irrigation methods.ppt
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Feb 21, 2023
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About This Presentation
irrigation
Slide Content
IRRIGATION METHODS
WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING
WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING
Irrigation system
Following are two systems of Irrigation:
1. Gravity or Flow irrigation.
2. Lift Irrigation.
•1. Gravity or Flow irrigation: In this system of
irrigation the water available at higher level is
conveyed to the agricultural land at lower level by
means of gravity.
•It can be further classified into the two types:
(i) Perennial irrigation and
(ii) Inundation irrigation.
Following are two systems of Irrigation:
1. Gravity or Flow irrigation.
2. Lift Irrigation.
•1. Gravity or Flow irrigation: In this system of
irrigation the water available at higher level is
conveyed to the agricultural land at lower level by
means of gravity.
•It can be further classified into the two types:
(i) Perennial irrigation and
(ii) Inundation irrigation.
(i) Perennial irrigation
•(i) Perennial irrigation: In which definite quantity
of water supplied continuously to the field as per
requirement of crops. In this this system it is
possible to rise the perennial crops like sugarcane
which requires water throughout the year. All
important irrigation system are perennial irrigation
systems. It is the most commonly used irrigation
system. The perennial irrigation is sub classified as;
(a) Indirect or storage irrigation (Tank or Dam
irrigation).
(b) Direct irrigation.
•(i) Perennial irrigation: In which definite quantity
of water supplied continuously to the field as per
requirement of crops. In this this system it is
possible to rise the perennial crops like sugarcane
which requires water throughout the year. All
important irrigation system are perennial irrigation
systems. It is the most commonly used irrigation
system. The perennial irrigation is sub classified as;
(a) Indirect or storage irrigation (Tank or Dam
irrigation).
(b) Direct irrigation.
Indirect irrigation and Direct irrigation.
•Indirect or storage irrigation (Tank or Dam
irrigation):In this system water is impounded
in reservoir constructed across a valley and
impounded water is applied to the agricultural
land in accordance with the crop requirement
through a network of canals.
•Direct irrigation: Here the water from the
perennial river of stream is diverted to the
canal by means of weir or barrage and
conveyed to the agriculture land through a
network of canals.
irrigation):In this system water is impounded
in reservoir constructed across a valley and
impounded water is applied to the agricultural
land in accordance with the crop requirement
through a network of canals.
•Direct irrigation: Here the water from the
perennial river of stream is diverted to the
canal by means of weir or barrage and
conveyed to the agriculture land through a
network of canals.
Inundation or flood irrigation
•In this system of irrigation the flood water from
a river is diverted to the culturableland by
means of a canal. As the flood water contains
rich alluvial soil or silt, the fertility of land
increases and thus become an advantage to
the cultivators.
•This is possible during the flood season. So, this
system of irrigation depends completely on the
water level of the river. As there is no regulator
at the at the head of the canal, over irrigation
is possible resulting in damaging the crops.
•In this system of irrigation the flood water from
a river is diverted to the culturableland by
means of a canal. As the flood water contains
rich alluvial soil or silt, the fertility of land
increases and thus become an advantage to
the cultivators.
•This is possible during the flood season. So, this
system of irrigation depends completely on the
water level of the river. As there is no regulator
at the at the head of the canal, over irrigation
is possible resulting in damaging the crops.
Advantages
•The cost of inundation canal is less.
•As the water supplied by inundation canals
contains silt and fine sand, it helps to
improves the fertility of the soil of the
agriculture fields.
•Since inundation canal cannot supply water
throughout year, the problem of water logging
usually does not arise.
•The cost of inundation canal is less.
•As the water supplied by inundation canals
contains silt and fine sand, it helps to
improves the fertility of the soil of the
agriculture fields.
•Since inundation canal cannot supply water
throughout year, the problem of water logging
usually does not arise.
Disadvantages
•The water supply available from this system is
variable and reliable.
•Silting of the canal is most common trouble.
•As there are no head works the off-take point or
the head of the canal are liable to be damaged
during floods.
•These canals will have to be of large size to supply
the requirement of water within a limited time.
•The supply in these canals being only during the
floods, the supply is not regular which may cause
dissatisfaction among the farmers.
•Duty of water achieved for the inundation system
very low.
•The water supply available from this system is
variable and reliable.
•Silting of the canal is most common trouble.
•As there are no head works the off-take point or
the head of the canal are liable to be damaged
during floods.
•These canals will have to be of large size to supply
the requirement of water within a limited time.
•The supply in these canals being only during the
floods, the supply is not regular which may cause
dissatisfaction among the farmers.
•Duty of water achieved for the inundation system
very low.
2. Lift Irrigation
•When available water is at lower level than
the agricultural land, the water has to be lifted
by pumps and other lifting device and thus
the method of irrigation is called lift irrigation.
•Ex: (a) Water lifted from underground sources.
Such as open well and tube wells.
(b) water is lifted from river (which is at lower
level) to higher level of land.
•When available water is at lower level than
the agricultural land, the water has to be lifted
by pumps and other lifting device and thus
the method of irrigation is called lift irrigation.
