James Watson and Francis Crick - famous scientists

James Watson and Francis Crick

1. James Watson and Francis Crick  The DNA discovery.

2. What is DNA ? DNA is a molecule that contains genetic information about the structure of the cell and the organism. DNA usually takes the shape of a right-handed double helix. This means that the DNA molecule consists of two single chains, arranged antiparallel to each other (i.e. the beginning of one strand connects to the end of the other strand). These chains coil around a common axis.

3. What   is   such  a          chain   made  of? DNA  is a row of repeating fragments consisting of:  the five- carbon sugar deoxyribose ,  a phosphate residue one of four nitrogenous bases : purine ( adenine or guanine ) or pyrimidine ( cytosine or thymine ).  These four letters (A, G, C and T) are the DNA alphabet and their order codes individual amino acids and, consequently , proteins , which are ultimately the recipe for every , even the smallest , organism in the world .   Therefore ,  each  of  us   is   genetically   unique .

4. What   did  the  discovery  of the  structure  of DNA  give   us ? And whoever has access to our DNA knows everything about us .

5. James Watson American geneticist and biochemist. Member of National Academy of Sciences in Washington. After graduating from high school at the age of 15, he enrolled at the University of Chicago, where he earned a bachelor's degree in zoology four years later. He then completed postgraduate studies at Indiana University in Bloomington, earning his Ph.D. in 1950 (at the age of 22). James Watson was one of the originators and became the first head of The Human Genome Project , which was intended to sequence the entire human genome.

6. Francis Crick English biochemist, geneticist and molecular biologist In 1947, aged 31, Crick began studying biology and became part of an important migration of physical scientists into biology research Crick worked on the physical properties of cytoplasm  1951-beginning of cooperation with James Watson  1953 - establishing the structure of the DNA double helix with James Watson  1961 - the team solves the mystery of protein coding 1962 - Nobel Prize, shared with James Watson and Maurice Wilkins Crick was interested in two fundamental unsolved problems of biology: how molecules make the transition from the non-living to the living, and how the brain makes a conscious mind.

7. Curiosities about  DNA  The total length of DNA in the human body exceeds several million kilometers. If the human genome were expanded, it would be about the same length as 70 trips from Earth to the Sun and back. Written in text form, it would occupy 400 volumes of an encyclopedia! A thin strand of DNA from one human cell measures approximately 2 meters in total, but if all of them from the entire organism were combined, they would weigh 700 g. 700 grams of DNA contain almost 500,000 TB of data, and 1 gram of genetic material - over 700 TB of data A human has approximately 20,000 protein-coding genes. Interestingly, mice, sea urchins and even one type of nematode have a similar number of genes. Chromosome 1 is the largest chromosome in the human genome and contains approximately 8% of all human genetic information, i.e. over 3,000. genes. The publication of the chromosome 1 sequence was the final stage of the Human Genome Project.

8. Facts about  DNA The mystery of the genome hides complete information about our apperance , features, ablities , and preferences. The genome is the basic information about the structure and functioning of our body stored in chemical form: human genome consists of approximately 30,000 genes, of which 20-25,000 encode proteins. Genetic changes are hereditary DNA testing is currently the most effective method of identifying people. Each person has his or her own individual genetic code. For this reason, they are often used in forensics, mainly to identify criminals. Genetic testing allows for the development of personalized drugs designed to target specific molecular processes that cause disease. Thanks to them, new treatment methods are being developed, such as gene therapy, in which defective genes can be replaced or repaired. Genetics supports prevention, diagnosis and treatment

9. Nobel Prize King Gustaf Adolf of Sweden presents the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine to Francis Crick, who received the prize together with James D. Watson and Maurice Wilkins for their work in discovering the structure of the DNA molecule. December 13, 1962

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