JN National Solar-Mission

India program in Solar Energy

1. India – 2010-2022 As of May 2014, India has an installed PV capacity of 2.5GW . India's power sector has a total installed capacity of approximately 146.753 Gigawatt (GW). JAWAHARLAL NEHRU NATIONAL SOLAR MISSION India has been ranked 7th worldwide for solar photovoltaic (PV) cell production.

2. The Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission is an initiative of the Government to promote ecologically sustainable growth while addressing India’s energy security challenge. It will constitute a contribution by India to the effort to meet the challenges of climate change. This is one part of National Action Plan on Climate Change t hat was officially inaugurated in 2010.

3. In India, in certain applications such as urban rooftop PV, especially at the higher end of the consumption spectrum, solar PV is already very close to parity. Power from diesel generation costs the consumer Rs. 12 to Rs. 15 per kWh, and contains a built-in subsidy component. In India, the energy price of gas and imported-coal based thermal power are also on a rapidly rising curve, without factoring in environmental costs. So the case for solar PV is very compelling in a host of applications ranging from urban situations to telecom and captive generation

4. India to install 20GW of solar power generation capacity by 2022. National Solar Mission (NSM ) has laid down a road map (dream) for achieving a target for off grid solar energy applications, reaching 2GW by 2022; 20 million square meters solar thermal collector area; and deploying 20 million solar lighting systems for rural areas by 2022. Implementation of the NSM can vastly benefit module suppliers, solar PV/ solar thermal-based independent power producers (IPPs), and system integrators.

5. Solar Energy Corporation of India Company incorporated in 2011 for implementing National Solar Mission objectives. To plan and execute an integrated programme on solar energy technologies to achieve commercially. Implementation of Grid Connected Solar Roof-Top scheme Development and dissemination of solar home lighting systems / solar lanterns Solar Thermal installations for water/air heating Solar Mini/Micro Grids/street lights etc. R&D Projects

6. • Off grid PV installations are suitable for Indian conditions. • Presently, capacity is limited to 100 kW under MNRE program. • 250 MWp sanctioned by the Ministry under NSM and nearly 60 MW commissioned • Mini and micro grid systems for rural areas are under initial stages of development. • Roof top installations are picking up. • Off grid PV system costs have become attractive in India (Rs.100-150 / Wp )

7. Solar Photovoltaic Electricity Indian Perspective-2010

8. Advantages of photovoltaic electricity Decentralized Generation Environmental benefit What is / was the disadvantage of solar P V System? The cost of production of electricity, range was Rs 15 to Rs 20 per unit for the solar energy till recently, which is very high when compared to, Rs 2 to Rs 5 per unit for other conventional sources in India.

9. PV systems are easily transportable and Installable. can be used to generate electricity where it will be used, even at locations the electric grid doesn’t reach. PV is also modular, so installations can be scaled to the appropriate size for a given use

10. Small as well as medium scale PV’s scalability allows it to be used for both large-scale power plants and to power handheld calculators, and it distinguishes PV from fossil fuel based power. PV can be installed on buildings, parking lots and other developed areas without interfering with human activities.

11. Solar energy be integrated into every part of Indian life— the homes we live in, the offices where we work, the farms and factories that produce the products we buy, and the schools where our children learn. With creativity and sound public policy, solar energy contributes to India’s energy future.

12. Solar radiation An intermittent perennial diffuse source of energy

13. The Thar Desert in India is also a promising location for a solar energy.

14. INDIA: Insolation: kWh per Sq-mt per day & Salinity> 1500 mg/l

15. An example of a complete set of beam normal insolation data for a given location is shown in Figure

16. Science & technology of solar Cells & Modules Types of silicon solar cells (Mono- crystalline, multi- crystalline, and Amorphous, Thin film) Energy efficiency

17. In solar photovoltaics, sunlight is converted into electricity using a device called solar cell A solar cell is a semiconducting device made up of silicon or other materials, which when exposed to sunlight, generates electricity.

18. Magnitude of the current generated depends on

19. Capacities of SPV modules SPV modules of various capacities are available, and are being used for a variety of applications. Theoretically, a PV module of any capacity (voltage and current) rating can be fabricated. However , the standard capacities available in the country range from 5 Wp to 120 Wp . The voltage output of a PV module depends on the number of solar cells connected in series inside the module .

