally20years,startingfromthe
dateoffilingoftheapplication.
OnceapatentisgrantedforaninventioninIndia,the
nextvitalstepistoensurethatitisrenewedannually
bypayingPatentRenewalFeeasperSection53,Rule
80oftheIndianPatentsAct,tilltheexpiryofthe
patentgrantperiod.Non-paymentofPatentRenewal
Feemightresultinthecancellationofthepatent.
Insomecountries,patentprotectionmaybeextended
beyond20years.

56. Post-grant Opposition
OncethepatenthasbeengrantedbythePatentOffice,
itstillcanbechallengedbyanyonewithinoneyear
fromthedateofpublicationofthegrantofthepatent.
Thegrantedpatentcanbechallengedeitherviaa
PatentOfficeorinaCourtofLaw.Thesebodiesmay
invalidateorrevokeapatentuponasuccessful
challengebytheinterestedpartyonthegrounds
mentionedbelow:

57. Post-grant Opposition
Theapplicantforthepatentwrongfullyobtainedthe
inventionoranypartoftheinvention.
Theinventionclaimedhasbeenpublishedbeforethe
prioritydate.
Theinventionclaimedwaspubliclyknown/used
beforetheprioritydate.
Theinventionclaimedisobviousanddoesnotinvolve
aninventivestep.
Thesubjectoftheclaimisnotpatentableasper
ChapterIIofthePatentAct,1970.
Thedetails/specificationsoftheinventiondonot
sufficientlyandclearlydescribetheinvention.

58. Commercialization of a Patent
Apatentownermaygrantalicensetoathirdpartyfor
thereasonsmentionedbelow:
Thepatentownerhasadecentjobe.g.university
professorandhasnodesireoraptitudetoexploitthe
patentonhisown.
Thepatentownermaynothavethenecessary
manufacturingfacilities.
Themanufacturingfacilityisnotabletomeetthe
marketdemand.
Thepatentownerwishestoconcentrateonone
geographicmarket;forothergeographicalmarkets,he
maychoosetolicensethepatentrights.

59. Commercialization of a Patent
Oncethepatentisgranted,thepatentee(person
holdingtherightstothepatent)enjoystheexclusive
rightstousethepatentedinvention.
Thelicensingofapatentcanbeexclusiveornon-
exclusive.
InanExclusiveLicense,thepatentissoldtoonly
oneindividual/organizationforafixedtime.During
thistimeperiod,nootherpersonorentitycanexploit
therelevantIPexceptthenamedlicensee.InNon-
ExclusiveLicence,apatenteecansellhispatent
rightstoasmanyindividuals/partiesashelikes.

60. Commercialization of a Patent
Ifthepatenteeisnotabletocommercializehispatent
withinthreeyearsfromthedateofthegrantofapatent,
anypersonmaysubmitanapplicationtotheController
ofPatentsforgrantofCompulsoryLicensing(ofthe
patent),subjecttothefulfilmentoffollowing
conditions:
1.Reasonablerequirementsofthepublicconcerning
thepatentedinventionhavenotbeensatisfied.
2.Thepatentedinventionisnotavailabletothepublic
atareasonableprice.
3.Thepatentedinventionisnotworkedintheterritory
ofIndia.

61. Need for a Patent Attorney/Agent
Itisadvisabletoseeklegalassistancefromapatent
attorney/agentwhendraftingapatentapplication.
Furthermore,thelegislationofmanycountries
requiresthatanapplicant,whoseordinaryresidenceor
principalplaceofbusinessisoutsidethecountry,be
representedbyanattorneyoragentqualifiedinthe
country.

62. Types of Patent Applications
Provisional Application
Ordinary Application
PCT Application
Divisional Application
Patent of Addition Application
Convention Application

63. Commonly Used Terms in Patenting
Inventor
Applicant
Patentee
Licensee
Assignee
In force
Working of a Patent
Priority Right
Priority Date
Patent Claims
National Phase Application
Patent Revocation
Restoration of Patent

64. National Bodies Dealing with Patent Affairs
Therearemanydepartments/organizations/bodies
dealingwithvariousaspectsofpatents,namely,the
IndianPatentOffice(IPO),DepartmentforPromotion
forIndustryandInternalTrade(DPIIT);Technology
Information,ForecastingandAssessmentCouncil
(TIFAC)andNationalResearchDevelopment
corporation(NRDC).

65. Utility Models
Inmanycases,anewinventioninvolvesan
incrementalimprovementovertheexistingproducts,
butthistechnicalimprovementisnotsufficient
enoughtopassthestringentcriterionof‗Novelty‘
and‗Non-obviousness‘setasideforthegrantofa
patent.Suchsmallinnovationscanstillbelegally
protectedinsomecountriesandtermedas‘Utility
Models’or‘PettyPatents’or‘Innovation
Patents’.
UtilityModelisahelpfultoolforMicro,Smalland
MediumEnterprises(MSME)sincethegrantofa
‗UtilityModel‘isusuallylessrigorousandinvolves
minimalcost.