•Ex: (a) Water lifted from underground sources.
Such as open well and tube wells.
(b) water is lifted from river (which is at lower
level) to higher level of land.
Lifting of water
from River
from River
Advantages
1. Well can be supply water whenever needed for irrigation purposes.
2. The wells are helpful in reducing the level of water table thus
minimizing the chances of water logging.
3. The well supply water directly to the field, thus reducing losses.
4. The wells gives more duty of water.
5. The cost of well irrigation project is less when compare to canal
irrigation which requires construction of many hydraulic structures like
dams or weir, etc.
6. Because of assured supply of water two or three crops can be grown in
a same field in a year.
7. Maintenance cost in flow irrigation is higher than lift irrigation.
8. Water of lift irrigation is cooler in hot season and warmer in cold season
which is favourable for growth of crops.
9. Loss of valuable land is higher in flow irrigation than lift irrigation as
flow irrigation covers a large area in canal network and reservoir area.
1. Well can be supply water whenever needed for irrigation purposes.
2. The wells are helpful in reducing the level of water table thus
minimizing the chances of water logging.
3. The well supply water directly to the field, thus reducing losses.
4. The wells gives more duty of water.
5. The cost of well irrigation project is less when compare to canal
irrigation which requires construction of many hydraulic structures like
dams or weir, etc.
6. Because of assured supply of water two or three crops can be grown in
a same field in a year.
7. Maintenance cost in flow irrigation is higher than lift irrigation.
8. Water of lift irrigation is cooler in hot season and warmer in cold season
which is favourable for growth of crops.
9. Loss of valuable land is higher in flow irrigation than lift irrigation as
flow irrigation covers a large area in canal network and reservoir area.
Disadvantages
•Water has to be lifted from well, this requires the use of
power. Thus, the well irrigation is depending on the
availability and efficient working of machines.
•In dry or winter season, water tables falls considerably
below the suction head, hence pump may fail to lift water
from the underground. But in flow irrigation of perennial
type or with stored reservoir, water is available all the
season of years.
•The quantity of water in case of lift irrigation depends
upon the ground water storage.
•The water in the well does not contains any useful salt
and fine salt and fine silt which are beneficial to the
growth of the crops. The canal water in this respect is
better.
•Yield of crop in flow irrigation is more than lift irrigation
water.
•Water has to be lifted from well, this requires the use of
power. Thus, the well irrigation is depending on the
availability and efficient working of machines.
•In dry or winter season, water tables falls considerably
below the suction head, hence pump may fail to lift water
from the underground. But in flow irrigation of perennial
type or with stored reservoir, water is available all the
season of years.
•The quantity of water in case of lift irrigation depends
upon the ground water storage.
•The water in the well does not contains any useful salt
and fine salt and fine silt which are beneficial to the
growth of the crops. The canal water in this respect is
better.
•Yield of crop in flow irrigation is more than lift irrigation
water.
Methods of irrigation
The main object of providing a suitable
method of irrigation are
•To reduce losses,
•To distribute water uniformly over the whole
area,
•To avoid water logging,
•To avoid soil erosion.
method of irrigation are
•To reduce losses,
•To distribute water uniformly over the whole
area,
•To avoid water logging,
•To avoid soil erosion.
The choice of the method depends on
the following factors
•Size, shape, and slope of the land irrigated,
•Soil characteristics,
•Nature and availability of the water supply,
•Types of crops grown,
•Depth of water table,
•Rate of infiltration of the soil,
•Amount of water to be applied during each
irrigation.
the following factors
•Size, shape, and slope of the land irrigated,
•Soil characteristics,
•Nature and availability of the water supply,
•Types of crops grown,
•Depth of water table,
•Rate of infiltration of the soil,
•Amount of water to be applied during each
irrigation.
Surface Irrigation
In all the surface methods of irrigation, water is
either pondedon the soil or allowed to
continuously over the soil surface for the
duration of irrigation.
Advantages:
•It helps in storing required amount of water in
the root-zone depth.
•Allows use of machinery for land preparation,
cultivation and harvesting
•It helps uniform application of water to fields. 4.
Amount of manual labour required is minimum.
In all the surface methods of irrigation, water is
either pondedon the soil or allowed to
continuously over the soil surface for the
duration of irrigation.
Advantages:
•It helps in storing required amount of water in
the root-zone depth.
•Allows use of machinery for land preparation,
cultivation and harvesting
•It helps uniform application of water to fields. 4.
Amount of manual labour required is minimum.
Disadvantages:
•Water is lost in infiltration and deep
percolation.
•Less efficiency due to less control over the
water flow.
•Inferior quality crops with a low yield.
•Costly and time-consuming preparation of
land.
•Water is lost in infiltration and deep
percolation.
•Less efficiency due to less control over the
water flow.
•Inferior quality crops with a low yield.
•Costly and time-consuming preparation of
land.
Furrow method
This method is useful for row crops such as
potatoes, sugarcane, tobacco, maize,
Groundnut, cotton, jowar, etc. Furrows are
small channels having a continuous and
almost uniform slopes in the direction of
irrigation.
