JHUMMING CULTIVATION(SHIFTING CULTIVATION) MANIKANT PATEL MUZAFFARPUR.pptx

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1. SAM HIGGINBOTTOM UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCES PRAYAGRAJ (UP) COURSE CODE: AGRN-780 Master seminar on Jhumming cultivation(Shifting cultivaion ) Submitted to:- Dr. Shikha Singh Department of Agronomy SHUATS Prayagraj (UP). Submitted by :- Manikant Kumar PID NO :-23MSAAG071 M.Sc.( Agril .) Agoronomy (2023-24 1 st Sem )

2. Introduction. Definition of shifting cultivation. Historical evolution of shifting cultivation. The environmental impact of shifting cultivation. Traditional knowledge and indigenous practices. Sustainable Practices and Innovations Jhumming cultivation ( Shifting cultivaion ) CONTENTS

3. Shifting cultivation , often referred to as ‘’ jhum ‘’ or’’ slash-and- burn’’ agriculture. The agriculture system involves clearing land to cultivating the crops for few year. The environmental impacts and sustainability shifting cultivation practices come under increased scrutiny in recent decades. Ladang ( malaysia ). Roca(brazil). Masole ( congo ) Milpa ( mixico ). INTRODUCTION

4. Shifting cultivation, often referred to as " jhum " or "slash-and-burn" agriculture In the practice of “slash and burn”, farmers would cut the native vegetation and burn it, then plant crops in the exposed, ash-fertilized soil for two or three seasons in succession. It has been a traditional farming practice in India for centuries, particularly prevalent in the northeastern and central tribal regions. This agricultural system involves clearing land, cultivating crops for a few years, and then moving to a new plot once soil fertility declines Shifting cultivation is a mode of farming long followed in the humid tropics of Sub-Saharan Africa, Southeast  Asia and South America.. DEFINATION OF JHUMMING CULTIVATION

5. In the practice of “slash and burn”, farmers would cut the native vegetation and burn it, then plant crops in the exposed, ash-fertilized soil for two or three seasons in succession . As the original organic matter reserve in the topsoil decomposed and as the high rainfall would leach out the nutrients from the root zone, the farmers would abandon the cleared plot and move to an adjacent patch of forest. They would allow each cultivated plot to recover its vegetation and fertility for some fifteen or twenty years before returning to it.  Soil fertility then began to deteriorate, owing to the extraction of nutrients without replenishment and to progressive erosion of the bared soil. DEFINATION OF JHUMMING CULTIVATION

6. Flow Chart and Diagram

7. Historical evolution of shifting cultivation. Shifting cultivation, known locally as " jhum " or " podu ," has deep historical roots in India, particularly among tribal and indigenous communities . Its origins can be traced back to ancient agricultural practices that harmonized with the forested landscape . Over centuries, shifting cultivation in India evolved in response to diverse geographical and cultural contexts . The shifting cultivation system was often intertwined with traditional belief systems and communal land management practices. During colonial rule, the British administration attempted to regulate and control shifting cultivation due to concerns about deforestation and revenue collection. This period witnessed efforts to replace shifting cultivation with sedentary agriculture, leading to conflicts with tribal communities who resisted these changes

8. The environmental impact of shifting cultivation. Soil Erosion and Degradation: Shifting cultivation involves clearing and burning a patch of forest to create agricultural fields. it often leads to soil erosion and degradation when overused Biodiversity Loss: The practice often involves clearing patches of forests, which can lead to habitat destruction and fragmentation Carbon Sequestration and Climate Change: When forests are cleared for shifting cultivation, this stored carbon is released back into the atmosphere, contributing to greenhouse gas emissions and climate change. Additionally, the burning of vegetation during the preparation of fields releases CO2 and other pollutants into the air, further exacerbating the environmental impact. Water Resource Management : Shifting cultivation can impact water resources in several ways. The removal of vegetation cover can reduce the ability of the land to retain rainwater, leading to increased runoff and soil erosion. This can result in reduced water availability for both agriculture and downstream communities. Air Quality and Deforestation: The burning of vegetation during the preparation of shifting cultivation fields can have adverse effects on air quality. It releases particulate matter, carbon emissions, and other pollutants into the atmosphere, contributing to air pollution.

9. Traditional knowledge and indigenous practices. Historical Significance : Indigenous communities in India have practiced shifting cultivation for centuries. Their methods are deeply rooted in the understanding of local ecosystems, soil types, and climate patterns. Crop Selection: Indigenous knowledge often dictates which crops to plant during specific seasons and in particular areas. This knowledge considers factors like soil fertility, moisture levels, and pest resistance. Crop Rotation: Indigenous practices typically involve crop rotation strategies that help maintain soil fertility and prevent soil erosion. Different crops are grown in different cycles to ensure sustainable land use Terracing and Contour Farming: Some indigenous communities employ terracing and contour farming techniques to manage water runoff and prevent soil erosion on hilly terrains. Seed Saving and Propagation: Indigenous farmers often save and exchange seeds adapted to local conditions. This preserves biodiversity and ensures the resilience of crops to environmental changes. Forest Management: Many indigenous communities have a deep understanding of forest management, including the sustainable harvesting of timber and non-timber forest products. This knowledge is vital for maintaining the integrity of forest ecosystems.

10. Agroforestry Models: Agroforestry is an innovative approach that integrates trees or woody perennials with crops and/or livestock, promoting sustainability in shifting cultivation practices. These models offer multiple benefits, including enhanced soil fertility, improved biodiversity, and increased resilience to climate change. Crop Rotation and Intercropping: Crop rotation and intercropping are time-tested strategies that can improve soil health and crop yields while reducing the environmental impact of shifting cultivation. Terracing and Conservation Agriculture: Terraces control water flow and soil movement, while conservation agriculture minimizes disturbance to the soil, preserving its structure and fertility. Community-Based Initiatives: . These initiatives often include knowledge sharing, resource management, and collective efforts to reduce environmental impacts. Sustainable Practices and Innovations

11. Bhat , D. M., et al. ( 2016). Shifting cultivation in India: Potential for socioeconomic and environmental sustainability. Environmental Development, 18, 15-24. Saxena , N. C., & Sahu , S. C. (2019). Shifting cultivation and its effects on the environment: A critical synthesis of the issues and challenges in India. Environmental Management, 64(2), 141-155. Ramakrishnan , P. S., et al. ( 2017). Shifting agriculture in India: Implications for environmental conservation. Ambio , 46(1), 48-59. Singh, R. K ., & Chaturvedi , R. K. (2018). Shifting cultivation in India: Problems, constraints, and prospects for sustainable agriculture. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 17(3), 226-237 Nanda, A. S . (1999). Shifting Cultivation in India: An Analysis. Indus Publishing. Ramakrishnan , P. S. (1992). Shifting Agriculture and Sustainable Development: An Interdisciplinary Study from North-Eastern India. UNESCO. Kumar, S. (2011). Shifting Cultivation in India: Problems, Policy, and Livelihoods. Economic and Political Weekly, 46(38), 61-70 References

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