66. Copyrights and Related Rights
Copyrights‘refertothelegalrightsprovidedbylaw
totheoriginalcreatoroftheworkinthefieldsof
literatureandcomputersoftware.
The‗RelatedRights‘encompasstheauthor‘sworkin
thefieldsofdramatics,soundrecording,film/video
recordings,paintings,architecture,etc.Copyrights
andRelatedRightsareoneofthecategoriesofIPand
governedbytheCopyrightAct,1957ofIndia.
ThisActprovidesrightsofreproduction,
communicationtothemasses,adaptationand
translationofthework.

67. Copyrights and Related Rights
Thewords‗author‘and‗work‘needtobeunderstood
fromtheperspectiveofCopyrights.
Theterm‘author’referstoanindividualwho
developsthecontent(ofwork).Theauthorcanbea
writer(literarywork),computerprogrammer
(software),composer(musicalwork),producer
(cinemafilms,soundrecording),photographer
(photos).Theterm‘work’isataskundertakeninthe
fieldsofliterature,dramas,music,artistic,
cinematographfilmandsoundrecording.

68. Classes of Copyrights
Literature:Books,Essays,Researcharticles,Oral
speeches,Lectures,Compilations,Computer
programme,Software,Databases.
Dramatics:Screenplays,Dramas.
SoundRecordings:Recordingofsoundsregardless
ofthemediumonwhichsuchrecordingismadee.g.a
PhonogramandaCD-ROM.
Artistic:Drawing,Painting,Logo,Map,Chart,
Photographs,WorkofArchitecture,Engravings,and
Craftsmanship
Musical:Musicalnotations,etc.
CinematographFilms

69. Criteria for Copyright
ToqualifyforCopyrightprotection,aworkmustexist
insomephysical(ortangible)form.
Thedurationoftheexistenceofthephysicalform
mayvaryfromaveryshortperiodtomanyyears.
Virtually any form of expression which can be viewed
or listened to is eligible to qualify as Copyright.
Theworkhastobeoriginali.e.theauthorcreatedit
fromindependentthinkingvoidofduplication.This
typeofworkistermedasanOriginalWorkof
Authorship(OWA).

70. Ownership of Copyright
TheCopyrightlawsclearlystatetheownershipof
Copyright.
Thepersonwhocreatedtheworkisconsideredasthe
first(original)holder(owner)oftheCopyright.
Incasetheauthorisanemployeeandhasbeen
contractedtodotheworkbyaproprietortheownerof
theCopyrightshallbetheproprietor.
Thegovernmentwillbetheprimaryownerofthe
governmentworkintheabsenceofanykindof
arrangement.

71. Copyrights of the Author
TheCopyrightsofthecreator/authorarelegally
protectedunderSection14oftheCopyrightAct,
1957.
Copyrightsprovideexclusiverightstotheauthorin
theareasofpublication,distribution,andusage.A
Copyrightownerenjoystwotypesofrightsi.e.
EconomicRights(orProprietaryRights)andMoral
Rights(orPersonalRights).
EconomicRightsareassociatedwithfinancial
benefitsaccruingfromthesaleofcopyrights.
MoralRightsinclude‗RightofPaternity‘and‗Right
ofIntegrity‘.

72. Copyright Infringements
As per the Copyrights Acts, 1957, the following acts are
regarded as an infringement of Copyrights:
Makingcopiesforsaleorhireorsellingorlettingthemforhire
withoutpermission.
Permittinganyplacefortheperformanceofownedwork(in
public)wheresuchperformanceconstitutesaninfringementof
Copyright.
Distributinginfringingcopiesfortradeortosuchanextentto
affecttheinterestoftheowneroftheCopyrightprejudicially.
Publicexhibitionofinfringingcopiesfortradepurposes.
Importationofinfringingcopies.
Translatingaworkwithoutthepermissionoftheowner.

73. Copyright Infringement is a Criminal Offence
Liability of Owner of an Auditorium/Hall
Fair Use Doctrine
Anypersonnotpossessingavalidlicensefromthe
owneroftheCopyrightisnotentitledtoexploitthesaid
work.However,Section52oftheCopyrightAct,1957,
providesforcertainexceptionstotheinfringementof
Copyright.

74. Copyrights and Internet
One should be careful of Copyright/fair use principles
when downloading material from the internet.
ElectronicdistributionofaCopyrightedworkshould
mentionthestatementthat―Thisworkisprotected
byCopyrightlawsandisprovidedforeducational
instructiononly.Anyinfringingusemaybesubjectto
disciplinaryactionand/orcivilorcriminalliabilityas
providedbylaw”.

75. Non-Copyright Work
The works not under the jurisdiction of Copyrights are
as follows:
The ideas, concepts, and principles themselves cannot
be protected under Copyright
Facts,suchasscientificorhistoricaldiscoveries,are
notcopyrightprotected.Anyfactapersondiscoversin
thecourseofresearchcannotbeCopyrightprotected.
Copyrightdoesnotprotecttitles,names,slogans,
shortphrases,shortwordcombinations,methods,or
factualinformation.
DigitallycreatedworksandCopyrightedworks
transformedintoadigitalformatandplacedonthe
internetareCopyrightprotected.