Water from furrows infiltrates into the soil and
spreads laterally to saturates the root zones of
crops. Length of furrows may varies from
10metres to as much as 500metres.
This method is useful for row crops such as
potatoes, sugarcane, tobacco, maize,
Groundnut, cotton, jowar, etc. Furrows are
small channels having a continuous and
almost uniform slopes in the direction of
irrigation.
Water from furrows infiltrates into the soil and
spreads laterally to saturates the root zones of
crops. Length of furrows may varies from
10metres to as much as 500metres.
FURROW METHOD
Rowcropssuchaspotatoes,cotton,sugarcane,vegetableetc.canbe
irrigatedbyfurrowmethod.Waterisallowedtoflowinfurrowopenedin
croprows.Itissuitableforsloppylandswherethefurrowsaremadealong
contours.Thelengthoffurrowisdeterminedmostlybysoilpermeability.
Itvariesfrom3to6meters.Insandyandclayloams,thelengthisshorter
thaninclayandclayloams.Waterdoesnotcomeincontactwiththeplant
stems.Thereisagreateconomyinuseofwater.Sometimes,evenin
furrowirrigationthefieldisdividedintobedshavingalternateridesand
furrows.Onslopesof1to3percent,furrowirrigationwithstraight
furrowsisquitesuccessful.Butonsteeperslopescontourfurrows,not
onlycheckerosionbutensureuniformwaterpenetration.
ADAPTATIONS
1)Medium and fine textured soils
2)Variable water supply
3)Farms with only small amount of equipment
Rowcropssuchaspotatoes,cotton,sugarcane,vegetableetc.canbe
irrigatedbyfurrowmethod.Waterisallowedtoflowinfurrowopenedin
croprows.Itissuitableforsloppylandswherethefurrowsaremadealong
contours.Thelengthoffurrowisdeterminedmostlybysoilpermeability.
Itvariesfrom3to6meters.Insandyandclayloams,thelengthisshorter
thaninclayandclayloams.Waterdoesnotcomeincontactwiththeplant
stems.Thereisagreateconomyinuseofwater.Sometimes,evenin
furrowirrigationthefieldisdividedintobedshavingalternateridesand
furrows.Onslopesof1to3percent,furrowirrigationwithstraight
furrowsisquitesuccessful.Butonsteeperslopescontourfurrows,not
onlycheckerosionbutensureuniformwaterpenetration.
ADAPTATIONS
1)Medium and fine textured soils
2)Variable water supply
3)Farms with only small amount of equipment
FURROW METHOD
ADVANTAGES
1)High water efficiency
2)Can be used in any row crop
3)Relatively easy install
4)Not expensive to maintain
5)Adapted to most soils
DISADVANTAGES
1)Requirement of skilled labor is more
2)A hazard to operation of machinery
3)Drainage must be provided
ADVANTAGES
1)High water efficiency
2)Can be used in any row crop
3)Relatively easy install
4)Not expensive to maintain
5)Adapted to most soils
DISADVANTAGES
1)Requirement of skilled labor is more
2)A hazard to operation of machinery
3)Drainage must be provided
Advantages
•Less water is required.
•Evaporation loss is less.
•Labour requirements for land preparation and
irrigation are less.
•It is suitable for row crops
Disadvantages
•Possibility of increased salinity between
furrows
•Adequate drainage needs to be provided
•Not suitable for very light soils having low
infiltration capacity
•Less water is required.
•Evaporation loss is less.
•Labour requirements for land preparation and
irrigation are less.
•It is suitable for row crops
Disadvantages
•Possibility of increased salinity between
furrows
•Adequate drainage needs to be provided
•Not suitable for very light soils having low
infiltration capacity
CONTOUR FARMING
Contour farming
Contour farming
Contour farming, the practice oftillingsloped
land along lines of consistent elevation in
order to conserve rainwater and to
reducesoillosses from surfaceerosion.
These objectives are achieved by means of
furrows, crop rows, and wheel tracks across
slopes, all of which act as reservoirs to catch
and retain rainwater, thus permitting
increased infiltration and moreuniform
distributionof the water.
Contour farming, the practice oftillingsloped
land along lines of consistent elevation in
order to conserve rainwater and to
reducesoillosses from surfaceerosion.
These objectives are achieved by means of
furrows, crop rows, and wheel tracks across
slopes, all of which act as reservoirs to catch
and retain rainwater, thus permitting
increased infiltration and moreuniform
distributionof the water.
FLOODING
Itconsistofopeningawaterchannelinaplotorfieldsothatwatercanflow
freelyinalldirectionsandcoverthesurfaceofthelandinacontinuous
sheet.Itisthemostinefficientmethodofirrigationasonlyabout20
percentofthewaterisactuallyusedbyplants.Therestbeinglostasa
runoff,seepageandevaporation.Waterdistributionisveryunevenand
cropgrowthisnotuniform.Itissuitableforunevenlandwherethecostof
levelingishighandwhereacheapandabundantsupplyofwateris
available.Itisunsuitableforcropsthataresensitivetowaterlogging.The
methodissuitablewherebroadcastcrops,particularlypastures,alfalfa,
peasandsmallgrainsareproduced.