20. Energy efficiency A solar cell's energy conversion efficiency (η, "eta"), is the percentage of power converted ( from absorbed light to electrical energy) and collected , when a solar cell is connected to an electrical circuit. This term is calculated using the ratio of Pm , divided by the input light irradiance under "standard" test conditions ( E , in W/m2 ) and the surface area of the solar cell ( Ac in m²).

21. Standard Current-Voltage ( I-V ) Curve The I-V Curve is an important technical aspect of a solar module, the basis for understanding all PV array design . It represents the possible values of output current ( I ) and voltage ( V ) that a solar module can deliver under specific environmental conditions.

22. Standard Current-Voltage ( I-V ) Curve

23. Reading the I-V Curve If the module is outputting to a 12-volt battery, you can determine the watts output to the battery from the graph. Read up from 12 volts to the IV curve and then over to the Amperes scale to find that the current output would be about 5.9 amps. Since power (in watts ) equals voltage times current , this means that the module would be outputting into the battery at a rate of about 71 watts .

24. Inverter fundamentals The inverters transform the DC power from solar modules into AC power to match the grid and be useful for most house loads . The inverter is a power conditioner that creates pure sine wave power (AC.) This power is cleaner than the grid because it is conditioned right on site .

25. Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT). I nverters also maximize the power output of the solar array in a function known as Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT ). Solar modules produce the power at the voltage they are connected to. The maximum power point voltage changes as the sun moves throughout the day and the current (amps) gets higher and lower. This allows the inverter to produce the most amount of power at any given time without frying its circuitry.

26. Inverter failure Inverters need to be replaced periodically . Most systems use a single inverter for the entire system, so when it fails, the whole system stops providing electricity to the home . A n inverter for each panel or small group of panels may be a solution. This has several advantages : • If an inverter fails, only one panel of the system will be affected, which will be reported in our daily monitoring. • This allows for better scalability, in that we do not need to have different inverter capacities for different system sizes. • The efficiency of the system is improved, since DC loses more energy than AC going through a wire.

27. Available space A crucial factor is having enough space in the sun with the proper orientation. The average home needs about a 5 kW system to offset their annual usage . To calculate the physical size of this system, you can use this simple rule of thumb: 10 W / ft2 of space A 5 kW system covers about 500 ft2 of roof or ground area. 5000 W / 10 W/ft2 = 500 ft2

28. Charge controllers / regulators -1 Why do you need a controller? Main function is to fully charge a battery without permitting overcharge. If a solar array is connected to lead acid batteries with no overcharge protection, battery life will be compromised. S imple controllers contain a relay that opens a charging circuit terminating the charge at a pre-set high voltage and once a pre-set low voltage is reached, closes the circuit, allowing charging to continue.

29. Charge controllers/regulators - 2 More sophisticated controllers have several stages and charging sequences to assure the battery is being fully charged. The first 70% to 80% of battery capacity is easily replaced. It is the last 20% to 30% that requires more attention and therefore more capacity.

30. Charge controllers/regulators -3 The circuitry in a controller reads the voltage of the battery to determine the state of charge. Designs and circuits vary, but most controllers read voltage to reduce the amount of power flowing into the battery as the battery nears full charge.

31. Standards for balance of system components

32. Solar cell testing Photovoltaic module testing Testing of lighting systems SPV pump testing Battery testing for PV applications Long-term performance evaluation of PV modules Resource assessment Technology demonstration & assessment SPV power plant Research and Development

33. SPV Power Plant

34. solar electric generating plant The largest solar electric generating plant in the world produces a maximum of 354 megawatts (MW) of electricity and is located at Kramer Junction, California . It produces electricity for the grid supplying the greater Los Angeles area.

35. India’s solar pV power plant installed by KPCL Jun 26 2010 Eco Factor: Solar photovoltaic power plant to generate up to 3MW of renewable electrical power. The Karnataka Power Corporation Limited (KPCL) has installed India’s largest solar photovoltaic power plant. Built at the cost of about $13 million, the plant makes use of modular crystalline technology to generate solar energy. Inaugurating the plant, India’s Union Minister for New and Renewable Energy, Farooq Abhullah said that the government was planning to add 1000MW of solar energy to the national grid in the next three years. The power plant will provide energy to 500 pump sets of 10hp each and benefit about 1000 farmers. The KPCL will set up 100MW of solar energy plants as joint ventures with the private sector.

36. The implementation of the three-phase plan for solar PV capacity expansion began in the year 2010 , with the Indian Government spending approximately US$20 billion over a 30 year period.

37. PV power output management can be achieved with battery or other electrochemical storage, pumped hydroelectric storage, or with diesel-generator backup.