76. Copyright Registration
Itisnotnecessarytoregisteraworktoclaim
Copyright.Onceaworkiscreatedviaanymedium,the
workreceivesautomaticCopyrightsafety.
Copyrightregistrationdoesnotconferanyrights.
Thecertificateofregistrationservesasprimafacie
evidenceinacourtincasesofdisputesrelatingto
ownershiporcreationofCopyright,financialmatters,
transferofrights,etc.
InIndia,Copyrightsmatters,includingCopyright
registration,areadministeredundertheCopyright
Act,1957andCopyrightsRule,2013.Belowmentioned
areprominentformsforcopyrightregistration
(https://copyright.gov.in/

77. FlowchartfortheprocessofCopyrightregistration.

78. Copyright Symbol
Theimportantthingswhichmaybementionedasa
CopyrightmarkonCopyrightcreationare:
1.TheCopyrightsymbol©(theletterCinacircle),orthe
word.‗Copyright‘,ortheabbreviation‗Copr.‘
2.Inthecaseofcompilationsorderivativeworks
incorporatingpreviouslypublishedmaterial,theyear
withthedateofthefirstpublicationofthecompilation
orderivativeworkshouldbementioned.
3.Thenameortheabbreviationbywhichthenamecanbe
recognizedoftheowneroftheCopyright,oragenerally
knownalternativedesignationoftheownercanbe
mentioned.
4.Theelementsforsoundrecordingsgenerallyrequirethe
samethreeelements,exceptthesymbolis℗(theletterP
inacircle)instead.

79. Trademark
Insimplelanguage,aTrademark(orTradeMark)isa
uniquesymbolwhichiscapableofidentifyingaswell
asdifferentiatingproductsorservicesofone
organizationfromthoseofothers
Theword‗Mark‘standsforasign,design,phrase,
slogan,symbol,name,numeral,devise,ora
combinationofthese.
Essentially,theTrademarkisanythingthatidentifiesa
brandtoacommonconsumer.

80. Eligibility Criteria
Forgoods/servicestobelegallyclassifiedasTrademark,
theyneedtopassthefollowingconditions:
Distinctiveness-Thegoodsandservicesforwhich
theprotectionissoughtshouldpossessenough
uniquenesstoidentifyitasaTrademark.
Descriptiveness-TheTrademarkshouldnotbe
describingthedescriptionoftheconcernedgoodsor
services.Descriptivemarksareunlikelytobeprotected
underTrademarklaw.
Similaritytothepriormarks-Themarkshouldbe
uniqueandshouldnotbehavingsimilaritytothe
existingmarks.

81. Who Can Apply for a Trademark
AnypersonwhoisaproprietoroftheTrademarkis
eligibletoapplyforregistrationofTrademark.
Themarkcanbefiledcollectivelybytwoormore
applicantsandforthatpurpose,supportdocuments
needtobesubmitted.
Anorganizationorassociationcanfileforthe
collectivemarkandthesamecanbeusedbyits
members.
Themostappropriateexampleforthismarkisthe
‗Reliance‘symbol,whichindicatesallproductsfalling
undertheorganization.

82. . Acts and Laws
InIndia,TrademarksaregovernedunderThe
Trademarks Act, 1999
(http://www.ipindia.nic.in/writereaddata/Portal/IPO
Act/1_43_1_trade-marks-act.pdf).
TheTrademarkrulesaregovernedbyTrademarks
Rules,2002,(http://www.ipindia.nic.in/writeread
data/Portal/IPO
Rule/1_56_1_1_59_1_tmr_rules_2002_1_.pdf).
TheActsandRuleshavebeenamendedfromtimeto
time.
Thelatestamendmentsweredonein2010and2017for
TrademarksActsandTrademarks,respectively.The
administrationofmatterspertainingtoTrademarksis
carriedoutbytheOfficeofCGDPDTM,GoI.

83. Designation of Trademark Symbols
TM:RepresentsthattheTrademarkisunregistered.
Thismarkcanbeusedforpromotingthegoodsofthe
company.
SM:RepresentsthattheTrademarkisunregistered.
Thismarkcanbeusedforpromotingbrandservices.
R:RepresentsaregisteredTrademark/Service.The
applicantoftheregisteredTrademarkisitslegal
owner.

84. Classification of Trademarks
GoodsandServicesunderTrademarksareclassifiedas
perthe‗NiceAgreement‘(1957)administeredby
WIPO.
Atotalof149countriesandothers(African
IntellectualPropertyOrganization,AfricanRegional
IPOrganizationandTrademarkOfficeofEuropean
Union)areusingthesameTrademarkclassification.
Trademarkclassificationcomprisesof45classes,out
ofwhich34areforgoodsand11areforservices.
(http://euipo.europa.eu/ec2/static/html/nice-general
remarksen.
html;jsessionid=8FBC790A663FAC9092ACCDD9ED1A
C65E.ec2t1).