ADAPTATIONS
(1)An abundant supply of water
(2)Close growing crops
(3)Soils that do not erode easily
(4)Soils that is permeable
(5)Irregular topography
(6)Areas where water is cheap
Itconsistofopeningawaterchannelinaplotorfieldsothatwatercanflow
freelyinalldirectionsandcoverthesurfaceofthelandinacontinuous
sheet.Itisthemostinefficientmethodofirrigationasonlyabout20
percentofthewaterisactuallyusedbyplants.Therestbeinglostasa
runoff,seepageandevaporation.Waterdistributionisveryunevenand
cropgrowthisnotuniform.Itissuitableforunevenlandwherethecostof
levelingishighandwhereacheapandabundantsupplyofwateris
available.Itisunsuitableforcropsthataresensitivetowaterlogging.The
methodissuitablewherebroadcastcrops,particularlypastures,alfalfa,
peasandsmallgrainsareproduced.
ADAPTATIONS
(1)An abundant supply of water
(2)Close growing crops
(3)Soils that do not erode easily
(4)Soils that is permeable
(5)Irregular topography
(6)Areas where water is cheap
FLOODING
ADVANTAGES
(1)Can be used on shallow soils
(2)Can be employed where expense of leveling is great
(3)Installation and operation costs are low
(4)System is not damaged by livestock and does not interfere with use of
farm implements
DISADVANTAGES
(1)Excessive loss of water by run of and deep percolation
(2)Excessive soil erosion on step land
(3)Fertilizers and FYM are eroded from the soil
ADVANTAGES
(1)Can be used on shallow soils
(2)Can be employed where expense of leveling is great
(3)Installation and operation costs are low
(4)System is not damaged by livestock and does not interfere with use of
farm implements
DISADVANTAGES
(1)Excessive loss of water by run of and deep percolation
(2)Excessive soil erosion on step land
(3)Fertilizers and FYM are eroded from the soil
Border strip method
Border flooding. In this method, the land is divided into a number of
strips, separated by low levees called borders. The land areas confined
in each strip is of the order of 10 to 20 meters in width, and 100 to
400 meters in length, as shown in Fig. Ridges between borders should
be sufficiently high to prevent overtopping during irrigation. To
prevent water from concentrating on either side of the border, the
land should be leveled perpendicular to the flow. Water is made to
flow from the supply ditch into each strip. The water flows slowly
towards the lower end, and infiltrates into the soil as it advances.
When the advancing water reaches the lower end of the strip, the
supply of water to the strip is turned off. The border strip method is
suited to soils of moderately low to moderately high intake rates and
low erodibility. This method is suitable for all types of crops except
those which require prolonged flooding which, in this case, is difficult
to maintain because of the slope. This method, however, requires
preparation of land involving high initial cost.
Border flooding. In this method, the land is divided into a number of
strips, separated by low levees called borders. The land areas confined
in each strip is of the order of 10 to 20 meters in width, and 100 to
400 meters in length, as shown in Fig. Ridges between borders should
be sufficiently high to prevent overtopping during irrigation. To
prevent water from concentrating on either side of the border, the
land should be leveled perpendicular to the flow. Water is made to
flow from the supply ditch into each strip. The water flows slowly
towards the lower end, and infiltrates into the soil as it advances.
When the advancing water reaches the lower end of the strip, the
supply of water to the strip is turned off. The border strip method is
suited to soils of moderately low to moderately high intake rates and
low erodibility. This method is suitable for all types of crops except
those which require prolonged flooding which, in this case, is difficult
to maintain because of the slope. This method, however, requires
preparation of land involving high initial cost.
Border strip method
Advantages:
•Utilizes large water streams safely.
•Requires less Laboureand time;
•low maintenance cost.
•Provides uniform wetting and efficient use of
water.
Disadvantages:
•Requires proper leveling.
•High initial cost.
•A large supply of water is needed.
Advantages:
•Utilizes large water streams safely.
•Requires less Laboureand time;
•low maintenance cost.
•Provides uniform wetting and efficient use of
water.
Disadvantages:
•Requires proper leveling.
•High initial cost.
•A large supply of water is needed.
BED OR BORDER METHOD
Inthismethodthefieldisleveledanddividedintosmallbedssurrounded
bybundsof15to30cmhigh.Smallirrigationchannelsareprovided
betweentwoadjacentrowsofbeds.Thelengthofthebedvariesfrom30
metersforloamysoilsto90metersforclayeysoils.Thewidthisso
adjustedastopermitthewatertoflowevenlyandwetthelanduniformly.
Forhighvaluecrops,thebedsmaybestillsmallerespeciallywherewater
iscostlyandnotveryabundant.Thismethodisadaptabletomostsoil
texturesexceptsandysoilsandissuitableforhighvaluecrops.Itrequires
leveledland.Itismoreefficientintheuseofwaterandensuresits
uniformapplication.Itissuitableforcropsplantinlines.Throughthe
initialcostishigh,requireslesslaborandlowmaintenancecost.
