Iron & Steel

Iron: A strong, hard magnetic silvery-grey metal, the chemical element of atomic number 26, much used as a material for construction and manufacturing, especially in the form of steel.
Steel: A hard, strong grey or bluish-grey alloy of iron with carbon and usually other elements, used as a structural and fabricating material.

1. Iron & Steel

2. INTRODUCION :
Iron:
a strong, hard magnetic silvery-grey metal, the chemical element of
atomic number 26, much used as a material for construction and
manufacturing, especially in the form of steel.
Steel:
a hard, strong grey or bluish-grey alloy of iron with carbon and usually
other elements, used as a structural and fabricating material.

3. Physical Properties Of Iron
Iron is a silvery-white or grayish metal.
It is ductile
It is malleable
It is one of only three naturally occurring magnetic elements
Iron has a very high tensile strength
Iron is also very workable
The melting point of pure iron is 1,536°C (2,797°F)
its boiling point is about 3,000°C (5,400°F).
Its density is 7.87 grams per cubic centimeter

4. Chemical Properties Of Iron
Iron is a very active metal
It readily combines with oxygen in moist air
The product of this reaction, iron oxide (Fe 2 O 3 ), is known as rust
Iron also reacts with very hot water and steam to produce hydrogen gas.
It also dissolves in most acids and reacts with many other elements.

5. Types of iron
Pig iron
Cast iron
Wrought iron

6. Pig iron
Basic raw iron is called pig iron because it's
produced in the form of chunky molded blocks
known as pigs. Pig iron is made by heating an
iron ore (rich in iron oxide) in a blast furnace

7. Cast iron
Cast iron is simply liquid iron that has been
cast: poured into a mold and allowed to cool
and harden to form a finished structural
shape, such as a pipe, a gear, or a big
girder for an iron bridge

8. Wrought iron
Wrought iron is a very different material made by
mixing liquid iron with some slag. The result is an
iron alloy with a much lower carbon content.
Wrought iron is softer than cast iron and much
less tough

9. Uses Of Iron
In the Haber - Bosch Process, Iron catalysts are used for commercial
production of ammonia.
Iron catalysts are utilized to convert carbon monoxide to hydrocarbon (Fischer -
Tropsch Process). These hydrocarbons are used as fuels and lubricants.
Iron is the most commonly used for manufacturing components of automobiles,
machineries, tools, and building structures.
An alloy of Iron and niobium is extremely strong and is used in the constructing
of nuclear reactors.
Iron chloride (FeCl3) is used in the treatment of sewage systems. It is also used
as colorant, for textiles and paints, and animal feed additives.

10. Uses Of Iron
Iron (II) sulfate supplements is used to cure anemia.
Ignited Iron oxide mixed with aluminum powder is used in welding and
purifying ores.
Iron is a key component in pigments, paints, and dyes.
Many water purification systems use Iron hydroxide.

11. Where does iron come from?
Iron is the second most common metal in Earth's crust, after aluminum
Iron oxides exist in seven main ores
Hematite (the most plentiful)
Limonite (also called brown ore)
Goethite
Magnetite (black ore),
Pyrite
Siderite
Taconite (a combination of hematite and magnetite).

12. IRON ORE

13. What is iron ore?
Earth's most important iron ore deposits are found in sedimentary rocks.
They formed from chemical reactions that combined iron and oxygen in
marine and fresh waters
Two most important minerals in these deposits are iron
oxides: hematite (Fe2O3) and magnetite (Fe3O4)
These iron ores have been mined to produce almost every iron and steel
object that we use today - from paper clips to automobiles to the steel beams
in skyscrapers.

14. Nearly all of Earth's major iron ore deposits are in rocks that
formed
over 1.8
billion
years ago

15. How iron ore was formed ?
Nearly all of Earth's major iron ore deposits are in rocks that formed over 1.8 billion
years ago.
The iron ore deposits began forming when the first organisms capable of
photosynthesis began releasing oxygen into the waters.
 This oxygen immediately combined with the abundant dissolved iron to produce
hematite or magnetite.
 These minerals deposited on the sea floor in great abundance, forming what are now
known as the "banded iron formations."
The rocks are "banded" because the iron minerals deposited in alternating bands with
silica and sometimes shale. The banding might have resulted from seasonal changes
in organism activity.