85. Classification of Trademarks
Class1isforChemicalsforuseinindustry,scienceand
photography,agriculture,horticultureandforestry;
Unprocessedartificialresins,unprocessedplastics;Fire
extinguishingandfirepreventioncompositions;
Temperingandsolderingpreparations;Substancesfor
tanninganimalskinsandhides;Adhesivesforusein
industry;Puttiesandotherpastefillers;Compost,
manures,fertilizers;Biologicalpreparationsforusein
industryandscience.
Class45isforlegalservices;Securityservicesforthe
physicalprotectionoftangiblepropertyandindividuals;
Personalandsocialservicesrenderedbyotherstomeet
theindividuals‘needs.

86. Registration of a Trademark is Not Compulsory
Although,registrationofaTrademarkisnotcompulsory,
registrationprovidescertainadvantagestothe
proprietoroftheTrademark,suchas:
LegalProtection
ExclusiveRight
BrandRecognition
AssetCreation
http://www.ipindia.nic.in/writereaddata/Portal/
Images/ pdf/well-known-trademarks-updated-
newone.pdf.
InIndia,aregisteredTrademarkisvalidfor10years.
Theperiodcanbeextendedevery10years,perpetually.

87. Types of Trademark Registered in India
Itishighlyrecommendedthatoneshouldchoosethe
Trademarklikeinventedword,createdwords,and
uniquegeographicalname.
OneshouldrefrainfromTrademarkslikecommon
geographicalname,commonpersonalnameandthe
praisingwordswhichdescribethequalityofgoods,
suchasbest,perfect,super,etc.
ToensureallthesecharacteristicsinaTrademark,itis
suggestedtoconductamarketsurveytoensureifa
similarmarkisusedinthemarket.
Example:BAJAJ,INDIAGATE,YAHOO,ETC.

88. Process for Trademarks Registration
To seek Trademark registration, the proprietor of the
Trademark has to fill an application.
The proprietor may choose to hire an agent to fill and
submit the application on his behalf.
Before applying, the applicant needs to conduct a prior
art search to ensure the registration criteria.
1.Prior Art Search :
a.Public search for Trademarks by CGPDTM
b.WIPO‘s Global Brand Database
c.Trademark Electronic Search System (TESS).
d.MARKARIA Trademark Search Engine

89. Process for Trademarks Registration
Thestepsinvolvedintheregistrationprocessareas
follows:
1.Afterthepriorartsearchhasbeenconducted,theapplicantcan
applyfortheregistrationonhisownorwiththehelpofacertified
agent.
2.Theapplicationisassignedanapplicationnumberwithinafewdays.
Thesamecanbetrackedonlineathttps://ipindiaonline.
3.Theapplicationisscrutinizedbyaprofessionalexaminer.If
everythingisinorder,theparticularsoftheapplicationare
publishedintheofficialTrademarkjournal
4.OncetheTrademarkispublishedintheofficialjournal,thepublic
hasanopportunitytofileanobjection,ifany,within90days
5.Oncetheapplicationhassuccessfullycompletedallformalities,a
Trademarkregistrationcertificateisissuedinthenameofthe
applicant.

90. Industrial Designs
Theword‗Design‘isdefinedasthefeaturesofshape,
configuration,pattern,ornamentorcompositionof
linesorcoloursappliedtoanyarticle.
TheDesignmaybeofanydimensioni.e.oneortwoor
threedimensionaloracombinationofthese.
ThemainobjectofregistrationofindustrialDesignsis
toprotectandincentivizetheoriginalcreativityofthe
originatorandencourageotherstoworktowardsthe
artofcreativity.

91. Industrial Designs
Eligibility Criteria :
TheDesignforwhichtheprotectionisbeingsought
mustbenovelororiginali.e.,shouldnotbedisclosedto
thepublicbypriorpublicationorbyprioruseorinany
otherway.TheDesignshouldbesignificantly
distinguishablefromthealreadyregisteredDesigns
existinginthepublicdomain.
ActsandLawstoGovernIndustrialDesigns:
InIndia,IndustrialDesignsaregovernedunder‗The
DesignsAct‘,2000(http://www.ipindia.nic.in/acts-
designs.htm) and ‗Design Rules‘,2001
(http://www.ipindia.nic.in/rules-designs.htm),which
havebeenamendedfromtimetotimein2008,2013,
2014and2019

92. Industrial Designs
AlistofIndustrialDesignscanbeaccessedfrom
https://www.creativebloq.com/product-
design/examples-industrialdesign-12121488.Someof
thefamousIndustrialDesignsarementionedbelow:
Coca-ColaBottle-Thecontoured-shapedglassbottle
oftheCocaColaCompanyismarvelledasamaster
showpieceinthefieldofindustrialdesign.Itwas
designedin1915andisstillacynosureforalleyes.
iPhone-Itisahighlypopularmobilephone
manufacturedbyAmericancompany‗AppleInc‘.The
sleek,handyandrectangularbodyispleasingtothe
eyes.Thecornersareroundandsmooth.Thefeatures,
suchason/offandspeechvolume,areeasytooperate.