Inthismethodthefieldisleveledanddividedintosmallbedssurrounded
bybundsof15to30cmhigh.Smallirrigationchannelsareprovided
betweentwoadjacentrowsofbeds.Thelengthofthebedvariesfrom30
metersforloamysoilsto90metersforclayeysoils.Thewidthisso
adjustedastopermitthewatertoflowevenlyandwetthelanduniformly.
Forhighvaluecrops,thebedsmaybestillsmallerespeciallywherewater
iscostlyandnotveryabundant.Thismethodisadaptabletomostsoil
texturesexceptsandysoilsandissuitableforhighvaluecrops.Itrequires
leveledland.Itismoreefficientintheuseofwaterandensuresits
uniformapplication.Itissuitableforcropsplantinlines.Throughthe
initialcostishigh,requireslesslaborandlowmaintenancecost.
BED OR BORDER METHOD
ADAPTATIONS
(1)A large supply of water
(2)Most soil textures
(3)Soil at least 90 cm deep
(4)Suitable for close growing crops
ADVANTAGES
(1)Fairly large supply of water is needed
(2)Land must be leveled
(3)Suited only to soils that do not readily disperse
(4)Drainage must be provided
ADAPTATIONS
(1)A large supply of water
(2)Most soil textures
(3)Soil at least 90 cm deep
(4)Suitable for close growing crops
ADVANTAGES
(1)Fairly large supply of water is needed
(2)Land must be leveled
(3)Suited only to soils that do not readily disperse
(4)Drainage must be provided
Basin method
•This method is frequently used to irrigate
orchards. Circular channel known as basin is
made for each tree. Sometimes two or more
trees placed in one basin and the each basin is
connected to field channel which is connected
to supply channel. When all the basins are
filled with water, the supply is stopped.
•This method is frequently used to irrigate
orchards. Circular channel known as basin is
made for each tree. Sometimes two or more
trees placed in one basin and the each basin is
connected to field channel which is connected
to supply channel. When all the basins are
filled with water, the supply is stopped.
Basin method
Basin method
BASIN IRRIGATION
Thismethodissuitablefororchidsandotherhighvaluecropswherethesize
oftheplottobeirrigatedisverysmall.Thebasinmaybesquare,rectangular
orcircularshape.Basinirrigationalsorequiresleveledlandandnotsuitable
foralltypesofsoil.Itisalsoefficientintheuseofwaterbutitsinitialcostis
high.
Thismethodissuitablefororchidsandotherhighvaluecropswherethesize
oftheplottobeirrigatedisverysmall.Thebasinmaybesquare,rectangular
orcircularshape.Basinirrigationalsorequiresleveledlandandnotsuitable
foralltypesofsoil.Itisalsoefficientintheuseofwaterbutitsinitialcostis
high.
BASIN IRRIGATION
ADAPTATIONS
1)Most soil texture
2)High value crops
3)Smooth topography
4)High water value/ha
ADVANTAGES
1)Varying supply of water
2)No water loss by run off
3)Rapid irrigation possible
4)No loss of fertilizers and organic manures
5)Satisfactory
DISADVANTAGES
1)If land is not leveled initial cost may be high
2)Suitable mainly for orchids, rice, jute, etc.
3)Except rice, not suitable for soils that disperse easily and readily from a
crust
ADAPTATIONS
1)Most soil texture
2)High value crops
3)Smooth topography
4)High water value/ha
ADVANTAGES
1)Varying supply of water
2)No water loss by run off
3)Rapid irrigation possible
4)No loss of fertilizers and organic manures
5)Satisfactory
DISADVANTAGES
1)If land is not leveled initial cost may be high
2)Suitable mainly for orchids, rice, jute, etc.
3)Except rice, not suitable for soils that disperse easily and readily from a
crust
Wild flooding
•It consists of applying water to the field
without any bunds to guide the flow of water
wetting the soil surface completely. Generally
it is practiced only when irrigation water is
abundant and where land levelling is not
followed.
•Sometimes it is also adopted in the initial
stages of land development. This method is
most commonly used for irrigation of crops
sown by broadcasting method viz., rice, low
value pastures, lawns and millets etc.
without any bunds to guide the flow of water
wetting the soil surface completely. Generally
it is practiced only when irrigation water is
abundant and where land levelling is not
followed.
•Sometimes it is also adopted in the initial
stages of land development. This method is
most commonly used for irrigation of crops
sown by broadcasting method viz., rice, low
value pastures, lawns and millets etc.
Advantages & Disadvantages
Advantages:
•1. No land levelling & land shaping required
•2. Low labour and land preparation costs
•3. Less skill required by irrigator
Disadvantages:
•1. Applied water is lost by deep percolation &
surface runoff
•2. Low irrigation application efficiency
Advantages:
•1. No land levelling & land shaping required
•2. Low labour and land preparation costs
•3. Less skill required by irrigator
Disadvantages:
•1. Applied water is lost by deep percolation &
surface runoff
•2. Low irrigation application efficiency
Check Basin
•The size of check basins may vary from one
meters square, used forgrowing vegetables
and other intensive cultivation, to as large as
one or two hectares or more, used for growing
rice under wet land conditions. The shape and
design of basins generally depends on the
topography of the area it is being designed for.
