Iron Curtain

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1. Iron Curtain
A major primary source that contributed a lot to the research of the Polish Solidarity Movement was
Winston Churchill's "Iron Curtain" Speech. The origin of this speech was it was created by Winston
Churchill. Officially called the "Sinews of Peace", but usually called "The Iron Curtain" was given
on March 5th, 1949 . During this time Winston Churchill was the Prime Minister of Britain, this
plays a key role in the speech because he was a prominent person during this time, making many
respect and listen to him. The main purpose of this speech was because Winston Churchill wanted
everyone understand the geographical divide between the Western and Eastern Bloc. Winston
Churchill created this speech because he wanted everyone to be aware of ... Show more content on
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The Soviet Union was in modern day Russia, and enforced the communistic beliefs. The Poland
Trade Union did not believe in ways of the Soviet Union, they became enraged with the new
decisions made by the Soviet Union. First off,Wojciech Jaruzelski, was one of the many general that
first supported the communistic rule, but then as the revolts became too much to handle, he finally
gave in and began to support the solidarity movement.As ABC CLIO explains, Wojciech Jaruzelski
started as a strict general for the Soviet Union. Slowly as the solidarity movement started to become
more serious and revolting more than usual, he decided to cave in and start to help the solidarity
side.Without the help of Wojciech Jaruzelski from the communist side caving in to help with the
success of the Solidarity movement, Poland would not be able to achieve freedom from the Soviet
Union.Another Main contributor to the success of the movement was Lech Walesa. Lech walesa was
a worker in the Trade Union who strongly believed in anti communistic ways and wanted to advance
workers rights. This brings him to the conclusion that he wanted to start a movement against the
new communistic ways. As eLibrary states in an article about Lech Walesa's life, it explains that he
wants to rise up against the Soviet Union. Because he feels so strongly about this that he gathers
people to join his movement. The movement would have not been able to be completed without
Lech Walesa, because of his strong will and desire to free his country from being taken over.Both
Generals from the Soviet Union, and leaders that helped create the revolt against the communist
side, contributed to the start of the Solidarity Movement, to reach freedom from the Soviet
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3. Industrial Revolution: How The Wheel Revolutionized The World
A simple mechanical tool that revolves on an axle revolutionized the world. There is no re–inventing
the wheel. The basic characteristics of the wheel from the past compared to the wheels of the present
hasn't been considerably altered. It still follows the same mechanical movement of a circular object
that revolves around an axle. Humans utilized the wheel by beginning with logs to move vast
objects. As time progressed, wheels were used as a part of a cart to carry resources along with
animals. The wheel was then brought to use for war with cavalry. ("Evolution of the Wheel." All
About History. N.p., n.d. Web. 01 Sept. 2016.) Wheels are currently used everywhere in order the
keep the technological world of our future to cycle forward. 12,000 years ago, one of the earliest
uses of the wheel was for pottery. The Mesopotamians would use wheels to create pots much more
efficiently. Once humans ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
One of the wheels that fueled the industrial revolution was the water wheel. Before the industrial
revolution, manufacturing ran predominantly from human and animals. The evolved version of the
wheel provided a better way to increase manufacturing, business, and industrialization. ("Water and
Steam Power Industrial Revolution." Industrial Revolution. CB Media, 2010. Web.) The idea of fuel
and energy from wheels inspired people to create another revolutionary invention that transformed
our world. The invention of the steam engine. Which eventually led towards the creation of train. At
around the same time period, one of the world's widely recognized vehicle has been invented
because of the wheels. The bicycle. The bicycle led the way to evolved transportation. The next
vehicle that came was the motorbike. After that, our widely recognized four wheeled vehicle was
created. Soon after, the airplane was invented which provided a technological Pangaea for
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5. The Collapse of the Soviet Union Essay example
The Soviet Union, which was once a world superpower in the 19th century saw itself in chaos going
into the 20th century. These chaoses were marked by the new ideas brought in by the new leaders
who had emerged eventually into power. Almost every aspect of the Soviet Union was crumbling at
this period both politically and socially, as well as the economy. There were underlying reasons for
the collapse of communism in the Soviet Union and eventually Eastern Europe. The economy is the
most significant aspect of every government. The soviet economy was highly centralized with a
"command economy" (p.1. fsmitha.com), which had been broken down due to its complexity and
centrally controlled with corruption involved in it. A strong government ... Show more content on
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The Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan just to see themselves as the big "Losers" of the war. The
defeat of the Soviet Union in Afghanistan was a serious blow to the prestige of the Army, to national
pride and faith in the soviet political leaders. The scars it left on many of the remaining soldiers
created social and political problems. A reform of the military was necessary. In the midst of all
these turmoil, "there was also corruption and inefficiency within the states bureaucracy" (p.3
smitha.com) and nothing seemed to get done. The soviet people and some Eastern European
countries were fed up of all these ongoing problems the Soviet Union was facing. The soviet people
were fed up with the high communist party which stood ground and dominated the entire soviet
politics, as this was the only party in the states since Stalin's regime. The party had become rigid and
corrupt which discouraged younger party members who saw little chance of advancement. At this
stage corruption was the order of the soviet system of government which buoyed lack of
commitment to the government. Moreover, while things were getting out of control in the Soviet
Union, one nation that can illustrate how the Soviet Union finally collapsed is Russia. Things were
like as it is when Mikhail Gorbachev came to power following the death of Konstantin Cherenko in
1985. Gorbachev used the policy of Glasnot, or "openness to freedom of
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7. Cold War and Its Effects Essay
The end of the cold war signified a new era of history that has changed the entire world. The face of
Europe and Asia has changed dramatically. Vast changes have been felt socially, politically, and
especially economically. Also the effect the cold war had on foreign policy was paramount. The
effect of these changes is not only felt across the ocean but can be felt here in America. The goal of
this paper is to define what the cold war specifically was, and reflect upon the various choices
throughout the world as a result of the end of the cold war.
The cold war was a period of time in which the United States was the world power in the western
world. The Soviet Union (now Russia) was the leading power in the eastern world. While ... Show
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Sometimes these decisions were not for the well being of other nations that depended on the Soviet
Union for support. Nations like Hungary, Bulgaria, and Poland were under Soviet control, but were
officially still independent nations.
These extreme opposite viewpoints between the two superpowers caused immense tensions between
the two nations and the world. The world was split in two in terms of who to support and which way
of life was better. At the height of the cold war in the 1980's, President Reagan had vowed to
outspend the Russians. I remember as a child Reagan coming on television and strategically showed
the world how we were outspending the Russians. I did not realize at the time the importance of this
news conference because two years later the wall fell in Germany and many nations such as
Lithuania that were considered part of the USSR had been freed.
Outspending the Russians had consequences both good and bad on the economy here in America.
The good thing is that up until black Monday stock prices rose sharply, as the government was
spending money subcontracting military applications to private firms such as Boeing, Lockheed, and
even investing in the latest computer technology at that time, which the Soviets just could not keep
up with.
Interest rates were extremely high in the early part of the 1980's due to Reagan's foreign policy
efforts to get rid of communism. The amount of interest rates was
nowhere near
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9. Poland DBQ
Diego Lopez Liranzo
22 September 2014
AP European History
Form VI
Analyse the factors that contributed to the emergence of a workers' opposition movement in
Communist Poland in the period 1956–1981.
