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1. WELCOME

2. SYNOPSIS PRESENTATION on Effect of Phosphorus and Boron on Growth, Yield and Quality of French bean ( Phaseolus Vulgaris L.), variety Azad Rajma-1. PRESENTED BY: Lalit Yadav Id. No. : HR-0417/20 Ph. D. Vegetable Science Chandra Shekhar Azad University of Agriculture and Technology Kanpur-20 8002 (U. P. ) UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF: Dr. I.N. Shukla Assistant Professor Deptt . of Vegetable Science

3. Introduction French bean ( Phaseolus Vulgaris. L) is one of the most important leguminous short duration pod vegetable grown all over the World. It has many synonyms like; kidney bean, common bean, snap bean, navy bean, haricot bean, wax bean, string bean and rajmha (Hindi). French bean has evolved in highlands of Middle America from a wild vine over a period of 7000-8000 years. Vavilon (1951) reported, Mexico and Central America as the primary and Peruvian-Ecuadorian-Bolivian region of South America as the secondary centers of origin of French bean. Phaseolus Vulgaris. L is one of the most important vegetables with 21.1% grain protein, 69.9% carbohydrates, 17% fat besides 381 mg calcium, 42.5 mg phosphorus and 12.4 mg iron per 100 gm of edible parts. In India it is grown for tender vegetable while in country like USA it’s grown for processing in large quantities.

4. Rajmash ( Phaseolus Vulgaris. L ) is a newly introduced rabi crop in North-India. Traditionally, this crop was cultivated in hilly tract of Jammu & Kashmir, H.P. and Uttarakhand . In early eighties, it has been reported that it is possible to grow French bean in northern plain in winter (Anonymous, 1982). Presently, in India French bean cultivation mainly confined to Northern hilly areas of Jammu & Kashmir, H.P. and Uttar Pradesh as a Kharif crop and some parts of Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Western and Eastern Ghats and North Eastern plain zone. French bean is an annual herbaceous, erect, bushy (20-65cm tall) or twinning or climbing or pole type (2-3.2m long) with alternate triplicate leaves are stipulate, petiolate with good tendril. Based on the growth habit, the French bean varieties are grouped as bush type with short internodes, semi pole type with longer internodes, and the pole type having internodes longer than that of semi pole type. The crop is sown in two seasons from February-March and September- October in the tropical and sub-tropical climate.

5. Brazil is the largest producer of French bean in the world followed by Myanmar, India, China, United States of America and Mexico. With an area of 3.78 million ha. Brazil produces 3461 thousand MT of French beans with an average productivity of 0.81 MT per ha, while India ranks first in area with 8.0 million ha, and ranks third with a production of 3010 thousand MT of French bean (F.A.O, 2017). The total worldwide cultivated area of green beans is 1.527.613. Hectares, producing 21,720.588 tons. China is the world's leading producer of green beans, with a total cultivated area of 635,385 hectares and a production of 17,031,702 tons About 50% and 30% of world production comes from Asia and Europe, respectively (F.A.O, 2017). French bean production depends on many factors such as quality seed, variety, sowing date, fertilizer and cultural management practices. Crop yield varies from variety to variety due to internal and external factors of the plant. ( Uddin et al ., 2018; Usha et al ., 2019). The fertilizer management has vital role on growth, development and yield of leguminous crops. Amongst all the sixteen essential nutrients phosphorus for all crops is of prime importance because of its fixation and more so in acid soils of tropics and subtropics. For this reason P deficiency is more common in tropics.

6. Rajmash cultivation requires ample supply of phosphorus. Excessive and under dose of phosphorus can affect the growth and yield of legume crops. Beans seed need phosphorus for growth, utilization of sugar and starch, photosynthesis and albumen formation, energy transfer and storage of energy within plants The beans crops require more phosphorus because it is important for root nodulation to take place effectively Boron is one of the essential micronutrient required for normal growth of most of the plant. It required for proper development and differentiation of tissues besides being helpful in reducing sterility and malformation in reproducing organs. The boron improves the grain and straw yield, nutrient content, nutrient uptake and quality in legumes crops. Limited supplies of P reduces roots growth, development, elongation and ultimately nutrients uptake while B deficiency cause faintness in plant defensive mechanism and grain development in cereal and legumes. Application of B in combination with P act as a bio-stimulant which improves biological and chemo-physical properties of the soil.

7. Objectives To study the suitable dose of Phosphorus for Growth, Yield and Quality of French bean. To study the suitable dose of Boron for Growth, Yield and Quality of French bean . To work out interaction effect of Phosphorus and Boron on Growth, Yield and Quality of French bean. To access the economic feasibility of different treatment combination.

