Iron Deficiency Anemia And Classification of Anaemia

Ritika545690 495 views 27 slides Mar 16, 2024
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About This Presentation

Classification of Anaemia
Etiology, clinical features and Laboratory diagnosis of Iron deficiency anaemia


Slide Content

P R E S E N T E D B Y : R I T I KA B A J R A C HARYA

C O N T E NT I N T R O D U C T I O N C L A S S I F I C A T ION O F A N E M I A I R O N D E F I CIENCY A N E MIA R E G U L A T I O N O F I R O N ABSORPTION I R O N B A L A NCE P A T H O P H Y S I O L O G Y E T I O LOGY C L I N I C A L F E A T U R E S L A B O RATORY FINDINGS D I F F E R E N T I A L DIAGNOSIS OF HYPOCHROMIC A N E MIA S U M M A R Y R E F E R ENCE

I N T R O D U C T I O N A n e m i a i s d e f i n e d a s q u a l i t a t i v e o r quantitative d i m i n u t i on o f R B C a n d / o r h a e m o g l o bin c o n c e ntration i n r e l a t i o n t o s t a n d a r d a g e a n d s e x , c l i n i c a l l y m a n i f e s t e d b y p a l l o r . A n e m i a r e f e r s t o a s t a t e i n w h i c h t h e l e v e l o f h a e m o globin i n t h e b l o o d / h e m a t o c r i t i s b e l o w t h e r e f e r e nce r a n g e a p p r o p r iate f o r a g e a n d s e x .

E T I O L O G I CAL C L A S S I F I C A T ION A . B l o o d L o s s : A c u t e : T r a u m a C h r o n i c : G I l e s i o n , g y n a e c o l o g i c a l d i s t u r b a n c e s B . I n c r e a s e d D e s t r u c tion ( H e m o l ytic a n e m i a ) : 1 . I n t r i n s i c a b n o r m a l i ties ( I n t r a c o r p u s c u l a r ) H e r e d i t ary M e m b r a n e a b n o rmalities : - M e m b r a n e s k e l e t on p r o t ein s : s p h e r o c y tosis , e l l i p t i c y t o s i s

- M e m b r a ne l i p i d s : a b e t a l i p o p r o t i n e m i a R e d c e l l e n z y me d e f i c i ency : G 6 P D , P y r u v a t e k i n a s e , H e x o k i nase H b s y n t h e sis d i s o r ders A c q u i red m e m b r a ne d e f e c t : p a r a o x y s m a l n o c t u r nal h e m o g l o b i n u ria 2 . E x t r i n s i c a b n o r malities ( E x t r a c o r p u s c u l a r ) : A n t i b o d y m e d i a ted : I s o h e m a g g l u t i n i n s : t r a n s f u sion r e action s , e r y t h r o b l a s t o s i s f e t a l i s M e c h a n i c a l t r a u m a I n f e c t ion : M a l a r i a , H o o k w o rm C h e m i cal i n j u ry : L e a d p o i s o n i ng S p l e n o megaly

C . I m p a i r ed R e d C e l l P r o duction : S t e m c e l l d e f e c t s ( p r o l i feration a n d d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n ) : A p l a s t i c a n e m i a , p u r e r e d c e l l a p l a s i a D i s t u r b e d p r o l i feration a n d m a t u r a t ion o f e r y t h r o b l a s t - D e f e c t i v e D N A s y nthesis : V i t B 1 2 / f o l i c a c i d d e f i c i ency ( m e g a l o b l a s t ic a n e m i a ) - D e f e c t ive h e m o globin s y n t h esis : D e f e c t ive h e m e s y n t h e sis ( I r o n d e f i ciency a n e m i a ) , d e f e c t ive g l o b i n synthesis ( t h a l a s s emia ) U n k n o wn o r m u l tiple m e c h a n i s m s : s i d e r o b l a s t i c a n e m i a , a n e m i a o f c h r o n i c i n f e c t ion a n d m y e l o p h t h i s i c a n e m i a s d u e t o m a r r o w i n f i l t r a t i o n s o f t u m o r s .