After World War II, the official communist party dominated all aspects of Polish politics, which
soon became an issue with not only the working class of the country, but also the intellectual and
educated Polish community. Between 1956 and 1981, there was an emergence of workers'
opposition against the communist party in Poland due to the blatant oppression and desperate living
conditions of many of the Polish workers and their families. Workers demanded rapid change in
policy from the party because the workers believed the government had ... Show more content on
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(Doc 4) The intellectual and party member support helped the workers' movement gain serious
momentum. A major factor in the emergence of the workers' opposition movement also was the
support of the Catholic Church and the Pope specifically. In September of 1976, the bishops of the
Catholic Church in Poland called for the government and party to "fully respect civil rights and
conduct a real dialogue with society" while also demanding that they stop all repression of workers
involved in the protests of June 1976. (Doc 5) The fierce and somewhat scolding tone in which the
demands are made show the Catholic Church's unwavering support for the Polish workers'
opposition. It is not surprising, however, that a group of Catholic bishops would demand better
treatment for the Polish workers because, as members of the church, they would naturally be in
favour of social justice. The value of having the Catholic Church support the movement manifests
itself in the fact that the Polish communist party begins to require all teachers to tell students that the
pope is "an enemy" and "dangerous" man who only wishes to charm the crowd. (Doc 7) This
response to the pope's support demonstrates that the party itself realised that the church could have
tremendous impact on the turnout of the opposition. By the 1980s, a coalition of independent trade
unions, known as Solidarity, was established in Gdansk. The photograph of Lech Walesa and other
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11. Describe The Causes And Effects Of European Imperialism
Despite a blistering cold war between east and west Europe in the 1950's, including the violent
suppression of anti–communist protests in 1956 Hungary, the six founders of the ECSC reconvened
in 1957 and signed the Treaty of Rome, which created the European Economic Community, or the
"Common Market". 1960–1969: A period of Economic Growth The 1960's are generally regarded as
a fruitful period for the European economy. The six EU nations agreed to stop charging custom
duties when trading each other and agreed to joint control over food production, which resulted in a
surplus of agricultural produce. In May 1968, French students revolted and took a portion of Paris.
Ten million workers soon joined the students, and a general strike ensued. The so called "68
generation's" protests against capitalism, consumerism, traditional French institutions, and what they
viewed as American Imperialism led to an overhaul of French society and behavior still seen today.
1970–1979: A Growing Community and The First Enlargement On January 1, 1973, Denmark,
Ireland, and the United Kingdom joined the EU, which at this point has nine members. The short
Arab–Israeli war of October 1973 resulted in a widespread energy and economic crisis in Europe. In
1974 and 1975, the Iberian Peninsula, the last stronghold of right–wing dictatorships, joined the rest
of democratic Western Europe as the Salazar regime was overthrown in Portugal and General
Franco of Spain died. The EU regional policy of the
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13. How Did The Pope's Return To Poland
Jack Kenny
Professor Eaton
Russian Revolutions
9 November 2015
The Slavic Pope's Return to Poland: An Analysis of language and common themes used by the pope
to influence Poland
Introduction & Thesis: A Slavic Pope Stands behind the Iron Curtain
Bells tolled and Poles exclaimed as their native son, Karol Jozef Wojtyla, returned to his homeland
on June 2, 1979 for the first time as Pope John Paul II. Upon his arrival to Okęcie, the location of
the Warsaw Airport, Pope John Paul II knelt and kissed the ground of his beloved homeland. Huge
crowds of Poles lined the streets of Warsaw as Pope John Paul II moved to Victory Square to
prepare for Mass. Many people could not believe that such a hopeful figure had been permitted to
come to Poland ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The will of the Polish people now led the state. The Polish people realized during Pope John Paul's
first papal visit to Poland that the communist state had legitimacy only through fear and propaganda.
Many Poles came to this realization when following the television coverage of the papal visit
because the communist state covered the event as if the visit was only a small gathering. The
communist officials covered the event in such a way to control the public's reaction to the pope's
visit, but the Poles in attendance realized the deception the communist officials were using in the
television coverage of the event. Pope John Paul's visit to Poland seemed prophetic to the Poles.
They now had a world leader willing to oppose the ills of their communist state. Pope John Paul
expressed the positive outlook he had for the Polish people when he said, " I am asking all of you,
through the great Eucharistic prayer, that Christ will not cease to be for us an open book of life for
the future, for our Polish future". Pope John Paul invested in the Polish people and his language of
love eventually broke through in the communist state of
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15. Communism In Russia Essay
Russia became a Communist country after the Bolshevik Revolution, and became the USSR. At first
the country had a growing economy. Throughout the course of the Great Depression, their
unemployment rates were low. Capitalism began to seem like it wouldn't be around too long.
Because of the success in USSR, Communism seemed like a better option. Nevertheless, this
economy didn't work as well as it was portrayed to.
They exaggerated about the size and production of their economy. USSR had a dictatorship so, the
citizens every move was overseen, the government kept strong control over their borders, and the
media was supervised. The news from other countries were closed off from the USSR. This meaning
that, USSR citizens thought their home was the best place to live. As a result, foreigners were only
let into the country in compact amounts and could only visit the part of the country that were
progressive. The people that visited the country returned home and spread word about the lies and
deceitfulness. To try to control the citizens, the government wouldn't ... Show more content on
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He wanted to keep Communism in the USSR. His campaign was revolved around reform. Lech
Walesa, the leader of Poland, was imprisoned because he turned against the Communist economy.
This fueled the fire for anticommunists in the country. Mao Zedong still believed in Communism in
China. After he died, Deng Xiaopeng stepped into the leadership position and changed the country
to advocate market socialism. In 1991, the USSR economy failed and their leader disappeared. The
country broke down into smaller countries. Russia did not take well to this change. The Communist
party still had an effect on the legislature. The citizens were against Boris Yeltsin's reform. Poland
on the other hand, like the change. In 1990, India had no annual GDP growth and had to face up to
bankruptcy. Some Asian countries who had independence that welcomed Capitalism were richer
than
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17. The Formation Of Solidarity And The Emergence Of The Third...
The entire process of planning was thereby compromised since it no longer relied on rational
calculation. As a consequence, enterprises frequented ended up with surplus of resources, which
they would either hoard or exchange for other materials. The inefficient planning practices
characterized by bargaining and hoarding led to what Katherine Verdery calls the economy of
shortage (21). She notes that the shortages were relative when sufficient resources existed but were
misplaced or poorly allocated due to inefficient planning. Shortages were absolute when the
economy was characterized by a complete lack of resources due either to stagnating production or
extensive exporting of materials. Both relative and absolute shortages were widespread in the Soviet
Bloc and Poland, in particular, contributing to the severe economic crisis that unfolded throughout
the 1980s. The Formation of Solidarity and the Emergence of the Third Way, 1980–1982 Ever since
Poland became officially incorporated into the Soviet Bloc and the PZPR usurped power within the
one–part political system, there were numerous instances of anti–communist opposition that
invariably encountered repression and persecution at the hands of the pro–Soviet government. In the
context of the present discussion, however, the roots of concerted effort to undermine or reform the
state–regulated socialist economy can be traced back to the emergence of Solidarity, the first Polish
trade union that was not under a direct
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19. A Brief Note On Poland 's Solidarity Movement
Poland's Solidarity Movement in 1989 The Cold War was a state of political hostility characterized
by threats, propaganda and other measures short of open warfare, as defined by Google Dictionary.
