iron metal

its about iron metal used in architect used and its advantage and disadvantage ,fire proofing floor, samples, history and discovery of iron metal from earth crust,introduction, physical properties and chemical proerties.

1. IRON METAL

2. HISTORY AND DISCOVERY Iron is one of the elements undoubtedly known to the ancient world Beads made from meteoric iron in 3500 BC or earlier were found in Gerzah, Egypt by G.A. Wainwright. The beads contain 7.5% nickel, which is a signature of meteoric origin since iron found in the Earth's crust generally has only minuscule nickel impurities. Meteoric iron was highly regarded due to its origin in the heavens and was often used to forge weapons and tools.  Egyptians date from 3000 to 2500 BC.Meteoritic iron is comparably soft and ductile and easily forged by cold working but may get brittle when heated because of the nickel content. The first iron production started in the Middle Bronze Age but it took several centuries before iron displaced bronze.

3. Iron metal has been used since ancient times, although copper alloys, which have lower melting temperatures, were used even earlier in human history. Pure iron is relatively soft, but is unobtainable by smelting because it is significantly hardened and strengthened by impurities, in particular carbon, from the smelting process.  Iron plays an important role in biology, forming complexes with molecular oxygen in hemoglobin and myoglobin; these two compounds are common oxygen-handling proteins in vertebrates (hemoglobin for oxygen transport, and myoglobin for oxygen storage).  Total iron content of the adult human body is approximately 3.8 grams in males and 2.3 grams in females.   Crude iron metal is produced in blast furnaces, where ore is reduced by coke to pig iron, which has a high carbon content. Further refinement with oxygen reduces the carbon content to the correct proportion to make steel. Crude iron metal is produced in blast furnaces, where ore is reduced by coke to pig iron, which has a high carbon content.

4. Iron( Fe ) is the second most common metal on Earth, and the most widely-used metal. It is element26, a transition metal in Group 8. Its symbol is Fe, from the Latin word for iron , ferrum. Atomic number: 26 Mass number:55.85 It is used a lot because it is very strong and cheap. Iron is the main ingredient used to make steel. INT R ODU C TI O N

5. MANUFACTURE PROCESS STEP 1 :- Charging the blast furnace STEP 2 :- Separating the iron from the slag STEP 3 :- Treating the gases STEP 4 :- Quality Control STEP 5 :- Byproducts/Waste

6. • Iron is a lustrous, ductile, malleable, silver-gray metal. • It is known to exist in four distinct crystalline forms. • Iron rusts in damp air, but not in dry air and dissolves readily in dilute acids. • It has a very high tensile strength. • Boiling point : 3000 °C(5,400 °F) • Melting point : 1,536 °C (2,797 °F) PH Y SICAL P R OPE R T I E S O F I R ON

7. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES Material Fe C Mn S P Si Pig iron 91–94 3.5–4.5 0.5–2.5 0.018–0.1 0.03–0.1 0.25–3.5 C a rb o n steel 98.1–99.5 0.07–1.3 0.3–1.0 0.02–0.06 0.002–0.1 0.005–0.5 Wrought iron 99–99.8 0.05–0.25 0.01–0.1 0.02–0.1 0.05–0.2 0.02–0.2 Grey Cast Iron rem a i n de r 2.5-3.4 0.5-0.8 0.06-0.12 0.1-0.9 1.8-2.5 Malleable Iron remainde r 2.2-2.8 0.25-0.6 0.05 <0.18 0.8-1.5

8. A R CHIT E C TU R AL U S E S Its use gradually spread from architectural elements like shutter and door frames to facades because it is relatively inexpensive, durable & easily cast into a variety of shapes. As ba l u s t e r s , c o l um n s & A r c h e s F o r t r an s port i n g w a t e r , s t orm d r ai n s a n d se w a g e. Or n a t e f a c ad es. Colu m ns Spandrel pan e ls

9. F i r e p r oo f f loo r- mid 19 t h c e n tu r y Cast iron is strong in compression weak in bending. Wrought iron High in elasticity and tensile strength.

10. C a st i r on beams Thin webs could easily crack. Sharp angles where web joins flanges were also vulner a ble. This is slightly thicker web and rounded internal angles, which is less prone to cr a ck i ng during c a sting.

