It is all about protozoa_complete_pdf.pdf

It is all about protozoa

1. Compiled by; Dr. Zainab Abdullah
TOPIC 2 THE MICROORGANISM
d. PROTOZOA
Dr. Zainab Abdullah
Lecturer (Pharmaceutics)
Lahore College of Pharmaceutical Sciences

2. Compiled by; Dr. Zainab Abdullah
PROTOZOAS

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•Protozoa are microorganisms in various sizes and forms
that may be free-living or parasitic. They possess a
nucleus containing chromosomes and organelles such
as mitochondria (lacking in some cases), an
endoplasmicreticulum,pseudopods,flagella,cilia,kineto
plasts,etc.
•Many parasitic protozoa are transmitted by arthropods,
whereby multiplication and transformation into the
infectious stage take place in the vector.

4. Compiled by; Dr. Zainab Abdullah
ThewordprotozoaiscomefromGreek
protozoonwordmeaning“FirstAnimal”.
•Protozoa areunicellularEukaryotic
microorganism.
•Protozoaconstitutealargegroupofabout
65,000species.Mostofwhichareharmless
freelivingandinhabitswaterandsoil.
•Afewspeciesarepathogenicinnature
parasitizehuman andotheranimals
causinghundredsofmillionofinfectionsin
ayeararoundtheworld.
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CHARACTERISTICS
•MostlyUnicellularorganismwithfully
functionalcell.
•Livefreely,maybeparasiticor
symbiotic.
•Protozoa arechemohetrotrops.
(Chemoheterotroph”isthetermforanorganismwhichderivesits
energyfromchemicals,andneedstoconsumeotherorganisms
inordertolive.)
•Theyaremotilehavelocomotive
organelles.E.g.FlagellaandCiliafor
movement.
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MORPHOLOGY
•Protozoaare Eukaryoticresemble to animal
cell, contain major cell organelles
(including Nucleus, Mitochondria).
•Highly specialized organellesfor feeding,
reproduction and movement.
•The cytoplasmof protozoa are divided into
an outer layer called Ectoplasm and an
inner layer called Endoplasm.
•Ectoplasmhelps in movement, feeding and
Protection.
•Endoplasmhouses Nucleus, mitochondria
and food. 6

7. Compiled by; Dr. Zainab Abdullah
MORPHOLOGY
•Some protozoa have special appendages Flagella
and ciliathat helps in their movements.
•Except Sporozoites, all types of protozoa are motile
either through Flagella, cilia or Pseudopodia.
•Few ciliate and Amoeba are larger enough to be
seen with naked eyes (they are about 4 to 5 mm).
•Their shape may remain constant (specially in
Ciliates) or change constantly (as seen in Amoeba).
•Freshwater protozoahave contractile vacuoles to
pump out excess water.
•The sizeof Protozoa is rangebetween 3 to 300
micrometer.
•Have Eyespot that can detect change in light.
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NUTRITION
•Mostly protozoa feed on dead plants and
animal debris while some (trophozoites)
feed on bacteria and Algae.
•Parasitic Protozoa feeds on the fluids and
tissues of their host(e.g. Plasma and blood
cells).
•Some Protozoa live in symbiotic relationship
with other plants and animals.
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CLASSIFICATION OF PROTOZOA
•Protozoa are classifiedon the basis of their
motility and method of reproduction.
•They are classified into Four main types
Flagellates
Ciliates
Sarcodina
Sporozoites
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Flagellates
•Flagellates move by help of Flagella (a
tail-like structure ).
•The movement is whip like.
Example of Flagellates are
•Trypanosoma, (blood pathogen)
•Leishmenia(blood pathogen)
•Giardia (intestinal parasite)
•Trichomonas (reproductive tract pathogen)
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Ciliates
•Ciliatesprotozoahavemovementthrough
cilia.(finehairlikestructureattachedwith
theirbody).
•Someprotozoahavespecialkindofcilia
forfeedingandattachment.
•Mostareharmless.Onlyonespecies
BalantidiumColiispathogenicforhuman
causesarareandserverformof
Dysentery.
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Balantidium Coli
Paramecium
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Sarcodina
•Major loco-motor organelles in Sarcodina
is pseudopodia. (Pseudo means false,
podia means Foot)
•Common example of Sarcodina is
Amoeba
•Mostspecies are harmless
•Entamoeba is a parasitic for human
causes intestinal diseases.
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Sporozoites
•Sporozoites are the only non-motile form
of protozoa.
•Sporozoites have well developed sexual
and asexual stages.
•Entire group is parasiticin nature and are
harmful
•Some common examples of Sporozoites
and their infections are;
Plasmodium(causative agent of Malaria, causes 100 to 300
million infection world wide)
Toxoplasma Gondii(causes Toxoplasmosis)
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Toxoplasma Gondii
Plasmodium
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End of part one