These 1989 Cold War Revolutions largely impacted the world and for many regions, opened up an
opportunity to express a new perspective towards the challenges that were taking place throughout
these countries. Poland, the Philippines, Chile, South Africa, Ukraine and China were all apart of
these non–violent overthrows of various dictatorships. Each region endured various types of
discrimination and exploitation throughout the Cold Wars end. Whether it was economic
exploitation, political discrimination, or the violation of human and civil rights, non–violent
revolutions rose throughout Eastern Europe. The book, 1989 Democratic Revolutions at the Cold
War's End, written by Padriac Kenney, analyzes these overthrows and discusses the outcomes for
each region. For Poland, more specifically, these non–violent strikes began when they first came
under the control of the Soviet Union in 1948. However, their resistance began in 1944, when the
Soviet Union had just began liberating Polish territory. Starting off with an armed resistance from
1944 to 1947 and ending with the Solidarity movement in 1989, Poland finally had control of the
government from the Communists. With a brutal start, Polish oppositionists realized there was a
better, non–violent way to go. The rise of the Solidarity
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21. The Katyn Massacre
On April 10, 2010, an unforeseen tragedy struck the Polish nation. Their current president at the
time, Lech Kaczynski, died in a plane crash along with 95 other Polish officials. Up until this date,
any country's president has never died as a result of a plane crash. Ironically, the members on the
plane were all traveling to the 70th anniversary of the Katyn Massacre which were a series of mass
executions of Polish nationals in Katyn forest. This event caused much bewilderment within the
country causing many Poles to claim that this incident was done purposely by the Russian
government. Although evidence proves that the crash was an accident, due to its peculiar conditions
and the human nature to come up with conspiracies, many Poles were ... Show more content on
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The captain of this flight, Arkadiusz Protasiuk, had an increased workload potentially impairing his
ability to focus primarily on his duty to fly the plane due to the Russian's inability to provide the
flight with a "Leaderman". Normally, radio communications are handled by another crew member
while a pilot flies. Smolensk airport, however, is not usually open for international flights and is not
ICAO certified causing its air traffic controllers to not be required to speak fluent English. In this
case, all communication between Smolensk and the plane were to be carried out in Russian. Russian
law requires all international flights landing at military airports to have a Russian "Leaderman" who
would be responsible for all of the communication done in Russian. As Poland was requesting their
flight in the middle of March, they asked for the service of a "Leaderman", but claim that Russia did
not reply to this request. According to a Polish article posted on Newsweek and the Final Report,
Russia did offer the service, but Poland refused claiming that their crew had
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23. The Cold War: The Rise Of Communism
Countries, such as Ukraine, remain to this day under heavy Russian influence because of their close
geographical location, historical ties, and similar cultures; on the other hand, countries, such as
Poland, have been able to maintain complete independence because of the cultural, political, and
economic differences with Russia. Numerous factors, such as geopolitics and history, bolster the
reasons behind these conclusions. Other factors, such as culture and historical differences, affect the
way the countries are associated with Russia. At the end of the Second World War, two superpowers
emerged – the USA and the USSR. These two superpowers drove the world into a "cold war", a war
between two ideologies. When the Nazi regime was crushed, ... Show more content on
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After the nuclear arms and space "Race", the Soviet Union, lacking funding, was severely indebted.
When Mikhail Gorbachev was elected as president in 1990, he introduced the policies of Perestroika
and Glasnost. Perestroika was intended to restructure the political and economic system established
by the communist party; elections were allowed to reflect western ideas. Glasnost allowed more
rights and freedom to the Soviet citizens. These economic reforms were aimed at restoring the
failing economy of the Soviet Union. As a direct result of the introduction of these reforms,
Gorbachev faced internal conflicting political pressures. The lack of Perestroika's implementation
severely crippled the Soviet economy. This failure of the economy caused dislike and distrust of
Gorbachev among citizens, resulting in a coup against Gorbachev led by radical reformists and
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25. Essay On Listening To The Past
Within this document, four "Listening to the Past" features will be discussed. These topics include A
Solidarity Leader Speaks from Prison, Reyita Castillo Bueno on Slavery and Freedom in Cuba, The
Testimony of Young Mine Workers, and The Experience of War. It is easily recognized that two
topics relate to violence, while two include the enslaving of a certain people. The reason for this is
best explained as possessing most of my interest in the mistreating of others. I believe this is so,
because I do not understand how humans can treat each other so poorly. Each feature catches my
attention in some way and I enjoy learning about them. A Solidarity Leader Speaks from Prison,
found on page 1018 of chapter 32 is written about Lech ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I find it a stimulating subject that is constructed of sadness. No other area of history has interested
me more than slavery has. Again, I was not allowed to gain access to the primary source of
information. I would need to buy the book in which the information is found, to read more about
Reyita Castillo Bueno's original thoughts. For this reason, I cannot identify any missing facts, but
this part of chapter 27 seems to be detailed enough to help explain the, overall, main idea. The
Testimony of Young Mine Workers is the third feature I will reflect on. This segment begins on page
706, in chapter 23, and discusses the unfairness of child labor conditions. It states that when brought
to the attention of humanitarians and of social reformers, they demanded restrictions be applied. I
am intrigued with child labor because I believe it was unbelievably cruel and I am thankful that it
does not exist in the manner that it did years ago. For the third time, I am instructed to buy the
original book if I wish to view the source in which the feature was taken. Without doing so, I
unfortunately cannot compare it and the excerpt in search of lost information. From what I can read,
in the textbook, this topic allows for extra details that help support the chapter. Lastly, The
Experience of War, on page 860 of chapter 28, reflects on the traumatic facts of World War I. This
excerpt includes two personal views of those who experienced this
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27. Solidarity Movement And Polish Revolution
On May 7th, 2011, United States President Barack Obama made a speech in which he asked the
Arab Spring nations in transition to democracy to use Poland as a role model . However, Central
Europe and the Middle East are different linguistically, religiously, and historically. Was there any
actual basis for President Obama's comparison? Or was this speech another instance of a politician
making a grand generalization to prove a point? Upon further examination, both Poland's Solidarity
movement and Tunisia's Jasmine Revolution acted as catalysts for democratization in their
respective regions. This is because they both started as economic movements, and then evolved into
social movements, which became democratization attempts. In addition, both ... Show more content
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Eventually, the workers themselves began to organize and publicly demand rights. The last group in
Polish society who was responsible for achieving success in the Solidarity movement was the
religious sector. The religious support that the Solidarity movement possessed cannot be overlooked.
On the protestor's side, it's easy to fight for your rights when you know that God supports you. On
the other hand, it's difficult for the government to fight against a religious institution that has such
powerful influence over the people. Pope John Paul II, originally a Polish citizen named Karol
Wojtyla, played a key role in not only broadcasting the Solidarity movement to the world, but also
by giving the Solidarity movement a pseudo–divine right to exist . In 1978, Karol Wojtyla was
elected to be the first non–Italian pope since the 1500s . Thus began the attention that he drew not
only from the international Catholic community, but the international community in general.
Furthermore, in his visit to Poland, he affirmed the Polish people's right to organize themselves, and
to protest against their mistreatment. In 1979, the year before Solidarity was officially formed, Pope
John Paul II visited his home country once again and gave speeches concerning civil rights in
Poland. The International Center on Nonviolent Conflict states, "During a pilgrimage that was
broadcast on state TV and radio, the Pope spoke openly about human rights and the right to freedom
of expression and conscience" . CNN confirms this statement and adds to it, stating that the Pope's
support was financial, as well. In discussing the fall of communism in Poland, it claims, "It took
time; it took the Pope's support from Rome––some of it financial; it took several more trips in 1983
and 1987. But the flame was lit. It would smolder and flicker before it burned from one end of
Poland
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29. Collapse Of The Berlin Wall Research Paper
In 1950, during the years of the cold war East Berliners were over the confined lifestyle they were
living. When thousands of East Germans dashed to the democratic West the communist authorities
decided to build the wall overnight on August 13, 1961 around West Berlin. This barrier was
supposed to keep western fascists from entering East Germany and weaken the communist state.
