it and its application ( in different sectors of present world).ppt

it and its application described

1. INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERS
Introduction to Information TechnologyIntroduction to Information Technology

2. Ijaz Ahmad Awan, Instructor

Lecture 1 Introduction to Information Technology2
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
•Information Technology is the technology that uses computer with
high speed communication links to spread information from on place
to another. The interconnection of computer enables people to send
and receive information. The communication links are also used to
communicate with different people in the world.
•The world has become a global village due to information technology.
It means that people living in the world know one another as if they
are living in a village. It has become possible due to fast
communication links. Information can be transferred one place to
another place easily and quality.
•Information plays and important role in every field of life. Information
cab be used to improve the standard of life. It can also be used for
solving different problems. For example, if a person has the latest
information about the medical field, he can use this information to
cure different diseases.

3. Ijaz Ahmad Awan, Instructor

Lecture 1 Introduction to Information Technology3
COMPONENTS OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
•Computer : Electronic systems that can be instructed to accept,
process store, and present data and information.
•Communications Network : It is an interconnection of different
locations through a medium that allows people to send and
receive information. Communication network allows people and
businesses to interact. It includes hardware, programs and
information. Information technology has become revolutionary
through the use of communication networks. Information can be
transferred from one place to another easily and quickly.

4. Ijaz Ahmad Awan, Instructor

Lecture 1 Introduction to Information Technology
WHAT IS COMPUTER
INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT
STORAGE
Computer is an electronic machine used to solve different
problems according to a set of instructions given to it. A computer
can be accept data (input), process it (processing), in to useful
information (output), and store it for later use. Computer is
combination of two things hardware and software.

5. Ijaz Ahmad Awan, Instructor

Lecture 1 Introduction to Information Technology5
CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPUTER
•Speed: Computer processes data at a very high speed. It is much faster than
human beings. A computer can perform billions of calculations in a second.
•Reliability: Computer is very reliable. The electronic components in modem
computer rarely break or fail.
•Accuracy: Accuracy means that computer provides results without any errors.
Computer can process large amounts of data and produce results accurately.
The result can be wrong only if the data. given to the computer is not correct.
•Storage: Computer can store a large amount of data permanently. People can
use this data at any time.
•Control Sequence: A computer works strictly according to the given
instructions. It follows the same sequence of execution that is given in a
program.

6. Ijaz Ahmad Awan, Instructor

Lecture 1 Introduction to Information Technology6
CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPUTER
•Versatility: Computer is a versatile machine. It can perform different types of
tasks. That is why it is being used in every field of life. Computer is used in
hospital, bank, office and at home. A user can play games, listen to music, watch
movies and use the Internet using computer.
•Consistency: Computer works in a consistent way. It does not lose concentration
due to heavy work. It does not become tired or bored. Computer performs all jobs
with equal attention.
•Communication: Most computers today have the capability of communicating
with other computers. These computers can share data, instructions, and
information. The connected computers are called network. We can communicate
with other people in the world using network like Internet.
•Cost Reductions: We can perform a difficult task in less time and less cost. For
example, we may have to hire many people to handle an office. The same work
can be performed by single person with the help of computer. It reduces the cost.

7. Ijaz Ahmad Awan, Instructor

Lecture 1 Introduction to Information Technology
HARDWRE & SOFTWARE
Hardware : The physical parts of the computer are called
hardware. Keyboard and mouse are two examples of hardware.
Software: A set of instructions given to the computer to solve a
problem is called software. Software is also called program.
Different software’s are used to solve different problems. A
computer works according to the instructions written in
software.
Microsoft Word Microsoft Excel Microsoft PowerPoint System Software

8. Ijaz Ahmad Awan, Instructor

Lecture 1 Introduction to Information Technology8
RELATIONSHIP OF SOFTWARE AND HARDWARE
•Relationship of Software and Hardware Software is a set of
instructions that tells the computer hardware what to do.
The hardware cannot perform any task without software.
•The software cannot be executed without hardware. A
computer becomes useful when hardware and software
are combined.

9. Ijaz Ahmad Awan, Instructor

Lecture 1 Introduction to Information Technology9
DATA AND INFORMATION
Data : A collection of raw facts and figures is called data. The
word raw means that the facts have not yet been processed to
get their exact meaning. Data is collected from different
sources. It is collected for different purposes. Data may consist
of numbers, characters, symbols or pictures etc.
Information: The processed data is called information.
Information is an organized and processed form of data. It is
more meaningful than data. It is used for making important
decisions.

