JNTUA Basic Electrical & Electronics Engineering - PPT Notes - R20.pdf

engineering

1. BASIC ELECTRICAL &
ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
(20A02101T)
PREPARED BY
P.I.D.T.BALADURAIKANNAN & S.GURUPRASAD
Associate Professor
Department Electrical & Electronics Engineering
VEMU ITwww.android.universityupdates.in | www.universityupdates.in | https://telegram.me/jntua www.android.previousquestionpapers.com | www.previousquestionpapers.com | https://telegram.me/jntua

2. UNIT –1
DC & AC CIRCUITSwww.android.universityupdates.in | www.universityupdates.in | https://telegram.me/jntua www.android.previousquestionpapers.com | www.previousquestionpapers.com | https://telegram.me/jntua

3. Voltage:-
Itisdefinedasworkdoneperunitcharge.
Where V is the voltage (or) potential difference, W is the work done, Q is the
charge.
Current:-
It is defined as flow of charge per unit time.
(or)
Current is defined as the rate of flow of electrons in a conductor. It is measured
by the number of electrons that flow in unit time.
Where I is the current, Q is the charge of electrons, t is the time.www.android.universityupdates.in | www.universityupdates.in | https://telegram.me/jntua www.android.previousquestionpapers.com | www.previousquestionpapers.com | https://telegram.me/jntua

4. Work:-
Whenaforceisappliedtoabodycausingittomove,andifadisplacement,
discausedinthedirectionoftheforce,then
Workdone=Force×Distance
W=F×D
IfforceisinNewtonsanddisinmeters,thenworkdoneisexpressedin
Newton–meterwhichiscalledJoules.
Power:-
Poweristherateatwhichworkisdone,i.e.,rateofdoingwork.
TheunitofpowerisJoules/secondwhichisalsocalledWatt.When
theamountofpowerismore,itisexpressedinKilowatt,i.e.,kW.www.android.universityupdates.in | www.universityupdates.in | https://telegram.me/jntua www.android.previousquestionpapers.com | www.previousquestionpapers.com | https://telegram.me/jntua

5. CLASSIFICATION OF NETWORK ELEMENTS: -www.android.universityupdates.in | www.universityupdates.in | https://telegram.me/jntua www.android.previousquestionpapers.com | www.previousquestionpapers.com | https://telegram.me/jntua

6. While discussing network theorems, laws, and electrical and electronic
circuits, one often comes across the following terms.
i)Circuit: A conducting path through which an electric current either
flows or is intended to flow is called a circuit.
ii)Electricnetwork:Acombinationofvariouscircuitelements,
connectedinanymanner,iscalledanelectricnetwork.
iii)Linearcircuit:Thecircuitwhoseparametersareconstant,i.e.,they
donotchangewithapplicationofvoltageorcurrentiscalledalinearcircuit.www.android.universityupdates.in | www.universityupdates.in | https://telegram.me/jntua www.android.previousquestionpapers.com | www.previousquestionpapers.com | https://telegram.me/jntua

7. iv)Nonlinearcircuit:Thecircuitwhoseparameterschangewiththeapplication
ofvoltageorcurrentiscalledanonlinearcircuit.
v)Circuitparameters:Thevariouselementsofanelectriccircuitarecalledits
parameters,likeresistance,inductance,andcapacitance.
vi)Bilateralcircuit:Abilateralcircuitisonewhosepropertiesorcharacteristics
arethesameineitherdirection.E.g.,transmissionline.
vii)Unilateralcircuit:Aunilateralcircuitisonewhosepropertiesor
characteristicschangewiththedirectionofitsoperation.E.g.,dioderectifier.
viii)Activenetwork:Anactivenetworkisonewhichcontainsoneormore
sourcesofEMF.
ix)Passivenetwork:Apassivenetworkisonewhichdoesnotcontainanysource
ofEMF.
x)Node:Anodeisajunctioninacircuitwheretwoormorecircuitelementsare
connectedtogether.www.android.universityupdates.in | www.universityupdates.in | https://telegram.me/jntua www.android.previousquestionpapers.com | www.previousquestionpapers.com | https://telegram.me/jntua

8. xi)Branch:Thepartofanetworkwhichliesbetweentwojunctionsiscalleda
branch.
xii)Loop:Aloopisaclosedpathinanetworkformedbyanumberofconnected
branches.
xiii)Mesh:Anypathwhichcontainsnootherpathswithinitiscalledamesh.
Thus,aloopcontainsmeshesbutameshdoesnotcontainaloop.
xiv)Lumpedcircuit:Thecircuitsinwhichcircuitelementscanberepresented
mutuallyindependentandnotinterconnected.
Electricalcircuitelements(R,L,C):-
Resistors,inductors,andcapacitorsarethethreebasiccircuitparameters
orcircuitcomponentsofanyelectricalnetwork.www.android.universityupdates.in | www.universityupdates.in | https://telegram.me/jntua www.android.previousquestionpapers.com | www.previousquestionpapers.com | https://telegram.me/jntua