With the termination of world war II, Germany had been split into four zones controlled by France,
Great Britain, USA, and the Soviet Union, resulting in the Potsdam agreement. It was the agreement
between 3 of the Allies of war II, UK, U. S., Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, for the military
occupation and reconstruction of Germany. An arrangement that didn't satisfy the military interests
of the Soviets. Berlin was situated in the Soviet ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It provided many people opportunities such as more business opportunities for Germany. It
collapsed the soviet union and symbolized the end of the cold war, increasing globalization. The
capitalist West celebrated their superiority. It gestured an intense change in global affairs and the
main catalyst for rapid regime change across Eastern Europe. "The Cold War that followed World
War II created a bipolar world, in which relations between countries and contests for state power
everywhere were subsumed by the binary conflict of a U.S.–led West versus a Soviet–dominated
East."(Tony Karon) Poland became an ally of the West and established strong ties with EU and
NATO. NATO and alternative U.S.–led alliances currently realize themselves a part of a multipolar
world with power centers and groupings each additional multitudinous and compound.The berlin
wall was more than a barrier it was a boundary between communism and capitalism. The fall of the
berlin wall bestowed to the fall of the soviet Union which stopped its developing domination of
Eastern Europe, which affected the Arab
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31. The Cold War : A New History
The Cold War lasted for forty years, from 1945 to 1985. Few historians took the time to address the
events as they unfolded thus leaving most people with little or no explanations of the development
of the war. During this fearful period, nine presidents served Americans and each president thought
that the war carried a lot of dangers for forty five years. Accordingly, young Americans, Soviets and
other citizens of the world require the services of a scholar with extraordinary gifts to provide
insight why nine cold war presidents and several other nations deployed vast resources against an
empire scrambled so clumsily in the end. With respect to this need and desire, the author of The
Cold War: A New History presents an excellently documented panoramic view of the Cold War with
full illuminations and shrewd judgments that bring the four decades of United States–Soviet enmity
to life for the general readers.
The Thesis
In this book, Gaddis asserts that the cold war was both inevitable and necessary because the Soviet
empire and its allies could not be rolled back but had to be contained. At the end of the war, no
country had physically or directly launched an attack on the other. Accordingly, the central thesis of
the book is that the Cold War brought an end to the use of military strength and ability as the
defining characteristics of power as perceived five years before the start of Cold War. For instance,
Gaddis says, "What never happened, despite universal fears that it
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33. Poland : History, Politics, United States Partner
BACKGROUND PAPER
ON
POLAND: HISTORY, POLITICS, UNITED STATES PARTNER
1. Poland's past and present is both complex and lively. Located in the "heart of Europe," Poland has
been conditioned by a history of foreign aggression, stampeding empires and communism.
Stemming from today's political scene, Poland has many attributes which make it an appealing
international partner. This paper addresses how Poland's history has shaped its current political
domain and, in turn, how this domain contributes to the interests of the United States (US).
2. The founding of Poland can be traced back to the myth of Lech, Czech and Rus, three brothers
who went out hunting and ran into a white eagle protecting its nest, positioned against the red rays
of the sun. Lech took this as a positive sign and decided to settle there, naming the site Gniezno (in
polish: 'nest'). This settlement became Poland's first capital. Czech continued to travel west and Rus
headed east, founding the Czech Republic and Ukraine, respectively. Poland's roots date as far back
as 966AD, when it became Christianized. Poland's modern history begins with the signing of the
Constitution on May 3, 1791, the world's second oldest constitution. Shortly after, Poland was
partitioned amongst Austria, Prussia and Russia. In 1918, Poland regained independence after 123
years of being non–existent on territorial maps. However, soon Poland was overtaken by the
Germans and Soviets during World War II and remained under Communist
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35. Pope John Paul II's Influence on the Fall of Communism Essay
THESIS STATEMENT
Both the words and actions of Pope John Paul II were crucial to the downfall of communism in
Germany as well as his native Poland.
PURPOSE STATEMENT This paper will discuss Pope John Paul II's role in the fall of communism
in Germany and his native Poland through in depth research and an analysis of biographical
research.
INTRODUCTION Even as a child, people knew that Karol Wojtyla was destined for greatness.
Even his mother bragged to all her neighbors that her newborn son would grow into a great man.
And that he did. He served as pope from 1978 until his death in 2005, a period of over twenty–six
years. He was the youngest pope of the Twentieth Century as well, elected at the age of fifty–eight.
However, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Karol's battle against communism began during World War II, when he was forced to hide his faith
from the cruel government. He did this in several ways, including wearing his priestly garb without
the collar and being called "Uncle" instead of "Father" in public. Karol was the kind of man who
wasn't afraid to put himself in danger in order to speak the truth. It is evident that "he tried to stand
up for the dignity of man, even against the seemingly overwhelming power of Communism"
(Accattoli et al 30), which he did at his local university, preaching the message of Christianity to the
students and warning them of the evils of the communism and the atheism that went along with such
a government. But this action was only one of many early strides that Karol Wojtyla took against
communism.
A POPE FOR THE PEOPLE
Pope John Paul II was a very bright and articulate child, burdened by the loss of many classmates to
concentration camps. Drawing from his childhood experiences later in life, the pope used his talent
in linguistics to write several religious plays, including his first, David. These dramas portrayed
Christian views and beliefs in a simple and interesting manner. By acting out these plays,
Christianity and questioning of the communist regime began to spread throughout Poland.
Unfortunately, the government retaliated by shutting down the theological studies at the university.
But Pope John Paul II wasn't about
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37. poland history Essay
The Poles who were West Slavic people established Poland in the late 5th century. History was first
written in the 10th century about Poland when the Polish nation changed into Christianity in 966.
Prince Mieszko I was the first ruler and his son, Boleslaw I, was the first king of Poland. This
established the Piast dynasty that lasted from 966 to 1370. During the Piast dynasty there where
Piast kings with a lot of rivalries from nobility and Bohemian and Germanic invasions that made
Poland a very troubled country. The last king of the dynasty was Casimir III, crowned in 1333. He
extended Polish influence eastward to Lithuania and Russia. He acquired Pomerania from the
Teutonic Knights and shifted borders between Poland and Germany. During ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
After Polish troops were driven out of Moscow in 1613, Russia became more powerful. After that
Poland went into a time of war beginning in 1648, Ukrainian, Cossacks, marauding Tartars, Turks,
and Russians attacked Poland. The Swedes did the greatest damage. They conquered and laid to
waste almost the entire country in 1655. King John III Sobieski's victory over the Turks at Vienna in
1683 recovered some of Poland's power but he couldn't stop the Russians and the further loss of the
eastern territory. During the reign of Augustus II (ruled 1697–1733), who was the elector of Saxony,
Poland was involved in the Great Northern War, which mainly took place in Poland. The war of the
Polish Succession was triggered when Augustus III became the new king of Poland (Grolier).
Stanislaw II (ruled 1764–95), who was a puppet of Catherine II of Russia, was the last king of
Poland. The Confederation of Bar (1768), a French supported alliance of Polish nobles, was formed
from the Anti–Russian feeling, but this was unable to prevent the dismemberment of Poland by
Russia, Prussia, and Austria. The constitution of May 3,1791 granted political rights to burghers and
peasants. Tadeusz Kosciuszko's national insurrection of 1794 was defeated and followed by the
partition of 1795. This marked the disappearance of Poland from the map of Europe (Grolier).
