Iris flower

Iris flower prodction and satatus of cutt flower and markting in Pakistan(Production technalogy of Iris flower)

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2. Iris flower Production Submitted by: Group no- 06 Muhammad Raziq 15-arid-5095 Submitted to: Ms. Ismara Malik Department of Horticulture PMAS-Arid agriculture university Rawalpindi 2

3. Introduction Kingdom plantae O rder asparage Family Iridaceae Genus iris Species iris germanica Iris often called Iridaceae. A common name for some species is flags. Genus iris of about 260-300 species. Perennial flowering plants. 3

4. History Native to California. Irises have been cultivated in Italy as well . In 19th century Italy it was thought that three people could plant 5000 irises on a daily basis . In 1876 alone, there was about 10,000 tons of rhizomes exported to many places including the United States. I rises are found all over the world, and irises are found naturally in Europe, the Middle East, Northern Africa, Asia, and North America . 4

5. Cultivars Irises are classified into two major groups: 1. Rhizome Irises and 2. Bulbous Irises. Rhizome Irises are thickened stems that grow horizontally , either underground or partially underground . Three popular irises in this group are : 1. Bearded 2. Beardless and 3. Crested Irises . 5

6. Cultivars Varieties of Bearded Iris : Dwarf Bearded Iris Intermediate Bearded Iris Miniature Tall Bearded Iris Tall Bearded Iris Varieties of Beardless Iris Japanese Iris Dutch Iris Yellow Flag Iris Blue Flag Iris Bulbous irises grow from bulbs that require a period of dormancy after they have bloomed. The bulbous irises are typically smaller than rhizome irises and usually produce smaller blossoms 6

7. Different types of flowers  Among bearded iris, look for flowers in shades of  purple, blue, red, peach, yellow,  rose ,  black and  white . Purple color Blue color 7

8. Different types of flowers Red color Peach color Yellow color 8

9. Different types of flowers Rose color Block color White color 9

10. Importance and uses I rises are coveted as one of the finest herbaceous perennials . Popular iris species used in the landscape. For example Japanese iris and Crested iris Today Iris essential oil (absolute) from flowers are sometimes used in aromatherapy as sedative medicines. iris flowers use  for flavor and color . Iris roots are used to treat skin diseases .   The juice of Irises are also sometimes used as a cosmetic for the removal of freckles on the skin. 10

11. C lassification The classify of iris flowers among three   species: setosa   versicolor   virginica From measurements of length and width of sepals and petals. The iris data  set contains 3 classes of 50 instances each, where each class refers to a type of iris plant. 11

12. Photoperiod Iris flower are many spring and fall flowering plants are short day plants, including chrysanthemums, poinsettias and Christmas cactus. The photoperiod is the number of hours of daylight in a 24-hour period. 12

13. Propagation Asexual propagation  of plants includes: Divisions Cuttings Layering In the case of irises, the main way to increase the number of plants asexually is by division. When you  propagate plants by division, you also get clones of the original plant. There are many options when it comes to the propagation of irises. Propagation by: S eed G rafting Layering and Tissue culture 13

14. Cultivation Irises do their best in strong light, with at least six hours of sunshine a day. They prefer a neutral soil, with plenty of organic material worked in, and good drainage . And many prefer to be located in a bed of their own. Before planting, soil should be loosened with a fork to a depth of 12 to 16 inches, with 2 to 4 inches of  compost or well-rotted manure mixed into the top layer. Rhizomes can be planted any time after blooming, from mid-summer to early autumn, and bulbs can be planted in spring or fall. 14

15. Planting Irises need at least half a day of sun and well-drained soil . They prefer fertile, neutral to slightly acidic soil . If your soil is very acidic , sweeten it with a bit of lime, and forbear summer watering, which can lead to rot. Bearded irises must not be shaded by other plants, many do best in a special bed on their own. Soil drainage is very important . Loosen the soil with a tiller or garden fork to a depth of 12 to 15 inches, then mix in a 2- to 4-inch layer of compost. Plant iris in mid- to late  summer. 15

16. Care Avoid applying high-nitrogen fertilizers to the surface or carelessly mulching with organic matter, which may encourage rhizome rot. Keep rhizomes exposed. Unlike bulbs, which thrive deep underground, iris rhizomes need a bit of sun and air to dry them out . If they’re covered with soil or crowded by other plants, they’ll rot . Irises may benefit from shallow mulching in the spring . Don’t trim iris leaves after they have finished blooming . Leaves carry on photosynthesis for next year’s growth . Cut off brown tips and cut the flowering stalk down to the rhizome to discourage rot. If iris foliage is hit with heavy frost, remove and destroy it to eliminate borer eggs. 16