16. IRON Extraction Process

17. Iron Ores In Pakistan
Iron ore is found in various regions of Pakistan including Nokundi, Chinot and
the largest one in Kalabagh (Less than 42% quality), Haripur and other
Northern Areas
11 February, 2015 The reserves were found in Chiniot, around 160 kilometres
northwest of Lahore,

18. TYPES OF STEEL
CARBON STEEL
ALLOY STEEL
TOOL STEEL
STAINLESS STEEL

19. CARBON STEEL
The vast majority of steel produced each day (around
80–90 percent) is what we call carbon steel, though it
contains only a tiny amount of carbon—sometimes
much less than 1 percent. In other words, carbon
steel is just basic, ordinary steel. Steels with about 1–
2 percent carbon are called (not surprisingly

20. ALLOY STEEL
As well as iron and carbon, alloy steels contain one or
more other elements, such as chromium, copper,
manganese, nickel, silicon, or vanadium. In alloy steels,
it's these extra elements that make the difference and
provide some important additional feature or improved
property compared to ordinary carbon steels. Alloy steels
are generally stronger, harder, tougher, and more durable
than carbon steels.

21. TOOL STEEL
Tool steels are especially hard alloy steels used to make
tools, dies, and machine parts. They're made from iron
and carbon with added elements such as nickel,
molybdenum, or tungsten to give extra hardness and
resistance to wear. Tool steels are also toughened up by
a process called tempering, in which steel is first heated
to a high temperature, then cooled very quickly, then
heated again to a lower temperature.

22. STAINLESS STEEL
The steel you probably see most often is stainless steel
—used in household cutlery, scissors, and medical
instruments. Stainless steels contain a high proportion
of chromium and nickel, are very resistant to corrosion
and other chemical reactions, and are easy to clean,
polish, and sterilize.

23. Uses of steel
Steel is one of the most versatile materials
used in everything from jet engines to surgical
instruments and from table knives to machine tools.
Major consumers of steel include the automobile and
ship building industries, the construction industry,
producers of food cans, and manufacturers of electrical
appliances

24. Making steel

25. Making steel from iron
Most steel is made from pig iron
The three main steelmaking
processes are
1.Basic oxygen process
(BOP)
2.Open-hearth process
3.Electric-furnace process

26. Basic oxygen process (BOP)
The steel is made in a giant egg-
shaped container, open at the top,
called a basic oxygen furnace, which is
similar to an ordinary blast furnace,
only it can rotate to one side to pour off
the finished metal. The air draft used in
a blast furnace is replaced with an
injection of pure oxygen through a pipe
called a lance. The basic idea is based
on the Bessemer process developed
by Sir Henry Bessemer in the 1850s.

27. Open-hearth process
A bit like a giant fireplace in which pig
iron, scrap steel, and iron ore are
burned with limestone until they fuse
together. More pig iron is added, the
unwanted carbon combines with
oxygen, the impurities are removed as
slag and the iron turns to molten steel.
Skilled workers sample the steel and
continue the process until the iron has
exactly the right carbon content to
make a particular type of steel.

28. Electric-furnace process
You don't cook your dinner with an
open fire, so why make steel in such a
primitive way? That's the thinking
behind the electric furnace, which uses
electric arcs (effectively giant sparks)
to melt pig iron or scrap steel. Since
they're much more controllable,
electric furnaces are generally used to
make higher-specification alloy,
carbon, and tool steels.

29. Process

30. How Steel Is Form
How It`s Made - Steel - YouTube.webm

31. WORLD WIDE STEEL PRODUCTION
Approximately 1.65 billion metric
tons of steel are made worldwide
each year. This chart shows
estimated worldwide raw steel
production

32. Steel As A Building Construction
Steel is known to have given a
structure that no other can when it
comes to construction. The durability
and potency that steel provides is not
matched by wood or concrete. It is
getting more and more common for
steel to be used in construction, and
people are preferring steel due to its
various advantages.