Poland reemerged when Napoleon I
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39. The History And Development Of Mohandas Gandhi
Gandhi once said "You must be the change you wish to see in the world." Despite the fact young
Gandhi was surrounded by a world of violence, he sought a development of peace among the
people. Mohandas Gandhi possessed a foundation of leadership and strong beliefs that directed his
endeavors, he worked toward the ability to influence the people of India and worldwide with his
perception on nonviolence, and in doing this gained a strength in persevering through hardships. On
October 2nd of 1869, Mohandas Gandhi was born in Porbandar, India. He was a part of a wealthy
family in the Modh Bania subcaste of the Vaisya. Early years of Gandhi's life would be spent at the
Inner Temple of London, training in law. First employed as a nonviolent civil disobedience
expatriate lawyer in South Africa, Gandhi would work for the struggle in civil rights. The origin and
development of Gandhi's beliefs and views on the world came from certain situations and
experiences in his life. "On the train from the port of Pretoria, Gandhi was kicked off for trying to sit
in the first class compartment when a white passenger objected his presence" (Lewis). This was the
catalyst to Gandhi's influence. Only a week after being kicked off the train, Gandhi overcame his
reticence and began public speaking at meetings and would begin organizing his own. Devotion
towards Gandhi's ideas on violence evolved soon after. "The development of Gandhian nonviolence
was owed to four forms of violence throughout his
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41. PATCO Analysis
This analysis is an examination of existing scholarship on the topics of the Professional Air Traffic
Controllers Organization (PATCO) strike of 1981, Poland's trade union Solidarność's strike of 1981,
the Reagan administration's contradictory reaction to both. This analysis is restricted by the author's
language and geographical limitations, however this preliminary research aims to discover the depth
of analysis on U.S. reactions to Solidarność. These thirteen sources, equally spanning the last thirty
years, look at the issue of U.S. involvement in Poland in the 1980s and western views of
Solidarność, therefore, this analysis will discuss the ways in which various academic disciplines
have covered the Polish trade union movement. These themes ... Show more content on
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Through interviews with PATCO workers, government officials, and archival sources, McCartin
provides us with an objective view of the PATCO strike events in the same way as Northrup.
McCartin agrees with Northrup that the Reagan administration did make generous offers to PATCO
which were refused. While McCartin's ideas reflect those of Northrup, this book presents a view of
the PATCO/government relationship thirty years after the strikes and show developments and new
insights that were not available to Northrup in 1983. Overall, McCartin says that the PATCO strike
results permanently altered the state of labor relations in the United States and put the American
Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations (AFL–CIO) in a position of
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43. Iron Curtain Speech Research Paper
The Cold War was the state of tension between democratic nations and the communist Soviet Union.
There were two opposing groups in the group. The United States and their allies formed NATO
(North Atlantic Treaty Organization) and the Soviet Union and their allies formed the Warsaw Pact.
The NATO was formed to stop the progression of communism throughout countries and the Warsaw
Pact wanted to take over countries to spread communism. The Cold War lasted from 1945 to 1992.
1940's
Hiroshima "A" Bomb – August 6, 1945
Before the First World War, German scientists James Franck and Gustav Hertz conducted
experiments where they added electrons to Mercury atoms. They traced the energy changes that the
collision caused. That experiment led Nils Bohr to make a theory that an atom can absorb energy in
precise and definite amounts. After that experiment, many other scientists conducted research on
radioactive methods to chemical problems and conducted more experiments on how elements would
react when elements ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Churchill using the term "Iron Curtain" was iconic. The term became a part of the vocabulary used
when talking about Cold War. The speech was used to confirm the relationship with Britain and the
United States (forming an alliance). The speech was a warning of the danger that was the Soviet
Union and Communism. By giving the speech let the public know the dangers of the Soviet Union.
I think the "Iron Curtain" Speech speech was really interesting. I found myself to get lost while
watching the video of the speech as I was getting information about the topic. I think it was
important for the speech to be given. I don't have any other solution for the speech because it didn't
affect anyone in a negative way (unlike the "A" Bomb). Overall, I enjoyed reading about the topic
and how it set the beginning of the Cold War.
1960's Gulf of Tonkin Resolution – August 7,
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45. The Struggle And The Triumph Summary
Continuing from The Way of Hope, Lech Walesa's second book, The Struggle and the Triumph: An
Autobiography, tells the story of Poland's march towards independence. From being an electrician,
leading Poland's Solidarity movement, to being elected the President of the Polish Republic,
Walesa's opinions and emotions throughout his journey are contained in this book. Overall, Walesa's
autobiography is an honorable read because it provides an intimate view of what it was like living in
Soviet controlled Poland. Moreover, the leader of the movement incorporates the two important
notions of Solidarity – religion and non–violence – in this autobiography. Through this, Walesa
presents to his readers what helped to bring success to the movement. However, ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
He describes Bronislaw Geremek, Adam Michnik, and Henryk Wujec as "the lifeblood of a new
democracy" because Walesa knows that these intelligent men will help to form a new, free Poland,
and thus, a new government in power. The author furthermore illustrates how the Solidarity
movement is something of an interest around the world, especially to George Bush and Ronald
Reagan. Walesa and the Solidarity movement get a motivation boost when Bush and Reagan explain
that the relationship between Poland and the United States will not normalize until Poland makes a
shift from totalitarianism to one of democracy. With this in writing, the readers are able to see how
important the movement was not only for Poland, but for other countries as well. Despite the fact
that the government of Poland was 'against' the Poles and their movement, the readers are able to
witness the mass support from the abroad community. Furthermore, by mentioning the intelligent,
patriotic Polish activists and Walesa's discussions with important, international people in power, the
book helps to depict Walesa's drive of creating a successful future for Poland. It is clear that Walesa
not only wants Solidarity to be legalized, but that he likewise has a plan for the future of Poland. He
is looking and planning for Poland's long term position and power, which greatly makes the readers
supportive of the
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47. What Does The Phonograph Does For The Ear?
Do you know of any notable events that took place on August 31 throughout history? Five specific
events took place in the span of two centuries that historians noted across the years. Treaties and
accords were signed, patents were made, and battles and incidents took place. August 31 was a
significant day in history that affected the lives of regular citizens and leaders alike throughout the
world.
"I am experimenting upon an instrument what does for the Eye what the phonograph does for the
Ear" (Thomas Edison, October 1888). Thomas Edison wrote this quote in a journal as he was
inventing the kinetoscope with Earle Dickson. On August 31, 1897, Edison patented his invention of
the kinetoscope, one of his 1093 patents in his lifetime. The ... Show more content on
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Nonetheless, when word spread of a camera that could show short films in the late 1800s,
inspiration spread throughout the world. French Louis and Auguste Lumiere were incentivized by
the kinetoscope and invented the cinematographe, a device that could project movie images to
several spectators. These advances in movie technology made by Edison and Dickson lead to the
movie theaters and portable camcorders we have today. Thomas Edison is a great example of how
someone can change the world from just a single idea.