11. Des ig n made o n c o lumn G at e des ig n De c o r a ti v e p i e c es Arch e s in bridge U s e of c a st iron in fac a de

12. In f en c ing In main e n t r ance g a t es In r ai l in g s As ba l u s t e r s U S E S Used for rivets, chains, ornamental iron work, railway couplings, bridges, water and steam pipes. R oof i n g s h e e ts, c or r u g a t ed s h ee t s. It is manufactured for bolts and nuts, horse shoe bars, handrails, straps for timer roof trusses, boiler tubes, roofing sheets, etc.

13. A d vantages th e y don ' t e c ho when w a t er m oves through good l a sting qua l i t i e s.. Disa d vantages heavy weight, consequent high tr a nsport costs, short l e ngth, l e ad i ng to higher la y ing and joint i ng cost, low t e nsile streng t h, liability to d ef e ct of inner s urface

14. Advantages Ductile iron pipe is made from 100% recycled ferritic scrap—and is itself a 100% recyclable material. . Ductile iron saves money. It requires very little maintenance once it’s installed . It is resistant to corrosion in most soils, and typically requires only effective, economical polyethylene It is strong enough to withstand the most severe conditions, Ductile iron pipe is rugged and resists damage during handling and installation Disadvantages Similar rate of corrosion to grey iron and steel Prone to external and internal corrosion Internal and external protection systems required Polyethylene wrappings can be damaged

15. 8 I r on Ore Blast Furnace Pig I r on Smelted, Hammered, Re- heated, Rolled S m e l t e d ( s e p a r a te the m e t a llic c onstitu e nt) , Allo y ed, Rol l ed W r o ught I r o n C ast I r on M i ld I r o n (S t ee l ) Re- melted, Poured into sand molds

16. C O M P ARIS O N BE TWEE N W R OUGH T I R O N ,CA S T I R ON & S TE EL Wrought iron Cast Iron Steel Composition Purest Contains up to 0.25% C Crude form containing 2-4% C Midway Melting point 1500 degree Celsius 1200 degree Celsius 1300-1400 degree Celsius Hardness Cannot be hardened or tempered Hard, hardened by heating & sudden cooling Can be hardened & tempered Strength compressive strength is 2.0 tonnes/sq cm ultimate tensile strength 3.15 tonnes/sq cm Comp. strength 6.3- 7.1 tonnes/sq cm Ultimate tensile strength 1.26 to 1.57tonnes/sq cm. Comp strength 4.75 -25.2 tonnes/ sq cm Ultimate tensile strength is 5.51 to 11.02 t / sq m

17. Wrought iron Cast Iron Steel Malleability Ductility Tough, malleable, ductile & moderately elastic Brittle & cannot be welded or rolled into sheets Tough, malleable & Ductile Reaction to sudden shock Cannot stand heavy shocks Does not absorb shocks Absorbs shocks Welding Easily welded Brittle and cannot be welded or rolled into sheets Can be welded

18. PIPES C h a ins WIRE R IVET Nail EXTER N AL USE

19. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES Material Tensile Str e n g th (MPa) El o n g atio n % H a rdnes s (HB) Yield strengt h (MPa) Po i s s o n ’ s Ratio Young’s Mo d u l us (GPa) C a rb o n steel 295 30 49 (RB) 165 0.303 200 W ro u g h t iron 234–372 159–221 0.278 193 Grey Cast Iron 276 1 180-302 0.211 60,000 psi Ma l l e a b le Iron 586 20 217-269 483 0.271 172

20. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES Tensile Strength: maximum load that a material can support without fracture when being stretched, divided by the original cross- sectional area of the material. Yield Point: stress at which material yields & begins to deform plastically. Poisson’s Ratio: The absolute value of the ratio of the lateral to longitudinal strains

21. While production of pig iron has been fluctuating over the years… …Production of finished steel has been growing steadily Production of Finished Steel India is the fifth largest producer of crude steel Top producers of Crude Steel in 2008 Growth in manufacturing and infrastructure is fuelling demand for steel products, thereby driving growth in the sector

22. BY, KARTAVYA VAIDYA , HITANSHU SUTHAR , JAINISH PATEL THANK YOU