M O R P H O L O G I C A L C L A S S I F I C A T I O N

I R O N D E F I C IENCY A N E M I A A n a n e m i a w i t h i n c r e a s e d r e d c e l l p r o duction a n d a n M C V < 8 f l c h a r a c t e r i z e d b y h y p o c h r o m i c c e l l s a n d l o w l e v e l s o f s t o r e d i r o n i n t h e b o d y . M o s t c o m m o n n u t r i tional d i s o r der i n t h e w o r l d .

R E G U L A T I O N O F I R O N A B S ORPTION

I R O N B A L A N C E N o r m a l i r o n c o n t ent o f t h e b o d y - 3 - 4 g ( H b , m y o g l o b i n , c y t o c h r ome s ) I r o n i s b e s t a b s o r b a s f e r r o u s ( F e 2 ) f o r m i n t h e d u o denum , a n d t o a s m a l l e r e x t e n t i n j e j u n u m . D a i l y r e c o m m ended a l l o w a n c e : A d u l t m a l e / p o s t - m e n o p ausal f e m a l e s : 8 m g M e n s t r u a t i n g f e m a l e : 1 8 m g

I r o n s o u r c e s : H e m e i r o n ( 2 - 3 t i m e s a b s o r b a ble ) : m e a t , f i s h a n d p o u l t ry N o n - h e m e i r o n : vegetable , f r u i t s , d r i e d b e a n s , n u t s , g r a i n p r o d u cts a n d d a i r y s u p p l ement s G a s t r i c a c i d / a s c o r bic acid i n c r e a s e s n o n - h e m e i r o n a b s o rption w h e r e a s p h y t a t e s ( i n b r a i n ) , t a n n i n s ( i n t e a ) , c a l c i um ( i n d a i r y p r oducts ) f o r m s i n s o l u ble c o m p l e x e s .

P A T H O P H Y SIOLOGY I n i t i a l s t a g e ( S t o r a g e i r o n d e p l e t i o n ) : I r o n s t o r e s r e d u c e d w i t h o ut r e d u c i n g s e r u m i r o n l e v e l s a n d c a n b e a c c e s s e d w i t h s e r u m f e r r i t i n m e a s u r e m ent . I r o n s t o r e s c a n b e d e p l e ted w i t h o ut c a u s ing a n e m ia ( O n c e i r o n s t o r e s a r e d e p l e ted , t h e r e s t i l l i s a d e q u ate i r o n f r o m d a i l y R B C t u r n o v e r f o r H b s y n t hesis )

S e c o n d s t a g e ( I r o n d e f i c ient e r y t h r o p o iesis ) : I r o n d e f i ciency o c c u r s , H b f a l l s j u s t a b o v e t h e l o w e r l i m i t n o r m a l . T h i r d s t a g e ( F r a n k i r o n d e f i ciency a n e m i a ) : C o n s i d e r e d a s I D A a n d o c c u r s b e c a u s e o f H b f a l l s t o l e s s t h a n n o r mal v a l u es .

S t a g e s o f d e velopment of i r o n d e f i ciency a n e m i a

E T I O LOGY I n c r eased d e m a n d for i r o n o r h ematopoiesis : Rapid g r o wth i n i n f a n c y a n d p u b e r t y P r e g nancy L a c t a tion E r y t h r o p o i e t i n t h e r a py 2.Increas e d i r o n l o s s : C h r o n ic b l o o d l o s s E g . O c c u l t g a s t r i c o r c o l o r e c t a l m a l i g n a n c y , p e p t i c u l c e r a t i o n , I B D , p o l y p s , Hookworm i n f e s tation A c u t e b l o o d l o s s Eg . t r a u m a , m e n s t r ual b l o o d l o s s P h l e b o tomy f o r t h e t r e a t m ent o f p o l y c y themia v e r a

3 . D e c r e a sed i r o n i n t a k e o r a b s o r ption : I n a d e quate d i e t M a l a b s o rption f r o m t h e d i s e a s e : c e l i a c d i s e a s e , t r o p ical s p r u e , Crohn's d i s e a s e M a l a b s orption from s u r gery : p o s t g a s t r e c tomy A c u t e o r c h r o n i c i n f l a m m ation H i g h l e v e l i n h i b i tor s ( p h y l a t e s o r P P I s )