Another important event on August 31st was in 1980 when Polish shipyard workers decided to give
their government a break and stop striking. They initiated these strikes because of the unfair firing of
Anna Walentynowicz and the rise in prices for necessities. The government raised the prices of
goods, such as water, food, clothing, and shelter, because of the lack of money they had. The strikes,
which began in mid–August, 1980, were performed for an increase in payment and a reinstatement
of Anna Walentynowicz. Leader Lech Walesa and 17,000 other shipyard workers inspired people
throughout the nation, which lead to other strikes throughout Poland. Then, on August 17, 1980, the
Interfactory Strike Committee (ISC) submitted twenty–nine demands to stop these strikes. These
demands included the right to strike, freedom of expression, the right to organize independent trade
unions, and release of
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49. Nonviolent Resistance Essay
Nonviolent resistance is the practice of achieving goals such as social change through symbolic
protests, civil disobedience, economic or political noncooperation, satyagraha, or other methods,
without using violence. This type of action highlights the desires of an individual or group that feels
that something needs to change to improve the current condition of the resisting person or group. It
is largely but wrongly taken as synonymous with civil resistance. Each of these terms nonviolent
resistance and "civil resistance has its distinct merits and also quite different connotations and
commitments.The modern form of non–violent resistance was popularised and proven to be
effective by the Indian leader Mahatma Gandhi in his efforts to gain ... Show more content on
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Current nonviolent resistance includes the Jeans Revolution in Belarus, the "Jasmine" Revolution in
Tunisia, and the fight of the Cuban dissidents. Many movements which promote philosophies of
nonviolence or pacifism have pragmatically adopted the methods of nonviolent action as an
effective way to achieve social or political goals. They employ nonviolent resistance tactics such as:
information warfare, picketing, marches, vigils, leafletting, samizdat, magnitizdat, satyagraha,
protest art, protest music and poetry, community education and consciousness raising, lobbying, tax
resistance, civil disobedience, boycotts or sanctions, legal/diplomatic wrestling, underground
railroads, principled refusal of awards/honours, and general strikes. Nonviolent action differs from
pacifism by potentially being proactive and interventionist.A great deal of work has addressed the
factors that lead to violent mobilization, but less attention has been paid to understanding why
disputes become violent or nonviolent, comparing these two as strategic choices relative to
conventional
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51. The Fall Of The Berlin Wall
The Year That Changed The World
In The Year That Changed The World tells the first hand experience of the Fall of the Berlin Wall.
The main factor in the collapse of the wall was the never ending fight of the individuals who had
fallen under the communist state. Most of these individuals came together and fought in order to
achieve their goal of a non–communist state and German unification. The Cold War was the conflict
between the Eastern bloc (Communist) against the Western Bloc (Capitalist), the separation between
them began to be known as the Iron Curtain. The Berlin Wall was physical representation of the war
for most people, a city divided into two. This important part of history led to the beginning of the
Cold War period and the end. The fall of the Berlin Wall made 1989 the year that changed the world.
In The Year That Changed the World Meyer conveys that success is easily accomplished in
cooperation rather than separation.
"Mr. Gorbachev, tear down this wall!" President Ronald Reagan's famous expression, when he last
visited Berlin in 1987, as a clear call to bring the Cold War to an end. According to the United
States, we had won, so this side of history goes; because Ronald Reagan stood his ground against
the Soviet Union, America had toppled the communist empire. Michael Meyer, a reporter who was
in Eastern Europe at the time for Newsweek, has a different side.
Meyer creates a compelling report of the revolutions that occurred in Eastern Europe in the years
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53. Communism: The Year That Changed The World By Michael Meyer
Communism is a type of government where the state controls all property and its' ultimate goal is to
create a classless society. In 1955, NATO wanted to have control over West Germany and the Soviet
Union saw this as a threat. The Soviet Union was under Stalin's' rule and responded with the
Warsaw Pact. Stalin wanted the world to become Communism, so he started this communist block
which included Hungary, Poland, and Germany. The Warsaw pact was signed and this officially
ended World War 2. Considering the Allies were the winners they got to split up Germany. NATO
took control over West Berlin and communist Soviet Union took over East Berlin. Communist
leaders oppressed the people of these countries and after three decades they wanted change. ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Soviet military had a presence in East Germany as well as Hungary, Poland and
Czecksolovakia. In 1985, a new leader took over in the Soviet Union, which caused many of these
changes to take place. Mikhail Gorbachev paved the way for political reforms. He did not believe in
the Brezhnev Doctrine, which used military force in order to control its Communist agenda in the
Communist bloc of countries. Instead, he wanted the Communist leaders to gain the support of the
people. Mikhail Gorbachev's policies of perestroika meaning restructuring and glasnost meaning
transparency called for people of these nations to reform. This meant that the Soviet Union had
abandoned the policy of military intervention in support of communist regimes. In August 1991,
Gorbachev's struggle with the old political elite in the communist party, the armed forces, and the
military–industrial complex culminated. When the Soviets came to terms that the Iron Curtain was
no longer the USSR and Gorbachev were over. Russia was one of the main initiators of the break–up
of the Soviet Union. Because the former Soviet countries received independence was something that
Russia wanted itself. On Christmas Day 1991, the Soviet flag flying over the Kremlin was lowered
and replaced by the new Russian banner. The USSR officially ceased to exist on 31 December. The
Cold War was
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55. The Cold War After Defeat For The Soviet Union Essay
Student number: 9648132
Word Count:
Assess the claim that the Cold War ended in defeat for the Soviet Union:
The Cold War's outcome defined the United States of America as the world's leading power after a
period of proxy wars against the USSR. The two nations employed opposing ideologies with
different beliefs and policies, yet sharing the same aspirations for global influence. What ultimately
toppled the Soviet Union was the onset of globalization as its isolationist regime made it laborious
for the nation to evolve. As Kofi Annan said it during the 53rd DPI/NGO conference, "arguing
against globalization is like arguing against the law of gravity". It can be inferred that the essence of
human nature is based on freedom and therefore people naturally seek liberty (Flew, 1991). Socialist
policies were depriving Soviet citizens of (what the west would consider) their basic needs such as
freedom of speech or freedom to roam. The US accentuated the need for a freer world by
introducing the Marshall Plan and the Truman doctrine – compelling the world to follow suit.
Indeed, the current global structure shows that most nations, including former socialist countries,
have adopted US–style free market policies and democratic elections. In addition, treaties such as
NATO were signed which united multiple countries yet weakened the Soviet Union, affecting its
economy indirectly, eventually leading to its dissolution.
Both nation's policies centred around two principle
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57. John Lewis Gaddis 's The Cold War
John Lewis Gaddis, is a leading American Historian of the Cold War. He is the Professor of history
at Yale University. He is already the author of six books on the same subject. The Cold War: A New
History, however, has been written on a less cosmic level. He has distilled a life time of research
into this short but comprehensive book. He has given new avenues to old controversies in worldly
and stylish, yet direct and plain–spoken manner. The book offers a lot of summaries to intricate
historical issues and provides new avenues of thinking about conflict which arose out of pre–
emption and ended in the hope for the world.
The cold war in the author's account was both unavoidable and essential at the same time. The
Soviet empire and its allies could not be pushed back but they had to be restricted to move any
further. The consequential confrontation lasted forty years. A lot of wealth, resources and time were
exhausted on nuclear weapons and the watchful new strategic thinking. To a certain extent this was
the reason that there were no major wars, although there were a number of intimidating
confrontations. Eventually, thanks to greater resources, a better political and economic model, and
the initiative of a few good men–the right side was victorious. Since then, new theatres involving a
lot of complications have arisen, but we can at least be grateful to have said goodbye to that ever
threatening conflict.
The author does not try to defend all his past judgments. In 1987 he
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59. Public Diplomacy And The Foreign Affairs Of The Republic...