93. Design Rights
TheDesignregistrationalsoconfersamonopolistic
righttotheProprietorbywhichhecanlegallyexclude
othersfromreproducing,manufacturing,selling,or
dealinginthesaidregisteredDesignwithouthisprior
consent.TheDesignregistrationisparticularlyuseful
forentitieswheretheshapeoftheproducthas
aestheticvalueandtheentitywishestohave
exclusivityoverthesaidnovelandoriginalDesign
appliedtoitsproduct(s)orarticle(s).

94. Enforcement of Design Rights
Oncetheapplicanthasbeenconferredwiththerights
overaspecificDesign,hehastherighttosuethe
person(natural/entity)ifthepiratedproductsofhis
registereddesignarebeingused.
Hecanfiletheinfringementcaseinthecourt(not
lowerthanDistrictCourt)inordertostopsuch
exploitationandforclaiminganydamagetowhichthe
registeredproprietorislegallyentitled.
ThecourtwillensurefirstthattheDesignofthesaid
productisregisteredundertheDesignsAct,2000.
IftheDesignisfoundnotregisteredundertheAct,
therewillnotbelegalactionagainsttheinfringer.

95. Non-Protectable Industrial Designs in India
AnyIndustrialDesignwhichisagainstpublicmoralvalues.
IndustrialDesignsincludingflags,emblemsorsignsofany
country.
IndustrialDesignsofintegratedcircuits.
AnyDesigndescribingthe‗processofmakingofan
article‘.
IndustrialDesignsof–books,calendars,certificates,
formsandotherdocuments,dressmakingpatterns,
greetingcards,leaflets,mapsandplancards,postcards,
stamps,medals.
TheartisticworkdefinedunderSection2(c)ofthe
CopyrightAct,1957isnotasubjectmatterforregistration
forIndustrialDesigns

96. Geographical Indications
AGIisdefinedasasignwhichcanbeusedon
productsbelongingtoaparticulargeographical
location/regionandpossessesqualitiesorareputation
associatedwiththatregion.InGI,thereisastronglink
betweentheproductanditsoriginalplaceof
production.
Acts,LawsandRulesPertainingtoGI:
InIndia,GIwasintroducedin2003andisgoverned
underthe‗GeographicalIndicationsofGoods
(Registration&Protection)Act,1999‘andthe
GeographicalIndicationsofGoods(Registration&
Protection)Rules,2002.

97. Geographical Indications
Ownership of GI :
The ownership/holders of GI (registered) can be of the
producers, as a group/association/ cooperative society or
association or in certain cases, government.
Rights Granted to the Holders:
1.Right to grant the license to others
2.Right to sue
3.Right to exploit
4.Right to get reliefs -

98. Registered GI in India
GIproductsregisteredinIndiabelongtothedomains
ofhandicrafts,agricultural,foodstuffs,alcoholic
beverages,etc.
ThefirstGItagwasgrantedin2004toDarjeelingTea
andthelatestbeingKashmirSaffronandManipur
Blackrice(Chakhao)inMay2020.
Atotalof370GIhavebeenregisteredinIndiatillMay
2020.(http://www.ipindia.nic.in/writereaddata/Portal/
Images/pdf/GI_Appl ication_Register_10-09-
2019.pdf).
Nearly58%ofthesebelongtohandicrafts,followedby
agriculture(30%).Othercategoriesbelongtofood
stuff,manufacturing,andnaturalgoods.

99. Identification of Registered GI
RegisteredGIproductsaregrantedatag,whichis
printedontheregisteredproducts./
Thetagconfirmsthegenuinenessoftheproductin
termsofitsproduction(bysetstandards)andlocation
ofproduction.
Non-registeredGIproductscannotuse/exploitthis
tag.Byandlarge,GItagsrepresenttheplaceoforigin
(oftheproduct)alongwithculturaland/orhistorical
identitye.g.DarjeelingTea,MysoreSilk,Tirupathi
Laddu,etc.

100. Identification of Registered GI
InIndia,GItagsareissuedbytheGeographical
IndicationRegistryundertheDepartmentfor
PromotionofIndustryandInternalTrade,Ministryof
CommerceandIndustry.
TheheadofGIregistryisatGeographicalIndications
RegistryIntellectualPropertyOfficeBuilding,
IndustrialEstate,G.S.TRoad,Guindy,Chennai-
600032.
GIregisteredproductscanbegrown/producedinany
partoftheworldusingstandardslaiddownbytheGI
Registry.However,theseproductscannotbelabelled
asGIastheyarenotproduced/manufacturedina
specificgeographicallocation,asmentionedinthe
officialrecordsmaintainedbytheGIOfficeofGI.