17. Temperature Irises require at least a half-day (6-8 hours) of direct sunlight . Some afternoon shade is beneficial in extremely hot climates, but in general irises do best in full sun. Iris will grow in deep shade, but probably not flower. 17

18. Fertilization The soil type for your area will determine your fertilizer needs. Superphosphate, or a well-balanced fertilizer with an N-P-K ratio of 10-10-10 or 5-10-10 are recommended .  Avoid anything high in nitrogen as it encourages soft growth that is susceptible to disease. Provide a light application in early spring and again a month after bloom. Place fertilizer around rhizomes, not directly on them. 18

19. Soil Preparation irises will thrive in most well drained soils . Adding humus - compost - or other organic material - will improve drainage . Gypsum is an excellent soil conditioner that can improve most clay soils . The ideal pH for irises is 6.8 (slightly acidic) but irises are quite tolerant of less-than-perfect soils. Lime may be added to acidic soils and sulfur may be added to alkaline soils . 19

20. Irrigation  The watering frequency will depend to a great extent on your environment . After planting, water well and continue watering until the first good rain. If lack of rain persists, watering should be deep enough to penetrate the shallow root system. Less frequent deep watering is better than frequent shallow watering . 20

21. Iris flower production Irises generally bloom in late spring and early summer. Some produce flowers for a second time in late summer . The leaves of an iris plant are generally tall, narrow, and sword-shaped .  Irises are perennial plants and grow from rhizomes or bulbs, depending on the species . 21

22. Pests/diseases Irises are  deer-resistant and drought-tolerant . However , they are susceptible to borers, so check the rhizomes (fleshy roots) yearly for holes, discarding any infested ones. Verbena bud moth W hiteflies I ris weevil T hrips S lugs   S nails A phids and N ematodes may also be troublesome . 22

23. Post harvest technology Harvesting Iris should be harvested in the ‘pencil tip’ stage, when a line of color projects out of the sheathing leaves . Grading Grading is a very important operation because after proper grading only one can get good quality desired flowers . Based on the stem length, flower appearance, number of flower, stem straightness, color and freshness of flowers. A good quality flower stem should be long, straight and healthy, having better colored flowers without side shoots and free from damage, pests and diseases . 23

24. Packaging Postharvest life of flowers depends upon efficient packaging and storage . Appropriate packaging of flowers combined with pulsing is helpful to ensure fresh quality of flowers for consumer and also offers potential advantage of extending vase-life. 24

25. Cold storage Pre-cooling is essential for removing field heat from the flowers . This is done either by forced air cooling or hydro cooling to bring down temperature from 20°-30°C to 10°C in a relatively short period of time . The minimum temperature that irises can tolerate is 0°C and the maximum average daily temperature is  20°C . 25

26. Status of Cut Flower Production in Pakistan Due to the varied agro-climatic conditions and relatively low cost of production, Pakistan has immense opportunities not only to meet the local demands of both traditional and cut flowers but also a high potential for export. Floricultural crops are highly perishable and require immense care for production and marketing, they involve some technicality that may boost the returns or lead to failure for which new techniques and technologies . Most of the flowers produced in Pakistan are sold locally and very few are exported as our produce does not meet the international export standards’ large numbers of cut flowers are wasted because of lack of infrastructure, post harvest mishandlings and improper marketing . The important cut flowers that have a known name in Pakistani trade are Roses, Gladiolus, Iris, Carnation, Lilies and Gerbera. 26

27. Status of Cut Flower Production in Pakistan Statistical data reveals that almost 10 to 12 Thousand tons of floricultural products are produced in Pakistan on an estimated area of 6880 hectares with no data available on fresh flowers . In Pakistan, most of the flowers are produced in winter season when Europe sinks in the snow and most of the traditional functions are held during that period. Our country is rich in resources and has got favorable climate conditions that are very helpful for raising cut flower. Pakistan can earn its foreign exchange in billions of U.S. dollars through export fresh flowers and flower buds like the countries Sri Lanka, Iran, India, Kenya, Singapore and Thailand etc . 27

28. Cut flower m arket in Pakistan As compared to other provinces floriculture is relatively better developed in Punjab due to increasing competition in agriculture sector and the presence of major markets of Lahore, Rawalpindi, Faisalabad and Islamabad . However it is still far behind in competition at international level. Pattoki is the major center for floricultural production and marketing in Pakistan . In recent years flower production has also increased in Kasur and Sheikhupura districts . Other flower areas include Lahore, Chunian, Okara, Kallarkhar, Rawalpindi, Faisalabad, Narowal, Sahiwal, Gujranwala, Manshara and Abbotabad . Major buyers of the cut flower are in the larger cities including Karachi, Peshawar, Lahore, and Islamabad. However marketing of cut flowers in these areas is still unorganized. 28

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