33. Types Of Iron Used In Construction
1.Plain Carbon Steel or Mild Steel
2.Rebar Steel
3.Structural Steel

34. 1. Plain Carbon Steel or Mild Steel
This is the most common type of steel used in building construction, which is
also known as mild steel. It is incalculably strong and durable, and ensures a
sturdy built. Due to the strength that carbon steel provides, it is hugely useful in
buildings and has proved to be of great advantage. It does not crack when bent,
it is immensely flexible, and it is ductile and has great plasticity, along with the
fact that it can endure calamities like earthquakes without it causing cracks in
the steel Due to its weld ability, plain-carbon steel is higher in strength than any
other. However, fire protection is very important in a steel building, and must be
given due thought to. Other than that steel construction causes no concerning
issues.

35. 2. Rebar Steel
More commonly known as reinforcing steel, this type of steel
is used as a tension device for reinforced concrete or
reinforced masonry structure. It is created out of carbon
steel, with ridges given to it for mechanical anchoring in a
better way in the concrete. It holds the concrete into
compression, and it is available in various types of grades,
which are usually found in varying specifications in yield
strength, vital tensile strength, chemical composition, and
elongation percentage. It provides resistance, durability

36. Structural Steel
Structural steel shapes are made out of this kind of steel, which is formed out of
a precise cross section, at the same time it follows definite standards for
mechanical properties and chemical composition. Structural steel comes in
various shapes like I-Beam, Z shape, HSS shape, L shape (angle), structural
channel (C-beam, cross section), T shaped, Rail profile, bar, rod, plate, open
joist of web steel etc. Standard structural steel varies in different countries with
different specifications.

37. Accessing Quality Of Steel
Similar to a skeleton which gives proper appearance to our body, steel gives
the required structure to the building. It is hence necessary to assess the
quality of steel to ensure a strong and structured home.
As you know, steel is used in combination with concrete for
construction of slabs, footings, lintels, and stairs. High strength in
compression is brought with concrete. However, to provide high tensile
strength for reinforcements, steel is used along with concrete. Read through
to know about quality features of steel.

38. Types And Grades Of Steel
General construction purposes use two types of steel including the mild and deformed
steel bars. The mild steel bars which are used in reinforced cement concrete works are
plain in surface and round in cross-section. Whereas the deformed ones have ribs or
deformations on their surface. Sometimes, certain cracks may be formed in the
reinforced cement concrete around mild steel bars. This is because the bars stretch
and reduce the bond with concrete. The projected deformations of the deformed bars
avoid this problem and improve the bond with concrete.
More commonly, steel bars of grades Fe 415 and Fe 500 are used for construction
purposes. The number of the grade indicates the yield stress. Fe 415 graded steel is
being used mostly nowadays among the two. The steel bars are available in different
ranges of diameter from 6mm to 50mm. However, those having diameter from 6mm to
20mm are used for home constructions

39. Checking The Quality Of Steel On Site
The quality of steel used for reinforcement works is determined by its tensile strength,
yield strength, weight and elongation. In addition, the chemical composition like the
Carbon, Sulphur, Manganese, and Phosphorous content affects the quality. Various
laboratory tests are conducted to check the quality of steel before supplying. However,
it is difficult to know all these things for a common man. Therefore, ask your builder to
ensure that they are tested before being purchased from the supplier. The good quality
steel bars should be sound and free from surface flaws and cracks. They should not
have rough, jagged and imperfect edges.
A simple test called bend test conducted on site can assess the quality of steel. When
you bend the steel rod to make an angle of 90 to 135 degrees and then bend it back
straight, there should be no cracks on it. If the original shape is retained once it is
straightened, you can assure that it is of best quality.

40. Things To Consider While Purchasing Steel
Do not forget to check the following things when
purchasing steel bars
1.Ensure the presence of the BIS certification mark.
2.Get the details of the quality of steel.
3.Purchase from the reputed manufacturers. Also,
check for the trademark on every bar.
4.Ensure that same sized rods are given without any
errors.