JAIRO EMMANUEL SANCHEZ ALONSO - Observation Guidelines .pptx_20240214_074926_0000.pdf

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1. Universidad Tecnológica de Gutiérrez Zamora
Title
Observation Guidelines
Student name
SÁNCHEZ ALONSO Jairo Emmanuel
412AB
January – Abril 2024

2. Observation Guidelines:

3. OBSERVATION:
Observation is the active acquisition of
information from a primary source. In living beings,
observation employs the senses.
Observationalmethods in psychological research
entail the observation and description of a
subject's behaviour. According to Gardner (1975),
observation is the selection,
provocation,recording and encoding of that set of
behaviours and settings concerning organism “in
situ’ which are consistent with empirical aims.”

4. Characteristics of Observation
1. Observation is at once a physical as well as mental activity.
2. Observation is selective and purposeful.
3. Scientific observation is systematic.
4. Observation is specific.
5) Scientific observation is objective and quantitative.
6. The record of observation is immediately.
7. Observation is verifiable.
8. Behaviour is observed is natural surroundings.
9. It enables understanding significant events affecting
social.
10.It determines reality from the perspective of observed
person himself.

5. Types of Observation
Observation is found in almost all research studies, at least
in the exploratory stage. Such data collection
is often called simple observation. Its practice is not very
standardized. Systematic observation it
employs standardized procedures, training of observers,
schedules for recording.
Simple & systematic observation:

6. Subjective and Objective
Observation One may have to observe one’s own
immediate experience, it is called subjective
observation. In any investigations, the observer is
an entity apart from the thing observed, that type
of observation is called objective observation

7. Structured and Un structured
observation
Structured observation is organised and planned
which employs formal procedures, has a set of
well-
defined observation categories, and is subject to
high levels of control and differentiation.
Unstructured
observations are loosely organized, and the
process is largely left to the observer to define.

8. Natural observation is one in which observation is made
in natural settings while artificial observation
is one in which observation is made in a laboratory
condition.
Natural and Artificial
Observation

9. Participant and Non-participant
observation:
When the observer participates with the activities of
these under study is called participant observation
Merits: - Acquiring wide information, Easy in exchange
of clear observation of neutral and real behaviour.
Limitations: - larger time required, greater resources
required lack of objectivity. When the
observer does not actually participate in the activities of
the group to be studied but simply present in the group
it is common as non-participant observation. The
observer in this method makes not effort to his influence
or to create a relationship between him and the group.

10. 1. It allows collection of wide range of information.
2. It is a flexible technique in which research design can be modified
at any time .
3. It is less complicated and less time consuming.
4. It approaches reality in its natural structure and studies events as
they evolve.
5. It is relatively inexperience.
6. The observer can assess the emotional reaction of subjects.
7. The observer can record the content which gives meaning to
respondent’s expression.
8. The behaviour being observed in natural environment will not
cause any bias.
9. Superior in data collection on dependable and convincing.
10. Greater accuracy and reliability of data.
Advantages of Observation

11. 1. It allows collection of wide range of information.
2. It is a flexible technique in which research design can be modified
at any time .
3. It is less complicated and less time consuming.
4. It approaches reality in its natural structure and studies events as
they evolve.
5. It is relatively inexperience.
6. The observer can assess the emotional reaction of subjects.
7. The observer can record the content which gives meaning to
respondent’s expression.
8. The behaviour being observed in natural environment will not
cause any bias.
9. Superior in data collection on dependable and convincing.
10. Greater accuracy and reliability of data.
Advantages of Observation

12. 11. Results are more dependable and convincing
Limitations of Observation
1. Establishing the validity of observation is always difficult.
2. The problem of subjectivity also involved.
3. There is the possibility of distortion of the phenomena through
the very act of observing.
4. It is a slow and laborious process.
5. The events may not be easily classifiable.
6. The data may be unmanageable.
7. It is going to be a costly affair
8. It cannot offer quantitative generations.

13. Thanks for your
attention