101. Classes of GI
GIcertifiedgoodsareclassifiedunder34different
classes,suchasClass1isforchemicalsusedin
industry,science,photography,agriculture,
horticultureandforestry;unprocessedartificialresins,
unprocessedplastics;manures;fireextinguishing
compositions;temperingandsolderingpreparations;
chemicalsubstancesforpreservingfoodstuffs;tanning
substances;adhesivesusedinindustry.
Class33isforalcoholicbeverages(exceptbeers)and
Class34isrelatedtotobacco,smokers‘articles,
matches.

102. Non-Registerable GI
ForGIregistration,theindicationsmustfallwithinthescopeofsection
2(1)(e)ofGIAct,1999.Beingso,ithastoalsosatisfytheprovisionsof
Section9,whichprohibitsregistrationofaGImentionedbelow:
Theuseofwhichwouldbelikelytodeceiveorcause
confusion.
1.Theuseofwhichwouldbecontrarytoanylaw.
2.Whichcomprisesorcontainsscandalousorobscene
matter.
3.Whichcomprisesorcontainsanymatterlikelytohurt
thesentimentsofsociety.
4.Religioussusceptibilitiesofanyclassorsectionofthe
citizensofIndia.
5.Whicharedeterminedtobegenericnamesor
indicationsofgoodsandare,therefore,notorceasedto
beprotectedintheircountryoforiginorwhichhave
fallenintodisuseinthatcountry.

103. Procedure for GI Registration
PriortofilinganapplicationforregisteringGI,itis
prudenttosearchwhethertheconcernedGIisalready
protectedornot.
Thiscanbedonebyusingsearchenginescreatedby
WIPO.
Additionally,WIPOhascreatedadirectoryofallIP
officesofitsmembercountries.TheregisteredGIof
anycountrycanbesearchedbyaccessingthewebsite
of the respective country
(https://www.wipo.int/directory/en/urls.jsp).
OncethepriorsearchforregisteredGIisdone,the
applicanthastofileanapplication.

104. Documents Required for GI Registration
Details about the applicant‘s name, address and
particulars.
Application form GI-1A.
Statement about the designated goods being
protected under GI.
Class of goods.
Affidavit to establish the claim of genuinely
representing the interest of the producers.
Characteristics of GI.
The special human skill required (if any).

105. DifferenceBetweenGI,Trademarkand
TraditionalKnowledge
Generally,peoplegetconfusedwithGI,Trademarkand
TraditionalKnowledge.GIidentifiesaproduct/goodas
originatingfromaspecificplace.Trademark
products/goods/serviceoriginatefromaparticular
industry/institute/organization/society,etc. A
Trademarkisidentifiedbyanarbitrarysign,whereasGI
hasthenameofthegeographicalarea.Finally,a
Trademarkcanbeassignedorlicensedtoanyone,
anywhereintheworld,whereasGIislinkedwitha
specificgeographicalterritory.

106. Trade Secrets
TradeSecret,aformofIP,dealswithapracticeora
processofacompanythatisgenerallynotknown
outsidethecompany.
Theconfidentialsecretprovidesthecompanya
commercialadvantageoveritsrivalsandisoftena
productofinternalR&D.
TradeSecretdocumentcomprisesoftechnical
informationinvolvingmanufacturingprocesses,
experimentalresearchdata,formulas,recipes,
softwarealgorithms,andcommercialinformation
comprisingofmarketingstrategiesandalistof
product/processrecipients.

107. Criteria for Trade Secret
Foraproduct/processtoqualifyasaTradeSecret,the
informationshouldhave,atleast,thefollowing
criteria:
1.Shouldbeofcommercialvalue.
2.Secretinformationshouldnotbeinthepublic
domain.Itshouldbeknowntoalimitedgroupof
people.
3.Legalowner/softhesecretmustensuretaking
reasonablestepstokeepthesecretinformationand
agreements(ifany)confidential.
Theunauthorizedacquisition,useordisclosureofsuchsecret
informationinamannercontrarytohonestcommercialpracticesby
othersisregardedasanunfairpracticeandaviolationoftheTradeSecret
protection

108. Registration and Protection Time of Trade Secrets
ContrarytotheotherformsofIP,aTradeSecret
protectionhasnotimeperiod.ManyTradeSecretsare
morethan100yearsold.Inaddition,thereisnoformal
registrationprocedure/formtobefollowed/filledfor
maintainingaTradeSecret.Insimpleterms,Trade
Secretsareprotectedwithoutregistration.Also,there
isnoannualrenewalfeeforkeepingtheTradeSecret,
asasecret.