Check basins can be further divided into
rectangular and contour types.
meters square, used forgrowing vegetables
and other intensive cultivation, to as large as
one or two hectares or more, used for growing
rice under wet land conditions. The shape and
design of basins generally depends on the
topography of the area it is being designed for.
Check basins can be further divided into
rectangular and contour types.
Advantages:
1. Water can be applied uniformly.
2. Even small streams can be used for irrigation of
crops efficiently.
3. Simple and cheap when equipment is used for
constructing bunds
Disadvantages:
1. Unless the land is levelled, distribution of water in
plot is uneven.
2. Considerable area is lost under field channels and
bunds i.e. nearly 30% of area.
3. Bunds interfere in working of inter-cultivation
equipment
4. More labour is required for field layout and
irrigation
1. Water can be applied uniformly.
2. Even small streams can be used for irrigation of
crops efficiently.
3. Simple and cheap when equipment is used for
constructing bunds
Disadvantages:
1. Unless the land is levelled, distribution of water in
plot is uneven.
2. Considerable area is lost under field channels and
bunds i.e. nearly 30% of area.
3. Bunds interfere in working of inter-cultivation
equipment
4. More labour is required for field layout and
irrigation
Border Irrigation Method
•In case of border irrigation, the field is divided into a
number of long parallel strips, generally 5 to 15 m in
width and 75 to 300 m in length separated by small
border ridges or low dykes of about 15 cm.
•Irrigation water is released into each strip connected
directly to irrigation channel situated at the upstream
end of the border strip. The sheet of water advances
towards the downstream (Fig30.6).After sufficient
water is applied to one strip, the irrigation stream is
turned into another strip. A specific requirement in
border irrigation is that the longitudinal slope must be
uniform, and the transverse slope must be zero or
negligible (< 0.03%). This method is suitable for
irrigating a wide variety of close growing crops such as
wheat, barley, groundnut, bajraand berseem.
•In case of border irrigation, the field is divided into a
number of long parallel strips, generally 5 to 15 m in
width and 75 to 300 m in length separated by small
border ridges or low dykes of about 15 cm.
•Irrigation water is released into each strip connected
directly to irrigation channel situated at the upstream
end of the border strip. The sheet of water advances
towards the downstream (Fig30.6).After sufficient
water is applied to one strip, the irrigation stream is
turned into another strip. A specific requirement in
border irrigation is that the longitudinal slope must be
uniform, and the transverse slope must be zero or
negligible (< 0.03%). This method is suitable for
irrigating a wide variety of close growing crops such as
wheat, barley, groundnut, bajraand berseem.
Advantages:
1. Large water streams can be used safely
2. Provides uniform wetting of soil profile
3. Low labour requirement
Disadvantages:
1. Requires relatively large water streams for quick
advance of water to minimize deep percolation
losses at the upper end of the border strip.
2. Wastage of water by deep percolation in coarse
textured soils.
1. Large water streams can be used safely
2. Provides uniform wetting of soil profile
3. Low labour requirement
Disadvantages:
1. Requires relatively large water streams for quick
advance of water to minimize deep percolation
losses at the upper end of the border strip.
2. Wastage of water by deep percolation in coarse
textured soils.
Sub surface irrigation
•Method of applying of water to fields below
the ground surface so that it is supplied
directly to the root zone of the plants is
known as sub surface irrigation. Here,
moisture reaches the roots through capillary
action.
•Method of applying of water to fields below
the ground surface so that it is supplied
directly to the root zone of the plants is
known as sub surface irrigation. Here,
moisture reaches the roots through capillary
action.
SUBSURFACE METHOD
•Subsurfaceirrigationorsub-irrigationmaybenaturalorartificial.Natural
subsurfaceirrigationispossiblewhereanimperviouslayerexistsbelow
therootzone.Waterisallowedintoseriesofditchesduguptothe
imperviouslayer,whichthenmoveslaterallyandwetsrootzone.
•Inartificialsubsurfaceirrigation,perforatedorporouspipesarelaidout
undergroundbelowtherootzoneandwaterisledintothepipesby
suitablemeans.Ineithercase,theideaistoraisethewaterbycapillary
movement.Themethodinvolvesinitialhighcost,butmaintenanceisvery
cheap.Thereisariskofsoilgettingsalineoralkalineandneighboringland
damagedduetoheavyseepage.
•Itisveryefficientintheuseofwaterasevaporationiscutoffalmost
completely.Theplantrootsdonotsufferfromlogging,thereisnolossof
agriculturallandinlayingoutirrigationsystemandimplementscanbe
workedoutfreely.Thismethodishoweverrarelynoticedinourcountry
but followedin other countrieslikeIsrael.
•Subsurfaceirrigationorsub-irrigationmaybenaturalorartificial.Natural
subsurfaceirrigationispossiblewhereanimperviouslayerexistsbelow
therootzone.Waterisallowedintoseriesofditchesduguptothe
imperviouslayer,whichthenmoveslaterallyandwetsrootzone.
