Jack bean

production technology of jack bean

1. JACK BEAN

2. INTRODUCTION Jack bean is commonly grown for the young pods and immature seeds which are used as food for humans and animals PODS OF JACK BEAN

3. Botanical name Canavalia ensiformis Family Fabaceae Origin Central America and West Indies Edible part Pod Common name Horse bean, bara sem , makham sem (for both sword bean and jack bean)

4. NOMENCLATURE Kingdom : Plantae (unranked ): Angiosperms (unranked ): Eudicots (unranked ): Rosids Order: Fabales Family : Fabaceae Genus : Canavalia Species: ensiformis

5. Difference between jack bean and sword bean Jack Bean Sword Bean Scientific name is Canavalia ensiformis . Scientific name is Canavalia gladiata . Jack bean is bushy in nature. Sword bean is climbing in nature. Length of the seed hilum (scar) only about one – third as long as the seed. Length of the seed hilum (scar) is more than one – half the length of the seed. Seed colour is white. Seed colour is red.

6. WHITE JACK BEAN SEEDS RED SWORD BEAN SEEDS BUSHY NATURE OF JACK BEAN CLIMBING NATURE OF SWORD BEAN

7. Origin and distribution Four species are reported from India viz , Canavalia ensiformis , Canavalia gladiata , Canavalia maritima and Canavalia virosa . Jack bean and sword bean occur in NE region of India and are being cultivated for edible pods.

8. COMPOSITION The immature pods and seeds contain about 75.2 % water, 6.9 % protein. It is also good source of Calcium, Zinc, Pottassium , Magnesium and Copper.

9. USES The tender pods are used as vegetable. The young pods are usually picked about 10 days interval for use as vegetable in curries and chutneys. The leaves are used as green manure as well as fodder for animals. IMMATURE PODS CURRY

10. It is useful as a cover crop and as a green manure It is a source of an enzyme, urease, which has been exploited commercially. SWORD BEAN AS COVER CROP IN BANANA

11. Health benefits

12. BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION It is a perennial, herbaceous, bushy in nature but strong enough and can withstand stress. The root is a well branched into soil depth of 150cm. The leaves are cordate , green and large. Bushy nature Cordate leaf

13. The flowers lie in axillary racemes. The plant bears linear pods, mature pods are fibrous and unsuitable for vegetable. The mature pods yields 8-20 white seeds. Flower Seeds

14. CULTIVARS There is no improved cultivar in jack bean.

15. CLIMATE AND SOIL It is a warm season crop and subtropical and mild altitudinal zone of hills is suitable to grow these crop. It is the typical short day plant and grow well with a 10 – 12 hour day length. The crop requires mean temperature about 29 – 30 ℃. Jack bean requires adequate soil moisture during early vegetation as well as during flowering

16. SEED RATE AND SOWING METHODS The seed rate followed is one or two seeds per pit. It is planted at 60 × 60 cm. May – June and September – October are usual sowing time.

17. MANURE AND FERTILIZERS FYM is applied at the rate of 5 t/ ha, N : P : K is applied at 60 : 50 : 50 kg/ ha may be applied asw basal dose and top dressing at several splits.

18. HARVESTING AND YIELD Flowering and fruiting start from about 70 days after sowing. About2 to 2.5 kg pods per plant is obtained. Harvesting stage of jack bean

19. POST HARVEST MANAGEMENT Generally, Jack beans will keep indefinitely well when stored in a cool, dry place. Never store dry beans in the refrigerator . Jack bean can also be dried and stored. Processed jack bean

20. DISEASES AND PEST Downy mildew Symptoms: White downy fungal growth develops on the plant. Young shoots and flowers are infected first. Control: resistant varieties as well as disease free seed can be used. Powdery mildew

21. Pod blight: Diaporthe phaseolorum . Symptom: Brown patches form on leaves followed by concentric rings. Over time, pods become infected and the seeds either do not form or are shriveled , thus making them unmarketable. Pod blight of soya bean

22. Effects of heat treatments and germination on trypsin inhibitor activity and polyphenols in jack bean ( Canavalia ensiformis  L. DC) Authors : V. S. Babar, J. K.  Chavan and S. S.  Kadam Journal: Plant Foods for Human Nutrition December 1988, Volume 38,  Issue 4 , pp 319–324 The application of dry heat to seeds and meal was not effective in inactivating the TI and reducing the polyphenol content. Soaking for 24 h followed by cooking for 20 min, was equally effective in destroying the TI activity. Germination of jack bean seeds for 40 h decreased the levels of TI and polyphenols by 31% and 35%, respectively.

23. Antifungal activity of plant and bacterial ureases Journal: Toxicon Volume 50, Issue 7 , 1 December 2007, Pages 984 – 99 . Author: A.B.Becker Ureases (EC 3.5.1.5) are nickel-dependent metalloenzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of urea to ammonia and carbon dioxide. It has been proposed that in plants these enzymes are involved in nitrogen bioavailability and in protection against pathogens .. Herein we demonstrate that ( Glycine max ) embryo-specific soybean urease , jackbean ( Canavalia ensiformis ) major urease and a recombinant  H. pylori   urease impair growth of selected phytopathogenic fungi at sub- micromolar concentrations. Scanning electron microscopy of urease -treated fungi suggests plasmolysis and cell wall injuries. Altogether, our data indicate that ureases probably contribute to the plant arsenal of defense compounds against predators and phytopathogens .