8. Review of Literature Afrin et al . (2012) observed that increase in the phosphorus content with the increase in boron application could be due to favorable influence of boron on various metabolic processes like photosynthesis, respiration, enzyme activity which augments the production of metabolites and their translocation to different parts including seed which ultimately increases the concentration of nutrients in seed and Stover. Uptake of phosphorus at pod picking stage increases up to 1.0 kg B ha-1 but at harvesting stage uptake of phosphorus increases up to 1.5 kg B ha-1 which is because of greater increase in dry matter at harvesting stage up to 1.5 kg B ha-1. Salih (2013) carried out pot experiment under greenhouse conditions during 2011 and 2012 growth season to investigate Fe, B and Zn foliar application effects on nutrient concentration and seed protein of cowpea ( Vigna unguiculata. L ). The results showed that the effect of different treatments on nutrient concentration and seed protein were significant AH. Jasim (2014) studies on broad bean Boron treatment led to increase all the traits significantly except (100 seeds weight) compared to control. The interaction between the factors had a significant effect on pod dry weight, number of seeds / pod, weight of 100 seeds, seed yield/plant and unit area and protein in seeds. The interaction of urea with boron was superior on all other interactions with a percentage increases of (51.84 %, 56.9 %, 30.8 %, 10.88 %, 10.89 %, 64.1 %), respectively, compared to control.

9. Alam and Islam (2016) reported the influence of boron application also observed significant in mung bean by increased seed yield (1.55 t ha-1) at boron level 1.5 kg per ha. Payal A Mahadule et al . (2018) worked on French bean and find that review of various experiment were conducted on soil and foliar application of boron showed significant increase in growth, yield, nutrient uptake and quality parameters of pulses and legumes Sunil Kumar et al. (2018) studies on to check response of legume crops to boron application suggested that boron deficiency drastically reduced nodulation, growth and yield of legumes because of inadequate supply of carbohydrates to bacteria in the root nodules and insufficient conversion of starch to soluble sugars. Application of boron also markedly increases yield and quality of oil seed crops. The literature on the significance of Boron in growth as well as physiological functions of pulses and oil seed crops have been reviewed and presented. Imran & Amanullah (2021a) reported that the effect of phosphorus was significantly ( P  < .05) increased bean yield and growth parameters such as phosphorus concentration in French bean, number of plants m −2 , plant height (cm), number of leaves plant −1 , number of pods plant −1 , number of seeds plant −1 , pods length (cm), thousand seeds weight (g), seed yield (kg ha −1 ) bean yield and harvest index (%).

10. Technical Program of work Season : Rabi -2021-22 and2022-23 Crop : : French bean Variety : Azad Rajma-1 Date of transplanting : 15/11/2021(next2022) Design : RBD with Factorial concept No. of Treatments : 12 No. of Replications : 3 Total no. of plots : 36 Net plot size : 2.30m× 1.30 m=3m 2 Spacing (Row to Row): 45 cm Spacing (Plant to Plant) : 20cm No. of rows per plot : 4 No. of plants per row : 5 No. of plants per plot : 20 Fertilizer application : 80:40:40, N(Kg/ha)

11. Treatments Details A. Phosphorus level (P kg/ha -1 ) B. Boron level (B kg/ha -1 ) P :0kg/ha B :0 P 2 :20kg/ha B 1 :0.5kg/ha P 3 :25kg/ha B 2 :1.5kg/ha P 4 :35kg/ha  

12. Tr. No. Treatment Combinations Details Symbol Phosphorus Kg/ha Boron Kg/ha T 1 0.5 P B 1 T 2 1.5 P B 02 T 3 20 P 1 B T 4 20 0.5 P 1 B 1 T 5 20 1.5 P 1 B 2 T 6 25 P 2 B T 7 25 0.5 P 2 B 1 T 8 25 1.5 P 2 B 2 T 9 35 P 3 B T 10 35 0.5 P 3 B 1 T 11 35 1.5 P 3 B 2 T 12 P B There were 12 treatment combinations as given below:

13. Observations to be recorded A. Growth Attributes: Plant Height (cm) Number of leaves per Plant Days to 50% flowering Number of Pod per Plant Number of branches per Plant at Maturity Pod length (cm) Pod width (cm ) B. Yield Attributes: Days to first Picking Number of green pod per plant Average fresh pod weight (g) 1000 seed weight (g) No. of seed per pod Yield per plant (kg) Seed Yield (q/ha)

14. C. Quality Attributes: Amino acid Profile Protein Content D. Economics: Cost of cultivation Gross return Net return C:B ratio

15. Reference Afrin, M.S. (2012). Effect of variety and boron on the growth and yield of mung bean, Department of Agronomy, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh : 22-35. FAQ. (2011) FAOSTAT. Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome. www.fao.org . Alam , M.S. and Islam, M.F. (2016). Effect of zinc and boron on seed yield and yield contributing traits of mung bean in acidic soil. Journal of Bioscience and Agriculture Research, 11(02): 941-946, http://doi.org/10.18801/ jbar.110216.115. Imran, & Amanullah . (2021). Phosphorus and Boron Application Optimizing Bio-fortification of P and Productivity of French Bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris L.).  Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis ,  52 (22), 2876-2883. Islam, M. F., Nahar , S., RAHMAN, A., Alam , M. S., & Molla , M. M. (2018). Effect of zinc and boron on the yield and yield components of French bean.  International Journal of Natural and Social Sciences ,  5 , 59-63. Jasim , A. H., & Obaid , A. S. (2014). Effect of foliar fertilizers spray, boron and their interaction on broad bean ( Vicia faba L.) yield.  Sci. Pap. B Hortic ,  58 , 271-27. Mahadule , P. A., & Sale, R. B. (2018). Effect of foliar sprays of boron on growth, yield, nutrient uptake and quality of French bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in Entisol : A review.  Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry ,  7 (5), 74-78.

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