10. HISTORY OF COMPUTER
Introduction to Information TechnologyIntroduction to Information Technology

11. Ijaz Ahmad Awan, Instructor

Lecture 1 Introduction to Information Technology11
HISTORY OF COMPUTER
•Computer was inventive because "necessity is the mother
of invention". Man always searched for a fast calculating
device. It took a long time to invent the digital computer. A
brief history behind the invention of computer is as follows:

12. Ijaz Ahmad Awan, Instructor

Lecture 1 Introduction to Information Technology12
ABACUS AND JOHN NAPIER'S BONE
•ABACUS: The first computing device was ABACUS. It was
developed in 600 B.C. It was used to perform simple
addition and subtraction. It consists of wooden beads. The
beads could be move easily. Calculations were performed by
moving these beads properly.
•JOHN NAPIER'S BONE :Another manual calculating device
was John Napier's bone. It was a cardboard multiplication
calculator. It was designed in the early 17th century.

13. Ijaz Ahmad Awan, Instructor

Lecture 1 Introduction to Information Technology13
BLAISE PASCAL AND GOTTFIELD WILHEM VON LEIBNTTZ
•BLAISE PASCAL : The first mechanical
adding machine was invented by
Blaise Pascal in 1642. It could only
add and subtract numbers. Division
and multiplication was done by
repeated addition and subtraction.
•GOTTFIELD WILHEM VON LEIBNTTZ:
In 1694, a German scientist Leibnitz a
developed a calculating machine. It
was the first calculator that could
multiply and divide also.

14. Ijaz Ahmad Awan, Instructor

Lecture 1 Introduction to Information Technology14
CHARLES XAVIER AND PUNCHED BOARD
•CHARLES XAVIER: A French scientist
Charles Xavier developed a machine
that could perform addition,
subtraction, multiplication and
division.
•PUNCHED BOARD : A French
engineer Joseph developed
punchboard system for power looms.
It was used to create specific weaving
pattern on cloths. Later on, it was
used in computing devices.

15. Ijaz Ahmad Awan, Instructor

Lecture 1 Introduction to Information Technology15
CHARLES BABBAGE AND HERMAN HOLLERITH
•CHARLES BABBAGE: In 1822, a mathematician Charles Babbage
invented a "Difference Engine" for mathematical calculations. In
1842, he developed Analytical Engine that was automatic. This
engine could perform 60 additions per minute.
•HERMAN HOLLERITH: In 1889, Herman applied the idea of
punchboards in computers. He used punch cards in computers
for input and output.

16. Ijaz Ahmad Awan, Instructor

Lecture 1 Introduction to Information Technology16
ATANASOFF
•Atanasoff was a professor at Lowa University. He invented
an electronic computer. He applied Boolean algebra to
computer circuitry.

17. Ijaz Ahmad Awan, Instructor

Lecture 1 Introduction to Information Technology17
THE MARK I COMPUTER (1937-44) AND ENIAC (1943-46)
•MARK I COMPUTER (1937-44) : It is also known as Automatic Sequence
Controlled Calculator. It was first fully automatic calculating machine. It
was designed by Howard A. Aiken of Harvard University. It was very
reliable but huge in size.
•ENIAC (1943-46) :ENIAC stands for Electronic Numerical Integrator and
Calculator. It was invented by J. P. Eckert and John Mauchly in 1946. It
was the first electronic computer. The ENIAC was very heavy and large in
size. It consumed 140 kilowatts of power and was capable of doing 5000
additions per second.

18. Ijaz Ahmad Awan, Instructor

Lecture 1 Introduction to Information Technology18
EDVAC (1946-52) AND UNIVAC (1951)
•EDVAC (1946-52) : EDVAC stands for Electronic Discrete Variable
Automatic, Calculator. It was developed by Dr. Joh' Von Neumann. It
could store instructions and data.
•UNIVAC (1951) : UNIVAC stands for Universal Automatic Computer.
It was first digital computer. It was used in business and industries.

19. Ijaz Ahmad Awan, Instructor

Lecture 1 Introduction to Information Technology19
INTRODUCTION GENERATION
•The history of computer development is often referred to
in reference to the different generations of computing
devices.
•Each generation of computer is characterized by a major
technological development that fundamentally changed
the way computers operate, resulting in increasingly
smaller, low-priced, more powerful and more efficient and
reliable devices.