38. The Solar Electric Light Company (SELCO) Designs and sells solar systems that produce, sustainable power to electric lights and small appliances. The systems include a small photovoltaic (PV) panel, a battery and energy efficient lights. Solar photovoltaic panels work by using cells to convert solar radiation into electricity.

39. The PV cell consists of one or two layers of a semi conducting material, usually silicon. When light shines on the cell it creates an electric field across the layers, causing electricity to flow. The greater the intensity of the light, the greater the flow of electricity. SELCO

40. SELCO installs the systems and provides after-sales servicing to ensure the systems continue to deliver benefit. The solar panels are cheaper to run. They also eliminate the health hazards caused by kerosene fumes

41. Access to light provides increased opportunities for income generation, for women, through basket making, silk weaving and tailoring. Since the cost of a single solar lighting unit is high, rural families often cannot afford the new systems. SELCO works with micro-finance organisations, which allows SELCO’s customers to pay for the systems on terms they can afford. Their savings that householders make in kerosene contribute to the repayment of the loan. The sale of carbon credits from the project helps to subsidise the cost to the customer, by reducing interest rates on loans and financing down-payments

42. Are they surviving under the indian sun? Moser Baer Photovoltaic Limited, Tata BP Solar, Photon Solar Energy Systems, HHV Solar Technologies Private Limited, Titan Energy Systems Limited, Sun Energy Systems, Applied Materials, Signet Solar, Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited, Central Electronics Limited, Renewable Energy Systems Limited, Waaree Energies Private Limited, Micro Sun Tech Private Limited, E to E Energy¸ Punj Lloyd Delta Renewables, TRA International, Reliance Industries Limited Solar Limited & XL Telecom & Energy Limited

43. There has been almost six fold decline in price per peak watt of PV module from 1980 to year 2000

44. Solar news: July 2013 The solar photovoltaic industry passed through a phase of consolidation. It led to mergers and acquisitions, drop in demand and fall in prices. This phase will continue. The rooftop solar implementation programme has been slow off the blocks. While some States have got cracking, others are still in the process of working out modalities to attract companies to set up solar PV units . The price of solar PV installation has come down. From Rs. 18 per unit, it is now down to about Rs. 6.50-7 per unit.

45. This reduction has been due to a combination of factors: supply-demand dynamics, fiscal support, competitive pressure as well as reductions in the cost of PV power generation equipment and systems through technological innovations, economies of scale and efficiency improvements.

46. Solar electricity prices are today, around 30 cents/kWh, but still 2-5 times average Residential electricity tariffs

47. When and where is PV power OK? PV : Best suited for remote site applications having moderate/small power requirements consuming applications even where the grid is in existence. Isolated mountaintops and other rural areas are ideal for stand-alone PV systems where maintenance and power accessibility makes PV the ideal technology.

48. “ By the year 2030, India should achieve Energy Independence through solar power and other forms of renewable energy ” Dr . A. P. J. Abdul Kalam President of India Independence Day Speech, 2005

49. Textbooks for Solar PV Electricity Photovoltaic Systems: Analysis and Design, A.K. Mukerjee and Nivedita Thakur, PHI Learning private Ltd., N. Delhi. 2011. EE Edition. Solar Photovoltaics: Fundamentals, Technologies and Applications, Chetan Singh Solanki, 2 nd Edition, PHI Learning private Ltd., N. Delhi. 2011. EE Edition . Photovoltaic Systems Engineering, Roger Messenger and Jerry Ventre, 2 nd Ed. 2003, CRC Press, Boca Raton.

50. Handbook of photovoltaic science and engineering Antonio Luque, Steven Hegedus John Wiley and Sons, 2003 – 1138 pages Handbook of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering incorporates the most recent technological advances and research developments in Photovoltaics. All topics relating to the photovoltaic (PV) industry are discussed and each chapter has been written by an internationally-known expert in the field.

51. Springer, 2005 - Technology & Engineering - 232 pages This comprehensive description and discussion of photovoltaics (PV) is presented at a level that makes it accessible to the interested academic. Starting with an historical overview, the text outlines the relevance of photovoltaics today and in the future. Then follows an introduction to the physical background of solar cells and the most important materials and technologies, with particular emphasis ….. Photovoltaic solar energy generation Adolf Goetzberger, Volker U. Hoffmann

52. An important reference book for PV Systems Practical Handbook of Photovoltaics : Fundamentals and Applications Edited by: Tom Markvart and Luis Castaner [2003]