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REPRODUCTION IN
PROTOZOA
ProtozoacanreproducetheiroffspringbybothSexualandAsexualmethods
ASEXUALMETHODSOFREPRODUCTION ARE:
Budding
BinaryFission
SchizogonyorMultipleFission
SEXUALMETHODS
Conjugation
Gametogony
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SCHIZOGONY/MULTIPLEFISSION
Itisthemethodofmultiplefissioninwhichfirstthenucleus
undergoesmultipledivision,formmanynucleithatasmall
portionofcytoplasmconcentratearoundeachnucleus
andthanprotozoancellisdivideintomanydaughter
cells.
ASEXUAL METHODS OF REPRODUCTION
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CONJUGATION:
Twoprotozoameettogetherandexchangetheirgenetic
material
SEXUAL METHODS OF REPRODUCTION
GAMETOGONY :
Unionoftwosexuallydifferentiatedcells 21

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Plasmodium
Causative agent of malaria
Malaria,themostfrequenttropicalparasitosis,isalsoofmedicalsignificanceIn
centralEuropeandotherregionsasatraveler’sdisease.
TheINFECTIONISCAUSEDbyplasmodia
Plasmodiumvivax
P.ovale,
P.malariae
P.falciparum
TRANSMITTEDbythebiteofAnophelesmosquitoes.
Aninfectioninitiallypresentsinnonspecificsymptoms(headache,fatigue,
nausea,fever).Untreatedmalariatropica(causedbyP.falciparum)canquickly
developtoalethaloutcome.
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Malariaisnotcausedbymosquitoanophelesratheritiscausedbyprotozoan
species,theparasiteswhichthatmosquitocarries
Malariaisaproblemindevelopingandtropicalcountries,about300-500million
casesofmalariaoccureachyearand2-3milliondeathsannually.
Plasmodiumisparasiticprotozoanwhichcausesmalaria,theyareoffewtypes.
Plasmodium.vivax,P.falciparum,P.malaria,P.ovale,mostlymalariaIscaused
byP.falciparumandP.vivax
Howaplasmodiuminfectsahumanandwhathappensbylookingatitslife
cycle
1.Anophelesafemalemosquitotheybitesmostforextraproteintheyneed,the
mosquitobiteshumanbeingwhilecarryingplasmodiumparasiteinformof
sporozoites.
Infectedmosquitoinjectparasite(sporozoites)whenitbitesthehuman.
2.Sporozoitesinjectedintobloodstreamandtravelstotheliverandtakeup
residenceintohepatocytes.(justafter30minutesofbite)
3.Sporozoitesbeguntomultiplyasexuallyandtransferintomerozoites,when
multiplemerozoitesaretogetherinhepatocytestheycollectivelycalled
schizont.
4.Thesemultiplemerozoiteswillthenbeguntoruptureandreleasefrom
hepatocytesbackintothebloodstream.
Intheliverthesporozoitesmultiplyasexuallyandbecomemerozoites.The
livercellthenburstreleaseitintotheblood(thisoccursabout7-10days
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24. Compiled by; Dr. Zainab AbdullahCompiled by; Dr. Zainab AbdullahLIFE CYCLE OF THE MALARIAL PARASITE, plasmodium falciparum
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5. Nowinbloodthemerozoitesbeguninvadingerythrocytes(RBCs)and
multiplyagainuntiltheRBCsbursts.
6. MerozoiteswillmultiplyinRBCsandagainmakeschizont,theRBCswill
burstandreleasemultiplemerozoitesbackintothebloodstream.
ThecyclewillkeeprepeatingitselfandmerozoiteswillinvademoreRBCsand
multiplyeachtimethishappensthiswillcausefeverchillsandsweating,the
cyclewillcontinue
7. Afterseveralasexualcyclesthemerozoiteswilldevelopintoplasmodium
gametocytes(maleandfemale).
8. ThesewillremaininRBCsandwhenanuninfectedAnophelesmosquito
willcomeandbitethatparticularinfectedhumanthegametocytes(maleand
female)willbesuckupbythatmosquito.
9. Nowinsidemosquitothesexualreproductionofgametocyteswilltake
placeandthesegameteswilltransformintozygoteandintooocystthese
oocystscontainmerozoiteswhichwillsettleintosalivaryglandsofmosquito
readytoinfectanotherhumanbeing.
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TREATMENT AND COMPLICATIONS
of Malaria
•Treatment;
–Quinine
–Hydroxychloroquine
•Complications;
–Renal failure
–Hepatomegaly
–Splenomegaly
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Trypanosoma
Causative agents of African trypanosomosis(sleeping
sickness)and American trypanosomosis(Chagas disease)
Malaria,themostfrequenttropicalparasitosis,isalsoofmedicalsignificanceIn
centralEuropeandotherregionsasatraveler’sdisease.
TheINFECTIONISCAUSEDbyTrypanosomabruci;
Gambiensi97%commoninwestAfrica,itschronic
rhodesiensi3%easternandsouthernAfrica,acuteinfections
Chagasdieseas(Americantrypanosoma)causedby;
Trypanosomacruzi
TRANSMITION
Trypanosomabruci(Africansleepsickness)
gambiensiandrohdesiensitransmittedbytsestefly
Trypanosomacruzi(Americanchagasdisease)
Transmittedbytriatominebugs 27