20. Ijaz Ahmad Awan, Instructor

Lecture 1 Introduction to Information Technology20
•First generation (Vacuum tube) 1942-1955
•Second generation (Transistor) 1955-1964
•Third generation (Integrated Circuits) 1964-1975
•Fourth generation (Microprocessor) 1975-
Present
•Fifth generation (Artificial intelligence) Present and Beyond
INTRODUCTION GENERATION

21. Ijaz Ahmad Awan, Instructor

Lecture 1 Introduction to Information Technology21
FIRST GENERATION - 1942-1955: VACUUM TUBES
•The beginning of commercial computer age is from UNIVAC
(Universal Automatic Computer). It was developed by two
scientists MAUCHLY and ECHERT at the Census Department of
United States in 1947. The first generation computers were
used during 1942-
­1955.
•Used vacuum tubes for circuitry, magnetic drums for memory,
and were often enormous, taking up entire rooms.
•Very expensive , consumed great deal of electricity, generated
a lot of heat, which was often the cause of malfunctions.
Relied on machine language to perform operations, could
solve one problem at a time.
•Input was based on punched cards and paper tape, and output
was displayed on printouts. UNIVAC and ENIAC computers are
examples of first generation computing devices.

22. Ijaz Ahmad Awan, Instructor

Lecture 1 Introduction to Information Technology22
SECOND GENERATION - 1955-1964 : TRANSISTORS
•The second generation computers used transistors. The scientists
of Bell Laboratories developed transistor in 1947. These scientists
include John Bardeen, William Brattain and William, Shockley.
•Transistors replaced vacuum tubes allowing computers to
become smaller, faster, cheaper, more energy-efficient and more
reliable than their first-generation predecessors. Still relied on
punched cards for input and printouts for output.
•Second-generation computers moved from cryptic binary
machine language to symbolic, or assembly, languages, which
allowed programmers to specify instructions in words.
•High-level programming languages like COBOL and FORTRAN
were used. The examples' of second-generation computers are
IBM 7094 series, IBM 1400 series and CDC 164 etc.

23. Ijaz Ahmad Awan, Instructor

Lecture 1 Introduction to Information Technology23
THIRD GENERATION - 1964-1975 : INTEGRATED CIRCUITS
•The third generation computers used integrated circuits (IC). Jack
Kilby developed the concept of' integrated circuit in 1958. It was an
important invention in computer field. The first IC was invented
and used in 1961.
•Transistors were miniaturized and placed on silicon chips, called
semiconductors, which increased the speed and efficiency of
computers.
•Instead of punched cards and printouts, users interacted through
keyboards and monitors and interfaced with an operating system,
which allowed the device to run many different applications at one
time with a central program that monitored the memory.
•Computers for the first time became accessible to a mass audience
because they were smaller and cheaper than their predecessors.
The examples of third-generation computers are IBM 370, IBM
System/360, UNIVAC 1108 and UNIVAC 9000 etc.

24. Ijaz Ahmad Awan, Instructor

Lecture 1 Introduction to Information Technology24
FOURTH GENERATION - 1975-PRESENT :MICROPROCESSORS
•The fourth generation computers started with the invention of
microprocessor. The microprocessor contains thousands of ICs.
Ted Hoff produced the first microprocessor in 1971 for Intel. It
was known as Intel 4004.
•What in the first generation filled an entire room could now fit in
the palm of the hand. In 1981 IBM introduced its first computer
for the home user, and in 1984 Apple introduced the Macintosh.
•As these small computers became more powerful, they could be
linked together to form networks, which eventually led to the
development of the Internet.
•Fourth generation computers also saw the development of GUIs,
the mouse and Hand held devices. The examples of fourth
generation computers are Apple Macintosh and IBM PC.

25. Ijaz Ahmad Awan, Instructor

Lecture 1 Introduction to Information Technology
FIFTH GENERATION - PRESENT AND BEYOND: ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
25
•Scientists are now working on the 5th generation computers using
recent engineering advances. It is based on the technique of artificial
intelligence (AI). intelligence, are still in development, though there are
some applications, such as voice recognition, that are being used today.
•The use of parallel processing and super conductors is helping to make
artificial intelligence a reality.
•Quantum computation and molecular and nanotechnology will radically
change the face of computers in years to come.
•The goal of fifth-generation computing is to develop devices that
respond to natural language input and are capable of learning and self-
organization.

26. TYPE OF COMPUTERS
Introduction to Information TechnologyIntroduction to Information Technology

27. Ijaz Ahmad Awan, Instructor

Lecture 1 Introduction to Information Technology
•Computers can be classified based on their principles of
operation or on their configuration. By configuration, we
mean the size, speed of doing computation and storage
capacity of a computer.
•Digital Computer
•Analog Computer
•Hybrid Computer
TYPE OF COMPUTERS

28. Ijaz Ahmad Awan, Instructor

Lecture 1 Introduction to Information Technology
DIGITAL COMPUTER
•Digital Computer :A digital computer works with
digits. It operates by counting number or digits and
give output in digital form.
•It work with only two digital signals, 0 and 1.
 Digital
computers are commonly used in office and
educational institutions.
•Examples of digital device are calculators, personal
computers, Digital watches, digital thermometers etc.