109. Enforcement of Trade Secrets
Ifsomebodyacquiresthesecretthroughillegalmeans
orindulgeindishonestuseofaTradeSecretacquired
throughalegalagreement,therightfulownercan
approachthecourtforseekinganinjunctionand/or
claimfinancialdamageaccruedasaresultofdishonest
commercialpractice.Insomecountries,criminal
penaltiescanbeawardedincaseofaTradeSecret
violation.
Itispossiblethataperson/companyindependently
developsaprocess/technology/product,etc.whichis
alreadyaTradeSecret.ATradeSecretproductmaybe
developedusinganoveltechnologyorbyreverse
engineering.Insuchacase,thereisnoviolationof
TradeSecretprotection.Thenewlydeveloped
process/technologycanalsoclaimTradeSecretrights

110. Precautionary Measures to be Taken by
Enterprises / Organizations
TradeSecretsarequitecommonintheindustrialsector.
Theenterpriseneedstotakeallthenecessarystepsto
keepitsTradeSecretsawayfromthepublicdomain.The
stepsinclude:
Theconfidentialinformationofthetradesecret
shouldbeinthehandsofonlyafewextremelyreliable
persons.
Signingagreements(confidentiality,non-disclosure
andnoncompetecontracts)withemployees/business
partners.Incaseofemployees,theagreementshould
remaininplayforacertainperiodoftimeafterhehas
eitherretiredorleftthecompany.

111. When to Apply for Trade Secret Protection
Incaseofaninnovation,therearenospecificguidelines
whethertooptforaPatentorTradeSecret.However,
TradeSecretispreferredwhen:
1.Innovationdoesnotqualifythecriteriasetfor
patenting.
2.Tradesecretisanattractivepropositionprovidedthe
informationcanbekeptsecretformorethan20
yearsi.e.timeperiodofpatent.
3.Innovationisconcernedwiththemanufacturing
process(andnotanovelproduct).

112. Important Information about Trade Secrets
Featuresofsoftware,suchascodeandtheideasand
conceptsreflectedinit,canbeprotectedasTrade
Secrets.
TradeSecretsarenotsubjecttobeing―infringed,‖as
withPatentsandCopyrights,butaresubjecttotheft.
InIndia,thereisnospecificlegislationregarding
TradeSecrets.However,thesearegovernedunder
Section27of‗TheIndianContractAct,1872
TradeSecretscanbeprotectedlifelonguntilitis
disclosedinthepublicdomain.
TradeSecretsareimportantforthecompanies,which
aresurvivingonthemandanyunauthorizeduseis
knownas‗unfairprotection‘.

113. DisparitybetweenTradeSecretsand
Patents
Ingeneral,allPatentscanberegisteredasTrade
Secret,butallTradeSecretscannotbepatentedas
patentingcriteriaarequitestringent.Forexample,
certaincommercialinformationormanufacturing
processesarenotsufficientlyinventive,thuspatenting
routeisnotviable,butitqualifiesforaTradeSecret.
Itisalsopossiblethataninnovationqualifiestobe
patentablebutstillregisteredasaTradeSecret
becauseaPatentisgrantedfor20years,whereas
TradesSecrethasanunlimitedshelflife.Also,thereis
noregistrationcostforprotectingTradeSecretandit
comesintoforcewithimmediateeffect.

114. Traditional Knowledge
TraditionalKnowledge(TK)basedonknowledge
derivedfromancientrootsarenotconventionally
protectedunderIPsystems.
Mostcountrieshavedevelopedasuigenerissystemfor
protectingTKthatisinclinedtowardsthe
disseminationandpreservationofTKratherthanlegal
protectionassociatedwithit.
TKprotectionisawaytorecognizetraditionalsources
ofknowledgeandtoenableindigenouscommunities
andgovernmentstohaveasayintheuseofsuchTKs
byothers.

115. Traditional Knowledge
TKcomprisesknow-how,knowledge,skillsand
practicesthataretraditionallyoriginatedandare
passedfromgenerationtogenerationinacommunity.
TKisuniqueforacommunityandmarkasacultural
identityofthecommunity.Someofthepractical
examplesofTKofIndiawhichhavegainedworldwide
popularityareAyurveda,Unani,Medicinal
Formulations(includingcomponents,suchas
turmeric,neem,etc.).
TKisalsolinkedtoTraditionalCulturalExpressions
(TCEs),commonlyknownas‗ExpressionsofFolklore‘.
SomeoftheprominentTCEsofIndiaincludeBharatnatyamofTamil
Nadu,KuchipudiofAndharaPradesh,Kalaaripayattumartialartof
Keralaandmanyothertraditionalpractices.

116. Agreement on TK
The major agreements that shaped the development of
the sui generis system for the protection of TK are:
1.ConventiononBiologicalDiversity(CBD),1993‘and
the‗NagoyaProtocol,2010‘dealwithmechanismsto
befollowedforaccessingthegeneticresourcesofany
countryandtodevisewaysforfairandequitable
sharingofbenefitsarisingfromutilizingthose
geneticresources.
2.Internationaltreatyon‗PlantGeneticResourcesfor
FoodandAgriculture‘oftheFoodandAgriculture
Organization(FAO),2001.
3.‗InternationalUnionfortheProtectionofNew
VarietiesofPlants(UPOV),1991‘.