Working for government we can't distinguish specific industry that it function in. Governments take
care of varieties issues that are important for country and its society. As an industry in this specific
environment I would call it public diplomacy industry. Public diplomacy pursued by the Ministry of
Foreign Affairs consists of a set of strategic, conceptual, analytical, coordinating and executive
actions seeking to impact social attitudes and public opinion abroad and thereby to secure the
principal interests of the Republic of Poland across the globe. This is done by using tools and
methods from outside the realm of traditional diplomacy, essentially confined to intergovernmental
relations. The primary aim of public diplomacy is to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
History In 1822, when Brazil won its independence, Poland did not exist on maps of the political
world. In the years 1795–1918 the Polish lands were occupied countries by neighboring countries –
Russia, Austria and Prussia. The struggle for independence, taken by another generation of Poles,
reflexes elicited sympathy of many societies, including Brazilian. Emperor of Brazil, Peter I, during
a performance in Paris, issued in favor of participants of the November Uprising (1831), he
exclaimed: Vive la Pologne! It ts successor in turn, Peter II, agreed to accept the membership of
Polish émigré patriotic associations based in Rapperswil, Switzerland, which certifies todays
diploma awarded by the Société Nationale des Amis et Polonaise de la Pologne. In the year1907 at
the Second International Peace Conference in The Hague, the representative of Brazil – Ruy
Barbosa, a prominent lawyer and politician, in his fiery speeches repeatedly advocated the
restoration of Poland 's independence. Not surprisingly, that Brazil was the first country in Latin
America, which announced that it "recognizes the emergence of a united and independent Polish".
The position of these was presented August 17, 1918 year note Minister of Foreign Affairs of Brazil,
Nilo Peçanhi the French envoy in Rio de Janeiro, Paul Claudel.
In the interwar period (1918–1939) the message of the Republic of Poland in Rio de Janeiro subject
Consulate General in
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61. The Polish Of The Soviet Union
The Polish people had been taken advantage of, since before World War II, when the Nazi's invaded,
took over, and then killed around 6 million Jews, the majority of them having lived in Poland. After
World War II, the Soviet Union seized the opportunity and took over.When the Soviet Union
suppressed labor unions to gain power, protests arose from the Polish workers, leading to Polish
independence and the first elected Polish president.
Of the two sources evaluated, one was primary and one was secondary. Both looked at for origin,
purpose, values, and limitations. In the primary source: This newspaper article was originally
written in Warsaw, Poland, and then transferred over to New York, and then published in the New
York Times. It was ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Soviet Union was probably not happy about this piece because it was basically telling them to
get out! The author is taking the Polish people 's point of view. By knowing this, it probably shows
that he/she lives in Poland, and doesn 't like/agree with how the Soviet Union is running the Polish
people/government. This article is biased towards the Polish people, and against the Soviet Union.
This article leaves out many years of history that came before it. It cannot be known how long the
Soviet Union has been in Poland. Have they done any good/bad for the government? One could
verify the content in this piece by going to a New York Times archive and looking up the Newspaper
for Wednesday, October 9, 1991 and then looking for page A8 then go all the way to the bottom of
the right side and look for the article title: 'Soviet Union Agrees to Pull Out of Poland '. In the
secondary source: ABC Clio Solutions created this website. This document exists to inform people
about Lech Walesa, the first Polish President. The intended audience is students and educators
around the world. One can tell, the author has done a good amount of research to write all that they
know about Lech Walesa. The author doesn 't have a particular side in this piece of writing. This
piece is biased towards what he felt during his
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63. Cold War And Communism Essay
The collapse of both the Soviet Union and socialism was a ceremony, yet to others, it was a failure.
To the everyday people who wanted rights to express, to live their life independent, and to vote, this
was a great accomplishment. To the individuals who were with the power, who did not oppose to
such policies, they remained oppressed by so a fall, especially communist bureaucrats. This large
fall was the origin of the ending of the Cold War. That was an ending to multiple catastrophic
incidents that got a point during, before, and later the Cold War. There are many cases to why the
Soviet Union and socialism in East Europe fell. The three top reasons were, the first being the
Soviet's economic decline from military spending, another being Gorbachev's perestroika and
glasnost methods, and the three being some neighboring nations of the Soviet Union were quickly
facing socialism and taking fighting against their regime. All these matters slowly and eventually led
to the crumbling of the Soviet Union and socialism in Eastern Europe. The Cold War began as
tension arose due to the political competence of communism versus democracy during the post–war
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These objectives changed the lives of many people. The lives of many Eastern Europeans was never
pleasant during the Cold War, for it was regulated and restricted by communists who were fixed on
developing such a system throughout the world. The Soviet Union needed to reach an extent
wherever they were the only leaders and always in control. It is maybe due to this wish and wants
that their policies and system, in the end, are lost. The Soviet's economic decline due to military
spending, Gorbachev's perestroika and glasnost management, and the quick opposing of surrounding
nations of the Soviet Union toward their government were the primary causes of the death of
communism in Eastern Europe and the dissolving of the Soviet
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65. Fall Of Communism Essay
v The fall of communism in Poland also inspired the fall of communism throughout Eastern Europe
in 1989, in a period sometimes referred to as the "Autumn of Nations" (a play on the Springtime of
Nations used to describe the 1848 revolutions). Lech Walesa stated in an interview that he and the
Poles "lost many battles along the way, but [they] peacefully won the war" (qtd. in Morris). A
similar, drawn–out process to defeat communism occurred in other Eastern Bloc countries around
this time. Pope John Paul II once said the following: "Freedom is not just something to have and to
use, it is something to be fought for. One must use freedom to build with it personal life as well as
the life of the nation" (qtd. in Walesa). Other nations in Eastern Europe followed this path, similar to
Poland's, of fighting for freedom (Walesa). ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In Bulgaria and Romania, center–right parties became active on the political scene while reformed
communists came into power ("Fall of Communism"). Remarkably, only the events in Romania
turned violent ("Fall of Communism"). Ten months after reforms began in Hungary, Hungary
adopted a new constitution which allowed a multi–party system as well as competition free elections
("Fall of Communism"). Additionally, the Berlin Wall came down in 1989 ("Fall of Communism").