9. Resistor (or) resistance (R):-
Thepropertyofamaterialtorestricttheflowofelectronsiscalledresistance.
(or)
Electricalresistanceistheoppositiontotheflowofelectronsinagiven
material.
(or)
Resistanceisthepropertyofamaterialduetowhichitopposestheflowof
electriccurrentthroughit.
(or)
Theoppositiontoflowofelectronsiscalledelectricalresistance(R).
(or)
Resistancemayalsobedefinedas‘‘thepropertyoftheelectriccircuitwhich
opposestheflowofcurrent’’.www.android.universityupdates.in | www.universityupdates.in | https://telegram.me/jntua www.android.previousquestionpapers.com | www.previousquestionpapers.com | https://telegram.me/jntua

10. TheunitofresistanceisohmandisrepresentedbythesymbolΩ.The
resistanceofaconductordependsonthefollowingfactors:
(i)Itisdirectlyproportionaltoitslength.
(ii)Itisinverselyproportionaltotheareaofcrosssectionoftheconductor.
(iii)Itdependsonthenatureofthematerial.
(iv)Italsodependsonthetemperatureoftheconductor.www.android.universityupdates.in | www.universityupdates.in | https://telegram.me/jntua www.android.previousquestionpapers.com | www.previousquestionpapers.com | https://telegram.me/jntua

11. Inductor:-
Iftheenergyisstoredinmagneticfield,theelementisinductor.
TheunitofinductorisHenry,denotedbyHandcircuitsymbolisshown
infigure.
Theinductanceofacoilisdefinedastheratiooffluxlinkagetothe
currentflowingthroughthecoil.
WhereNisthenumberofturns,ϕistheflux,Iisthecurrent.www.android.universityupdates.in | www.universityupdates.in | https://telegram.me/jntua www.android.previousquestionpapers.com | www.previousquestionpapers.com | https://telegram.me/jntua

12. Capacitor:-
Iftheenergyisstoredinanelectricfiled,theelementiscapacitor.
TheunitofcapacitorisFarad,denotedbyFandcircuitsymbolisshownin
figure.
Chargeonacapacitor, qαV,
q=CVwww.android.universityupdates.in | www.universityupdates.in | https://telegram.me/jntua www.android.previousquestionpapers.com | www.previousquestionpapers.com | https://telegram.me/jntua

13. KIRCHHOFF LAWS: -
TwolawsgivenbyGustavRobertKirchhoff(1824–1887)areveryusefulin
writingnetworkequations.
TheselawsareknownasKirchhoff’scurrentlaw(KCL)andKirchhoff’s
voltagelaw(KVL).
ThefirstlawdealswithflowofcurrentandispopularlyknownasKirchhoff’s
currentlaw(KCL)whilethesecondonedealswithvoltagedropinaclosedcircuit
andisknownasKirchhoff’svoltagelaws(KVL).
1)Kirchhoff’sCurrentLaw(KCL):
Thislawstatesthatthealgebraicsumofcurrentsmeetingatajunctionora
nodeinacircuitiszero.
(or)
Thesumofcurrentflowingtowardsajunctionoranodeisequaltothesumof
currentsflowingoutofthejunction.
Thecurrententeringthejunctionhasbeentakenaspositivewhilethecurrents
leavingthejunctionhavebeentakenasnegative.www.android.universityupdates.in | www.universityupdates.in | https://telegram.me/jntua www.android.previousquestionpapers.com | www.previousquestionpapers.com | https://telegram.me/jntua

14. www.android.universityupdates.in | www.universityupdates.in | https://telegram.me/jntua www.android.previousquestionpapers.com | www.previousquestionpapers.com | https://telegram.me/jntua

15. 2)Kirchhoff’sVoltageLaw(KVL):
KVLstatesthatatanyinstantoftimethealgebraicsumofvoltagesinaclosed
loopiszero.
(or)
Thesumofthee.m.fs(risesofpotential)aroundanyclosedloopofacircuit
equalsthesumofthepotentialdropsinthatloop.
(or)
Inanynetwork,thealgebraicsumofthevoltagedropsacrossthecircuit
elementsofanyclosedpathisequaltothealgebraicsumofthee.m.fsinthepath.
Ariseinpotentialcanbeassumedtobepositivewhileafallinpotentialcan
beconsiderednegative.www.android.universityupdates.in | www.universityupdates.in | https://telegram.me/jntua www.android.previousquestionpapers.com | www.previousquestionpapers.com | https://telegram.me/jntua