•Inartificialsubsurfaceirrigation,perforatedorporouspipesarelaidout
undergroundbelowtherootzoneandwaterisledintothepipesby
suitablemeans.Ineithercase,theideaistoraisethewaterbycapillary
movement.Themethodinvolvesinitialhighcost,butmaintenanceisvery
cheap.Thereisariskofsoilgettingsalineoralkalineandneighboringland
damagedduetoheavyseepage.
•Itisveryefficientintheuseofwaterasevaporationiscutoffalmost
completely.Theplantrootsdonotsufferfromlogging,thereisnolossof
agriculturallandinlayingoutirrigationsystemandimplementscanbe
workedoutfreely.Thismethodishoweverrarelynoticedinourcountry
but followedin other countrieslikeIsrael.
The condition which favors sub
surface irrigation are as follows
•Impervious sub soil at a depth of 2metres or
more.
•A very permeable subsoil
•A permeable loam or sandy loam surface soil
•Uniform topographic conditions.
•Moderate ground slopes.
Natural subsurface irrigation: In this method
water reaches below the land surface from
natural sources of water such as streams, ponds,
etc.
surface irrigation are as follows
•Impervious sub soil at a depth of 2metres or
more.
•A very permeable subsoil
•A permeable loam or sandy loam surface soil
•Uniform topographic conditions.
•Moderate ground slopes.
Natural subsurface irrigation: In this method
water reaches below the land surface from
natural sources of water such as streams, ponds,
etc.
DRIP OR TRICKLE IRRIGATION
DRIP OR TRICKLE IRRIGATION
It involves slow application of water to the root zone. The drip irrigation
system consist of
1)Head
2)Main line and sub line
3)Lateral lines
4)Drip nozzles
Theheadconsistsofapumptoliftwaterandproducethedesired
pressure(about2.5atmosphere)andtodistributewaterthroughnozzles.
Afertilizertankforapplyingfertilizersolutiondirectlytothefieldalong
withtheirrigationwaterandfilterwhichcleansthesuspendedimpurities
inirrigationwatertopreventtheblockageofholesandpassageofdrip
andnozzles.
It involves slow application of water to the root zone. The drip irrigation
system consist of
1)Head
2)Main line and sub line
3)Lateral lines
4)Drip nozzles
Theheadconsistsofapumptoliftwaterandproducethedesired
pressure(about2.5atmosphere)andtodistributewaterthroughnozzles.
Afertilizertankforapplyingfertilizersolutiondirectlytothefieldalong
withtheirrigationwaterandfilterwhichcleansthesuspendedimpurities
inirrigationwatertopreventtheblockageofholesandpassageofdrip
andnozzles.
DRIP OR TRICKLE IRRIGATION
•MainsandsubmainsarenormallyofflexiblematerialsuchasblackPVCpipes.
Lateralsarenormallylaidparalleltoeachother.Laterallinescanbeupto
about50meterslongandareusually1.2cmdiameterblackplastictubing.
Thereisusuallyonelaterallineforeachcroprow.Bylayingthemainlinealong
thecenterlineofthefield,itispossibletoirrigateeithersideofthefield
alternatelybyshiftingthelaterals.Apressuredropof10percentispermitted
betweentheendsoflateral.
•Dripnozzlesarealsoknownasemittersorvaluesandarefixedatregular
intervalsinthelaterals.ThesePVCvaluesallowwatertoflowattheextremely
slowrates,rangingfrom2to11litersperhourandtheyareofdifferentshapes
anddesign.
•Thespacingbetweenlateralsiscontrolledbytherow-to-rowspacingofthe
croptobeirrigated.Driplateralslaidonsoilsurfaceareburiedundergroundat
thedepthof5to10cm.
•MainsandsubmainsarenormallyofflexiblematerialsuchasblackPVCpipes.
Lateralsarenormallylaidparalleltoeachother.Laterallinescanbeupto
about50meterslongandareusually1.2cmdiameterblackplastictubing.
Thereisusuallyonelaterallineforeachcroprow.Bylayingthemainlinealong
thecenterlineofthefield,itispossibletoirrigateeithersideofthefield
alternatelybyshiftingthelaterals.Apressuredropof10percentispermitted
betweentheendsoflateral.
•Dripnozzlesarealsoknownasemittersorvaluesandarefixedatregular
intervalsinthelaterals.ThesePVCvaluesallowwatertoflowattheextremely
slowrates,rangingfrom2to11litersperhourandtheyareofdifferentshapes
anddesign.
•Thespacingbetweenlateralsiscontrolledbytherow-to-rowspacingofthe
croptobeirrigated.Driplateralslaidonsoilsurfaceareburiedundergroundat
thedepthof5to10cm.
DRIP OR TRICKLE IRRIGATION
ADVANTAGES
1)Thelossesbydripirrigationandevaporationareminimized
2)Preciseamountofwaterisappliedtoreplenishthedepletedsoilmoisture
atfrequentintervalsforoptimumplantgrowth
3)Thesystemenablestheapplicationofwaterfertilizersatanoptimumrate
totheplantrootsystem
4)Theamountofwatersuppliedtothesoilisalmostequaltothedaily
consumptiveuse,thusmaintainingalowmoisturetensioninsoil
DISADVANTAGES
1)Theinitialcostofthedripirrigationforlarge-scaleirrigationisitsmain
limitation.