Furthermore, the once–untouchable Soviet Union fell largely as a result of the collapse of its
supporting communist nations. When Gorbachev decided to allow multi–party elections and create a
Soviet presidency in 1990, the Soviet Union was slowly democratized until the Communist control
destabilized and led to the collapse of the Soviet Union ("The Collapse of the Soviet
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67. Communism And Marxist Ideologies And The Soviet Union
After World War II the Soviet Union led by Stalin maintained a strong presence and influence in
Central and Eastern Europe, specifically, Poland through the communist Polish United Workers'
Party (PZPR). In this paper I aim to address the reason why communism and Marxist ideologies
were unsuccessfully received in post war Poland. I will be arguing *that Marxism was made into a
tool of oppression by the Soviet Union, and therefore became illegitimate in itself. I intend on
arguing this theory by investigating the goal of the Soviet Union. In addition to this I will
identifying instances where the Soviets and communist puppet parties in Poland had strayed from
traditional Marxist ideologies. Finally I will recognize the opposition groups and parties that had
formed against the Soviet oppression and instillment of inequality. I will be focusing my paper
around analysis of traditional Marxist ideologies in comparison with post–war Stalinist ideologies
which claimed to embody Marxist ideals through their implication within the Soviet Union. By
doing this I intend on proving to the reader that Soviet Marxism was a tool of oppression and
inequality in eastern and central Europe. The Soviet Union post World War II intended on expanding
their political power via communism under a guise of spreading Marxist thought; thus transforming
Marxist ideology into "a tool of Soviet domination in Poland" (Aleksandrowicz, 101). They did this
through the Polish United Workers' Party (PZPR) a
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69. The Polish Solidarity Party
Everyone has certain rights and with those rights come certain responsibilities which one
must fulfill in order to preserve his or her rights. Those involved in the Polish Solidarity
Party, which began as an independent labor union, had rights which they satisfied in order to
protect their rights and in doing so, they created a new and improved Poland. Previous to the
formation of the Solidarity Party, the Communist regime controlled Poland. Communism, based
on the ideas and teachings of Karl Marx, is a system in which everyone is seen as equal and
wealth is distributed equally among the people. The Cold War brought Communism, which was
wide–spread in Eastern Europe throughout the 20th century despite several attempts by ... Show
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After some time
and after Wojtyła's hard work, the Communists issued a permit to allow a church; four years
later, they withdrew the permit. Despite the Communists, Wojtyła consecrated the church in
1977, one year prior to him becoming the Pope. Pope John Paul II had the right, as did the
citizens of Poland, to change Poland to what he believed was best for the people and took
responsibility for his actions and in doing so, he aided Poland in becoming a free and better
country. Ronald Reagan, the 40th president of the United States of America, also had a great
impact on Poland in the Communist era. President Reagan made it known that America stood
with the Polish people and Lech Walesa. "Reagan imposed economic sanctions on the Polish
communist regime". In a letter to Pope John Paul II, Ronald Reagan wrote:

70. We call upon all free people to join in urging the Government of Poland to reestablish conditions
that will make constructive negotiations and compromise possible. Certainly, it will be impossible
for us to continue trying to help Poland solve its economic problems while martial law is imposed
on the people of Poland, thousands are imprisoned, and the legal rights of free trade unions –
previously granted by the government – are now denied... Our nation was born in resistance to
arbitrary power and has been repeatedly enriched by immigrants
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72. The Revolutionary Change Of Eastern Europe
The revolutionary change of Eastern Europe as a result of the Work of Mikhail Gorbachev
Jakub Stopa
History 349–01
12/4/2015
Throughout years of self proclaimed domination spanning from the time after the second world war,
The Soviet Union entered the final stage of its' existence after the election of Mikhail Gorbachev as
General Secretary of the Communist Party in 1985. The election of the new Soviet leader would be
the catalyst for change not only in the crumbling Soviet Union, but also in the rest of rebellious
Eastern Europe. It was the beginning of a new era and there was no more glorious revolution that
occurred under Lenin or harsh dictatorship that was harbored by Stalin. Mikhail Gorbachev ... Show
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This attitude showed as Gorbachev rose through the ranks of the Politburo about 25 years younger
than most of the other politicians. He was vibrant, young, personable and always smiling which
resembled characteristics of a western politician. In light of this Gorbachev still believed he was the
savior for the country and the communist system that he still believed in. According to Victor
Sebestyen, "Mikhail Gorbachev was a communist through and through. He did not seem then like
the man who would do more than anybody else to destroy communism", signifying that Gorbachev
was not distancing himself from the communist label that was bestowed upon the Soviet Union.
Simply put, Gorbachev wanted to challenge the interpretation of communism as a system because
he believed that the state of the Soviet Union did not reflect a true communist state in accordance
with Marx, which would inturn have an affect on Soviet relations with the west. The internal matters
of the Soviet Union have always played a large part in the way the Soviet government approached
foreign relations. For example, the dwindling Soviet economy created a problem for the Soviet
bureaucracy when it came to the governing of states like Poland, Czechoslovakia and Hungary who
were indirectly part of the empire. Although there were many causes for the decline of the Soviet
Economy, foreign relations with other states within the Warsaw Pact proved to be a significant
cause. The expansionist policies put in place
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74. How Did The French Revolution Influence American Government
Greece (508 BC)
The Greeks developed a system of government based on the idea of "rule by the people". The origin
of the word "democracy" came from the Greek words "demos" (people) and "kratein" (rule).
Discussions were held in public gatherings and decisions were made by consensus. Consensus was
possible due to the limited numbers involved. All male citizens were able to vote; women, slaves,
and foreigners were excluded from the democratic process.
England (1215)
King John of England was forced into signing the Magna Carta. This charter greatly reduced the
power he held as King of England. By signing this document, he agreed to govern England and deal
with its people according to the old English laws; therefore, ensured that King John will ... Show
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The Parliament of 1295 was nothing like today. The Model Parliament, widely known as the first
representative parliament, included clergy, representatives of boroughs and counties. Edward I was
the first king to call a parliament.
US (1787)
On September 17, 1787, the U.S. Constitution was signed by delegates to the Constitutional
Convention in Philadelphia. It established America's national government and guaranteed certain
rights for its citizens. Still, women and slaves were denied the right to vote.
France (1789–99)
The French Revolution had great impacts on France's government and society. The revolution
introduced democratic ideals to France. King Louis XVI lost power and was later executed. During
this time, the French government had evolved from an absolute monarchy to a republic. This new
form of government was based on the rights of the people.
Finland (1906)
Finland was the world's first nation to grant full female suffrage. Women gained the right to vote and
to stand for election.
India (1947)
Indian independence brought about great changes in the government of India. With the end of
British Empire, India later became a republic and the largest democracy in the

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77. Analysis Of The Cold War : A New History By John Lewis Gaddis
Review of The Cold War: A New History by John Lewis Gaddis The Cold War: A New History
written by John Lewis Gaddis (a professor at Yale University who wrote other books such as The
United States and the Origins of the Cold War and Strategies of Containment: A Critical Appraisal
of Postwar American National Security) delivers a summarized, yet skewed interpretation of what
had happened during the era known as the Cold War. Throughout the book, the author attempts to
provide history of the Cold War, while adding in generalizations, incomplete facts, as well as flat out
bias. Most believe Gaddis' book is well–written; getting positive reviews from popular writers,
Time, The Washington Post, The Boston Globe, and even Henry Kissinger. Whilst there are positive
aspects of the book–including how some descriptions of what happened are accurate and make it
effective–there are still negative views and the just reason being the fact that bias exists in the book.
Gaddis seems to show bias by evidently leaving out information which would make the US or
certain american figures (Woodrow Wilson) look bad, as well as idolize them. An example of this
goes back when the author was comparing Wilson with Lenin–showing clear favoritism towards
Wilson by saying that socialism depended on fear, while capitalism "had no need to do so. Therein
lay the basic ideological asymmetry of the Cold War."(Gaddis 98). This is basically stating that
capitalism was "good", as well as leaving out the
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79. Hitler 's Foreign Aims For The World War II Essay
Hitler's foreign aims were to have all German nationalists united under one nation. To get rid of the
Treaty of Versailles, executed after the first world war after they lost, which forced Germany to pay
large reparations. Finally, to take over countries to the east of Germany for Lebensraum, or living
space for the Aryan race.
Hitler's conquest ambitions did not stop at the Germany of the 1914. In addition, his conquest
ambitions expanded to conquering both the Eastern and the Western Europe.
Hitler's stages of expansion started in 1935 when Hitler formally went against the Treaty of
Versailles. This allowed him to increase his military with the goal of having an army of 500,000
men. In 1936 he moved his army into Rhineland effectively taking it over. Subsequently, Hitler
established a pact with Japan and then Japan and Italy made an alliance which helped Germany with
their plans for expansion. In 1938 Hitler invaded Austria and took over Vienna. Hitler then occupied
Czechoslovakia. Finally, on September 1, 1939, Germany attacked Poland, which led to France and
Britain declaring war on Germany on September 2nd.
After World War II, Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin agreed to divide Germany. This division
allowed Russia to refuse to give Eastern Europe free elections. The newly appointed U.S. President,
Harry Truman, demanded that Stalin allow free elections, but his refusal led Truman to stop aiding
the Soviet Union, which started the Cold War between the
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