C L I N I CAL F E ATURES S y m p toms : F a t i gue H e a d a c h e s B r eathless n e s s F a i n t n e s s A n g i n a I n t e r m i ttent c l a u dication P a l p i tations R e d u c ed e x ercise c a p a city

S i g n s : P a l l o r T a c h ycardia S y s t o lic f l o w m u r m u r C a r d i a c f a i l u re R a r e l y p a p i l l o e d ema a n d r e t i n a l h a e m o r r hage s a f t e r a n a c u t e b l e e d ( c a n b e a c c o m p anied b y b l i n d n ess )

F E A T URES O F I R O N DEFICIENCY C h e i l o s is : F e a t u res a t c o r n e r o f m o uth B r i t t le n a i l s K o i l o nychia G l o s s i tis

P l u m m e r V i n s o n S yndrome ( P a t e r s o n - k e l l y ) : C h r o n i c i r o n d e f i c iency a n e m i a + G l o s s i tis + D y s p h a g ia B r i t t le h air P i c a

L ABORATORY F I N D I NGS 1 . P e r i p h e ral b l o o d s m e a r : H e m a t o l o g i c I n d i c e s N o r mal R a n g e I D A H b 7 - 1 6 g / L L o w M e a n c o r p u scular v o l ume ( M C V ) 7 5 - 9 5 f l . Low M e a n c o r p u s c u l ar h e moglobin ( M C H ) 2 4 - 3 p g L o w H e m a t ocrit 0.320-0.47 L/L L o w M e a n corpuscular hemoglobin c o n c e n tration ( M C H C ) 2 9 - 3 7 g / L L o w R e d c e l l d i s t r i b ution w i d t h ( R D W ) 1 1 - 1 5 % H i g h ( e a r l y )

R e d c e l l s : H y p o c h romic , M i c r o c y tic ( i n c r e a s e d c e n t r a l p a l l o r ) A n i s o c y tosis a n d p o i k i l o c y t osis T a r g e t c e l l s , e l l i p tical f o r m s a n d p o l y c h r omatic c e l l s p r e s e n t . R e t i c u l o c yte : N o r m a l o r d e c r e a se d , b u t i n c r e a s e d a f t e r h a e m o rrhag e . P l a t e l ets : n o r m a l b u t d e c r e a s e d a f t e r b l e e d ing

I R ON P R O F I LE ( B I O C H EM I CAL F I N D ING S )

B O N E M ARROW F I N D I NGS D o n e o n l y i n c o m p l i cated c a s e s M a r r o w c e l l u l a r ity : I n c r e ased M y e l o i d : e r y t h r o i d r a t i o d e c r e a s e d E r y t h r o p o i e sis : n o r m o b l a s t i c w i t h m a i n l y s m a l l p o l y c h r omatic n o r m o b l a s t M e g a k a r y o c y t i c c e l l s , Myeloid , l y m p h o i d c e l l s : n o r m a l M a r r o w i r o n : d e c r e ase

D I F F E R E N T I A L D I A G N O SIS OF H Y P O C H R OMIC A N E M I A

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R E F E RENCE N . B e c k : D i a g n o s t ic H e m a t o l o g y ( 2 9 ) , S p r i n g e r S c i ence a n d B u s i n e ss M e d i a , L o n d o n . F . F i r k i n , C . C h e s t e r m a n , D . P e n i n g t o n a n d B . R u s h : d e G r u c h y ' s C l i n i c a l H e m a t o l o g y i n M e d i c a l P r a c tice ( 5 t h E d ) 1 9 8 9 , O x f o rd U n i versity P r e s s , D e l h i V i n a y K u m a r , A b u l K . A b b a s , J o n C . A s t e r : R o b b i ns B a s i c P a t h o logy ( 9 E d ) 2 1 3 , E l s e v i e r I n c . , I n d i a .