2)Thecostoftheunitperhectaredependsmainlyonthespacingofthe
crop.
3)Forwidelyspacedcropslikefruittrees,thesystemmaybeevenmore
economicalthansprinkler.
ADVANTAGES
1)Thelossesbydripirrigationandevaporationareminimized
2)Preciseamountofwaterisappliedtoreplenishthedepletedsoilmoisture
atfrequentintervalsforoptimumplantgrowth
3)Thesystemenablestheapplicationofwaterfertilizersatanoptimumrate
totheplantrootsystem
4)Theamountofwatersuppliedtothesoilisalmostequaltothedaily
consumptiveuse,thusmaintainingalowmoisturetensioninsoil
DISADVANTAGES
1)Theinitialcostofthedripirrigationforlarge-scaleirrigationisitsmain
limitation.
2)Thecostoftheunitperhectaredependsmainlyonthespacingofthe
crop.
3)Forwidelyspacedcropslikefruittrees,thesystemmaybeevenmore
economicalthansprinkler.
SPRINKLER OR OVERHEAD
IRRIGATION
IRRIGATION
SPRINKLER OR OVERHEAD
IRRIGATION
•This method consists of application of water to soil in the form of spray,
somewhat as rain. It is particularly useful for sandy soils because they
absorb water too fast. Soils that are too shallow, too steep or rolling can
be irrigated efficiently with sprinklers.
•This method is suitable for areas having uneven topography and where
erosion hazards are great.
•In sprinkler irrigation, water is conveyed under pressure through pipes to
the area to be irrigated where it is passed out through or sprinklers the
system comprises four main parts:
i.Power generator
ii.Pump
iii. Pipeline and
iv. Sprinkler
IRRIGATION
•This method consists of application of water to soil in the form of spray,
somewhat as rain. It is particularly useful for sandy soils because they
absorb water too fast. Soils that are too shallow, too steep or rolling can
be irrigated efficiently with sprinklers.
•This method is suitable for areas having uneven topography and where
erosion hazards are great.
•In sprinkler irrigation, water is conveyed under pressure through pipes to
the area to be irrigated where it is passed out through or sprinklers the
system comprises four main parts:
i.Power generator
ii.Pump
iii. Pipeline and
iv. Sprinkler
Sprinklers system comprises four main parts
SPRINKLER OR OVERHEAD
IRRIGATION
ADAPTATIONS
1)A dependable supply of water
2)Uneven topography
3)Shallow soils
4)Close growing crops
IRRIGATION
ADAPTATIONS
1)A dependable supply of water
2)Uneven topography
3)Shallow soils
4)Close growing crops
SPRINKLER OR OVERHEAD
IRRIGATION
ADVANTAGES
1)It ensures uniform distribution of water
2)It is adaptable to most kinds of soil
3)It offers no hindrance to the use of farm implements
4)Fertilizers material may be evenly applied through sprinklers. This is done by
drawing liquid fertilizer solution slowly in to the pipes on the suction side of
the pump so that the time of application varies from 10 to 30 minutes
5)Water losses are reduced to a minimum extent
6)More land can be irrigated
7)Costly land leveling operations are not necessary and
8)The amount of water can be controlled to meet the needs of young seedling
or mature crops.
IRRIGATION
ADVANTAGES
1)It ensures uniform distribution of water
2)It is adaptable to most kinds of soil
3)It offers no hindrance to the use of farm implements
4)Fertilizers material may be evenly applied through sprinklers. This is done by
drawing liquid fertilizer solution slowly in to the pipes on the suction side of
the pump so that the time of application varies from 10 to 30 minutes
5)Water losses are reduced to a minimum extent
6)More land can be irrigated
7)Costly land leveling operations are not necessary and
8)The amount of water can be controlled to meet the needs of young seedling
or mature crops.
SPRINKLER OR OVERHEAD
IRRIGATION
DISADVANTAGES
•Theinitialcostisratherveryhigh.
•Anycostofpowertoprovidepressuremustbeaddedtotheirrigation
charges.
•Windinterfereswiththedistributionpattern,reducingspreador
increasingapplicationratenearlateralpipe.
•Thereisoftentroublefromcloggednozzleorthefailureofsprinklersto
revolve.
•Thecostofoperationsandmaintenanceisveryhigh.Laborrequirement
formovingapipeandrelatedworkapproximatelynearlyonehourper
irrigation.
•Itissuitableforhighvaluecrops.
IRRIGATION
DISADVANTAGES
•Theinitialcostisratherveryhigh.
•Anycostofpowertoprovidepressuremustbeaddedtotheirrigation
charges.
•Windinterfereswiththedistributionpattern,reducingspreador
increasingapplicationratenearlateralpipe.
•Thereisoftentroublefromcloggednozzleorthefailureofsprinklersto
revolve.
•Thecostofoperationsandmaintenanceisveryhigh.Laborrequirement
formovingapipeandrelatedworkapproximatelynearlyonehourper
irrigation.
•Itissuitableforhighvaluecrops.
THE END
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