117. Protection of TK
Indiaistheonlycountrytosetupaninstitutional
mechanismfortheprotectionofTK.
TheTKdocumentationisundertakenby108the
CouncilofScientificandIndustrialResearch(CSIR),
MinistryofScienceandTechnologyandMinistryof
Ayurveda,YogaandNaturopathy,Unani,Siddhaand
Homeopathy(AYUSH)throughthecreationof
TraditionalKnowledgeDigitalLibrary(TKDL)that
actsasacentralrepositoryofIndia‘sTKandhasplayed
amajorroleinthecancellationandwithdrawalof
foreignpatentapplicationsbasedonIndia‘sTK.
Thedigitallibraryisthemajorsourceofdocumenting
India‘sTKinthenameofthetraditionalcommunityas
TKholders.

118. Protection of TK
The Central, State, and local governments, on behalf of
TK holders, protect the TK by following approaches:
Defensiveprotectionincludesastrategicprocess
employedtoensurethatnothirdpartygainsany
illegitimateIPRoverTK.
Positiveprotectioncoversacknowledgmentof
custodiansofTK;authorizationtoaccessTK;benefit-
sharing;misappropriationpreventionbymeansof
takingpriorconsenttouseTKandlinkingTKwithGI
andTCEs.
Indiahastakenvariouslegislativeandadministrative
measurestoensurethattheTKisprotectedandfair
meansofbenefitsharingemergingoutofTK

119. SemiconductorIntegratedCircuitsLayoutDesign
Alayoutdesignortopographycanbedefinedasthe
uniqueandnovelcombinationofelectronic
componentsandinterconnectionsthroughsignal
tracksbetweenthosecomponents.
Thiscircuitdesignwillbeprotectedunderthe
nationallawandthecreatorofthelayoutwillbe
conferredwithcertainrightsifitisoriginal.
SemiconductorIntegratedCircuitsaremadeupofa
complexseriesoflayersofsemiconductors,insulators,
components,metals,andothermaterialsona
substrate.

120. Semiconductor Integrated Circuits Layout Design
Thespecificcriteriafortheprotectionunderthe
SemiconductorIntegratedCircuitsLayoutDesign
(SICLD)Act,2000are:
1.Thelayoutdesignshouldbeoriginal.
2.TheremustdistinctivenessintheDesign.
3.Thedesignmustbenovelandcapableof
distinguishingfromanyotherlayoutDesign
4.TheDesignmustnotbeexploitedcommercially
anywhereinIndiaoraConventionCountry

121. Semiconductor Integrated Circuits Layout Design
Basic Definitions of SICLD are as follows:
SemiconductorIntegratedCircuit‘isdefinedasthe
producthavingtransistorsoranycircuitryelements,
whichareformedonasemiconductor/insulating
materialwhichisdesignedtoperformanelectronic
circuitryfunction.
Layout-Design‘meansalayoutifcircuitryelements
liketransistors,resistors,capacitors,etc.andlead
wiresconnectingallcomponentshavebeenarticulated
inasemiconductorintegratedcircuit.
Commercialexploitationoruse‘,withregardstotheSICLD,meansto
sell,export,lease,offerorexhibitforsaleorotherwisedistributesuch
semiconductorintegratedcircuitlayoutdesignformakingany
commercialbenefitoutofregistereddesign.

122. SICLD Registry
AsIndiaisasignatoryoftheWTO,anActin
conformitywiththeTRIPSagreement(Art.35to38)
waspassed,namelySICLDAct,in2000.
Previously,theadministrationoftheSICLDAct,2000
andtheSICLDRegistrywasunderthecontrolofthe
MinistryofElectronicsandInformationTechnology
(MeitY),butsince17thMarch2016,theadministration
hasbeentransferredtoDPIIT,MinistryofCommerce
andIndustry,andbroughtundertheambitofOfficeof
ControllerGeneralofPatents,DesignsandTrade
Marks.
Theregistrationcertificateisissuedforthetenyears.

123. Requirements for Registration
Threesetsofdrawingswereproducedwithaplotter
describingthelayoutdesignintendedforregistration.
Threesetsofphotographsofmaskswereusedforthe
fabricationofthesemiconductorintegratedcircuitby
usingthelayoutdesign.
Threesetsofdrawingswhichdescribethepatternof
suchmasks.

124. Procedure for Registration
Anapplicationwillbefiledtotheregistrarintheofficeof
theSICLDregistrywitha)threesetsofdrawingsthat
describethelayoutdesign,b)threesetsofphotographsof
thedescriptionofmasksusedforthefabricationofthe
semiconductorintegratedcircuits.
Iftheapplicationisinorderandfulfilsbasicrequirements
forregistration,furtherprocessingforregistrationwillbe
carriedout.
Theacceptedapplicationisadvertisedinanofficial
journal,‗TheSemiconductorIntegratedCircuitsLayout
DesignJournal‘(http://sicldr.gov.in/ejournals),within14
daysofacceptance.
Iftheapplicationisnotopposedbyanyoneorthedecisionhasbeengiveninfavourofthe
applicant,theregistrarshallregisterthesaidlayoutdesignintheregisteroflayoutdesign
andalsoissueacertificatesealedwiththestampoftheSICLDRegistry