29. Ijaz Ahmad Awan, Instructor

Lecture 1 Introduction to Information Technology
•Examples
• Calculators
• Accounting machines
•Applications
• Scientific research
• Business
• Education
• Factories
• Market
• Art
DIGITAL COMPUTERS

30. Ijaz Ahmad Awan, Instructor

Lecture 1 Introduction to Information Technology
ANALOG COMPUTER
•Analog Computer : An analog computer does not operate
directly with digital signals. It receives input and gives output
in form of analog signals. The results achieved are not
accurate as compared to those achieved by digital computer.
Analog computers are mainly used in field of engineering and
medicine. Examples of speedometer, tire pressure gauge,
voltage etc.
•Examples

•Speedometer
•Weight machine
•Thermometer
•Temperature
•Speed

31. Ijaz Ahmad Awan, Instructor

Lecture 1 Introduction to Information Technology
HYBRID COMPUTER
•Hybrid Computer : Hybrid computers have features of both
analog and digital computers. Hybrid computers can get input
and give output either in analog form or in digital form. These
are special purpose computers. These are used in scientific
field. In hospitals, these are used to watch patient’s health
condition in ICU.

32. CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTERS
Introduction to Information TechnologyIntroduction to Information Technology

33. Ijaz Ahmad Awan, Instructor

Lecture 1 Introduction to Information Technology
Depending upon their speed and memory size, computers
are classified into following different groups.
•Mini Computer
•Mainframe Computer
•Super Computer
•Micro Computers
CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTERS

34. Ijaz Ahmad Awan, Instructor

Lecture 1 Introduction to Information Technology
MINI COMPUTER
•These are smaller versions of the
Mainframe computers. Minicomputers
have large memory and faster
input/output devices. They are more
expensive and have more processing
speed than microcomputers. They are
used for maintaining details of a large
business organization, to analysis result
of experiment to control and maintain
the production activity in factory. A
minicomputer can be used by several
persons (1 to 200) at the same time.Mini Computer

35. Ijaz Ahmad Awan, Instructor

Lecture 1 Introduction to Information Technology
MAINFRAME COMPUTER
•Mainframe computers are very large computers. Mainframe
computer have very high processing speed. These computer
are used by large business organizations like banks, big
factories, for scientific research work and for weather
forecasting. These systems generally supports 500 to 2000
local and remote users.

36. Ijaz Ahmad Awan, Instructor

Lecture 1 Introduction to Information Technology
SUPER COMPUTERS
•The most powerful and the fastest computers available at any
time are called super computers. These are used to complex
scientific and mathematical calculation. These computers can
process billions of instructions in one second.

37. Ijaz Ahmad Awan, Instructor

Lecture 1 Introduction to Information Technology
MICRO COMPUTER
•Microcomputers are designed to be used by one person at a
time. These are commonly used in office, homes and in
educational institutions.
Desktop Computer Laptop Computer

38. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
USING THE COMPUTER
Introduction to Information TechnologyIntroduction to Information Technology

39. Ijaz Ahmad Awan, Instructor

Lecture 1 Introduction to Information Technology
•Speed: When data, instructions, and information flow along electronic circuits in a
computer, they travel at incredibly fast speeds.
•Reliability: The electronic components in modern computers are dependable and
reliable because they rarely break or fail.
•Communications: Most computers today can communicate with other computers,
often wirelessly. Computers with this capability can share any of the four information
processing cycle operations input, process, output, and storage with another
computer or a user.
•Storage: A computer can transfer data quickly from storage to memory, process it,
and then store it again for future use.
ADVANTAGES OF USING THE COMPUTER

40. Ijaz Ahmad Awan, Instructor

Lecture 1 Introduction to Information Technology
•Health Risks: Prolonged or improper computer use can lead to injuries or disorders of the
hands, wrists, elbows, eyes, neck, and back.
•Violation of Privacy: Nearly every life event is stored in a computer somewhere in medical
records, credit reports, tax records, etc. In many instances, where personal and confidential
records were not protected properly, individuals have found their privacy violated and
identities stolen.
•Computer Crimes: People use the computer for negative activities. They hack the credit card
numbers of the people and misuse them or they can steal important data from big
organizations.
•Unemployment: Different tasks are performed automatically by using computers. It reduces
the need of people and increases unemployment in society.
•Wastage of time and energy: Many people use computers without positive purpose. They play
games and chat for a long period of time. It causes wastage of time and energy. Young
generation is now spending more time on the social media websites like Facebook, Twitter etc.
DISADVANTAGES OF USING THE COMPUTER