Ischium & pubic 2

osteology of ischium and pubic

1. ISCHIUM & PUBIC S M BADAR HAYAT TUTOR DEPARTMENT OF ANATOMY NMCH, JAMUHAR

2. INTRODUCTION FEATURES ACETABULUM ATTACHMENTS SEX DIFFERENCE OSSIFICATION APPLIED ANATOMY CONTENTS

3. INTRODUCTION

4. It forms the lower and posterior part of hip bone and contributes to form a little more than lower and posterior 2/5 th of the articular surface of acetabulum. ISCHIUM

5. BODY It has 2 parts : RAMUS BODY POSSESSES 2 ENDS UPPER LOWER * 3 BORDERS ANTERIOR LATERAL POSTERIOR 3 SURFACES FEMORAL DORSAL PELVIC

6. ENDS: UPPER END: Its forms a part of acetabular cavity and is fused with ilium and pubis. LOWER END: It gives off the ramus; forms part of the ischial tuberosity. Surfaces: Femoral surface : It faces downwards, forwards and laterally towards thigh and lies between the lateral and anterior border. Dorsal surface : It faces upwards, backwards and laterally and lies between the lateral and posterior borders. It is continuation above with the gluteal surface of ilium.

7. It is wide near its upper part and tapers downwards. It is divided into an upper quadrilateral and a lower triangular area by a transverse ridge. Upper area: It is divided by an oblique ridge into Upper lateral part: Upper medial part: Lower area: It is divided by an irregular vertical line into Smaller medial part: Larger lateral part: ISCHIAL TUBEROSITY

8. 3) Pelvic surface : It is a smooth surface which forms the lateral wall of ischio-rectal fossa. Borders : Anterior border : forms posterior margin of obturator foramen. Lateral border : separates the femoral surface from ischial tuberosity. Posterior border : continuous above with the posterior border of ilium and helps to form the greater sciatic notch.

9. ISCHIAL SPINE : It is a prominent projection at the posterior end of this border. LESSER SCIATIC NOTCH : It is a shallow notch below the ischial spine on the posterior border. The notch is converted into a foramen by sacrospinous ligament.

10. It passes upwards, forwards and medially from the body of ischium to join the inferior ramus of pubis. 2 borders It possesses: 2 surfaces Ramus of ischium 2 borders Upper lower 2 surfaces Anterior posterior

11. Upper border : It helps to bound the obturator foramen and gives attachment to obturator membrane Lower border : It forms the lateral boundary of urogenital traingle. It is rough and gives attachment to fascia lata and membranous layer of superficial fascia of perineum. Borders

12. Anterior surface : It is continous with anterior surface of inferior ramus of pubis. Posterior surface : this surface is divided into pelvic and perineal areas by an indistinct ridge Pelvic area : It faces upwards and backwards. Obturator internus arises from this part. b) Perineal area : It faces medially ; its upper part is related medially to the crus of penis(clitoris of female). Surfaces

13. It forms the anterior part of hip bone and articulates with the opposite bone forming a secondary cartilaginous joint called pubic symphysis. It forms upper and anterior 1/5 th of the articular surface of acetabulum. Its has 3 parts: Body Superior ramus Inferior ramus PUBIS

14. It is flattened from before backwards and connects the superior ramus with inferior ramus. It possesses: 3 surfaces Anterior Pelvic (posterior) symphysial b) 1 border- pubic crest BODY

15. Anterior surface : It faces downwards and forwards . Posterior surface : It forms the anterior wall of true pelvis. Symphysial surface : It is rough , oval and elongated surface which articulates with symphysial surface of the opposite pubis. It is covered by a layer of hyaline cartilage . Pubic crest : It is the rounded free, upper border of pubis. Pubic tubercle : It is a rounded tubercle at the lateral end of the pubic crest. It is crossed by spermatic cord in males and round ligament of uterus in females

16. It passes laterally and backwards from the upper and lateral part of the body and lies above the obturator foramen. It possesses: SUPERIOR RAMUS 3 BORDERS OBTURATOR CREST PECTINEAL LINE INFERIOR 3 SURFACES PECTINEAL PELVIC OBTURATOR

17. Border : Obturator crest : it is rounded margin which begins from the anterior part of pubic tuberce and passes laterally to the anterior part of acetabular cavity. It separetes the pectineal from the obturator surface. Pectineal line : It is sharp border which begins from the posterior part of pubic tubercle and passes laterally and backwards to become continuous with the arcuate line. It separates the pectineal line from the pelvic surface. 3 . Inferior border : it is sharp border and forms upper boundary of obturator foramen.

18. Surfaces : Pectineal surface : It faces anteriorly and slightly upwards and lies between obturator crest and pectineal line. Pelvic surface : It is a smooth surface facing upwards and backwards and lies between pectineal line and inferior border. Obturator surface : It faces downwards and backwards and lies between obturator crest and inferior border.

19. It springs from the lower and lateral part of the body and unites with the ramus of ischium on the medial side of obturator foramen. It posses: Inferior ramus 2 BORDER MEDIAL LATERAL 2 SURFACES ANTERIOR POSTERIOR

20. Border : Medial border : It is prominently everted in males as it is in contact with the crus of penis Lateral border : It forms medial boundary of the obturator foramen .

21. Surfaces : Anterior surface : It is continuous with anterior surface of body. It faces forwards and laterally and lies between the two borders. 2. Posterior surface : It is continuous above with posterior suface of the body and below with posterior surface of the ramus of ischium.

22. This surfaces is divided arbitrarily into 3 area by 2 indistinct ridges- Medial area : It is in contact with crus of penis. Intermediate area : It is related to dorsal nerve of penis or clitoris and internal pudendal vessels. It may be origin to sphincter urethrae. Lateral area : gives origin to obturator internus

23. It is also called acetabular cavity. It is deep cup- shaped hollow in the hip bone which faces laterally, downwards and forwards. It articulates with the head of femur. All 3 parts of the bone contribute in its formation. pubis forms upper and anterior 1/5 th of acetabulum. Ischium forms posterior and lower 2/5 th of acetabulum Ilium contributes to the rest of its extent It is covered everywhere with articular cartilage except in the acetabular fossa. ACETABULUM

24. 1. Acetabular notch : It is a gap in the margin of the cavity inferiorly. Two ends of the notch give attachment to transverse acetabular ligament which bridges the gap. 2. Acetabular fossa : It is rough, non-articular floor of the cavity. It is covered by a pad of fat. 3. Lunate surface : It is a horse shoe-shaped articular surface at the sides of the cavity. It articulates with the head of femur.

25. It is a large opening in the bone between pubis and ischium below and acetabulum in front. Boundaries: Above and in front by superior ramus and body of pubis, Below and medially by ischio-pubic ramus Behind by body of ischium and Above by inferior margin of acetabulum. It is large and oval in males, small and triangular in females. OBTURATOR FORAMEN