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Trypanosoma characteristics
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Trypanosoma
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Treatment of
Trypanosoma
•Basically it depends on type of
parasite.
•Medication used are toxic
•Usually don’t work in stage 2
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Entamoeba histolytica(intestinal parasite)
causative agent of Amebic dysentery
Ingestedcystsfromcontaminatedfoodorwater,
whichformtrophozoitesinthesmallintestine(Figure
21.3).
Thesepasstothecolon,wheretheyfeedonintestinal
bacteria,andmayinvadetheepithelium,potentially
inducingulceration.Theparasitecanfurtherspreadto
theliverandcauseabscesses.Inthecolon,
trophozoitesformcyststhatpassinthefeces(amebic
cystsareresistanttochlorineconcentrationsusedin
mostwatertreatmentfacilities).
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Entamoeba histolytica
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Treatment of
Entamoeba histolytica
•Mildcasesofluminalamebic
dysentery are treated with
iodoquinol,paramomycin,or
diloxanidefuroate.
•Moreseverecases,includingliver
infections,aretreatedwith
metronidazole(whichalsohas
antibacterial activity) in
combination withchloroquine
and/ordiloxamidefuroateor
emetine.
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PROTOZOAN DISEASES
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ANTIPROTOZOAL DRUGS
•Examples of antiprotozoal drugs include:
Chloroquine Mefloquine and Pyrimethamine.
These are used in malaria treatment.
•Metronidazole was developed as an antiprotozoal
drug. It induces strand breaks in the DNA of sensitive
organisms and also disrupts membrane integrity.
•Other antiprotozoal agents are sulphonamidesand
trimethoprim, inhibit folic acid synthesis.
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BENEFITS TO ENVIRONMENT
•Decomposers
•Regulates bacteria
population
•Food for other
animals
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THE END