16. SERIES–PARALLELCIRCUITS:-
Resistances,capacitances,andinductancesareoftenconnectedinseries,in
parallel,oracombinationofseriesandparallel.
Weneedtocalculatethedivisionofvoltageandcurrentsinsuchcircuits
1)SeriesCircuits:
Whenanumberofresistancesareconnectedendtoendacrossasourceof
supply,therewillbeonlyonepathforthecurrenttoflowasshowninFigure.
Thecircuitiscalledaseriescircuit.
IR
eq
=IR
1
+IR
2
+IR
3
+IR
4
R
eq
=R
1
+R
2
+R
3
+R
4
AssumingR
eq
asequaltoR, R=R
1
+R
2
+R
3
+R
4www.android.universityupdates.in | www.universityupdates.in | https://telegram.me/jntua www.android.previousquestionpapers.com | www.previousquestionpapers.com | https://telegram.me/jntua

17. 2)ParallelCircuits:
Whenanumberofresistorsareconnectedinsuchawaythatboththe
endsofindividualresistorsareconnectedtogetherandtwoterminalsarebrought
outforconnectiontootherpartsofacircuit,thentheresistorsarecalledconnected
inparallelasshowninFig.
VoltageVisconnectedacrossthethreeresistorsR
1
,R
2
,R
3
connectedin
parallel.
ThetotalcurrentdrawnfromthebatteryisI.
ThiscurrentgetsdividedintoI
1
,I
2
,I
3
suchthatI=I
1
+I
2
+I
3
.
AsvoltageVisappearingacrosseachofthesethreeresistors,applying
Ohm’slawwewritewww.android.universityupdates.in | www.universityupdates.in | https://telegram.me/jntua www.android.previousquestionpapers.com | www.previousquestionpapers.com | https://telegram.me/jntua

18. 3)Series–ParallelCircuits
Figureshowsanumberofresistorsconnectedinseries–parallel
combinations.
Here,twoparallelbranchesandoneresistance,allconnectedinseries
havebeenshown.
Todeterminetheequivalentresistanceacrosstheendterminalsofthe
entirecircuit,wefirstcalculatetheequivalentresistanceofparallelbranchesand
thenputtheminseriesalongwithanyindividualresistancealreadyconnectedin
series.www.android.universityupdates.in | www.universityupdates.in | https://telegram.me/jntua www.android.previousquestionpapers.com | www.previousquestionpapers.com | https://telegram.me/jntua

19. SUPERPOSITIONTHEOREM:-
Thesuperpositiontheoremstatesthatinalinearnetworkcontainingmore
thanonesource,thecurrentflowinginanybranchisthealgebraicsumofcurrents
thatwouldhavebeenproducedbyeachsourcetakenseparately,withalltheother
sourcesreplacedbytheirrespectiveinternalresistances.
Incasetheinternalresistanceofasourceisnotprovided,thevoltage
sourceswillbeshortcircuitedandcurrentsourceswillbeopencircuited.www.android.universityupdates.in | www.universityupdates.in | https://telegram.me/jntua www.android.previousquestionpapers.com | www.previousquestionpapers.com | https://telegram.me/jntua

20. REPRESENTATION OFSINUSOIDALWAVEFORMS :-
Avoltagewhichchangesitspolarityatregularintervalsoftimeiscalled
analternatingvoltage.
Whenanalternatingvoltageisappliedinacircuit,thecurrentflowsfirst
inonedirectionandthenintheoppositedirection;thedirectionofcurrentatany
instantdependsuponthepolarityofthevoltage.www.android.universityupdates.in | www.universityupdates.in | https://telegram.me/jntua www.android.previousquestionpapers.com | www.previousquestionpapers.com | https://telegram.me/jntua

21. v=Vmsinωt
where,v=Instantaneousvalueofalternatingvoltage
Vm=Max.valueofalternatingvoltage
ω=Angularvelocityofthecoilwww.android.universityupdates.in | www.universityupdates.in | https://telegram.me/jntua www.android.previousquestionpapers.com | www.previousquestionpapers.com | https://telegram.me/jntua

22. VALUESOFALTERNATING VOLTAGEANDCURRENT:-
Inad.c.system,thevoltageandcurrentareconstantsothatthereisno
problemofspecifyingtheirmagnitudes.
However,analternatingvoltageorcurrentvariesfrominstanttoinstant.
Anaturalquestionariseshowtoexpressthemagnitudeofanalternating
voltageorcurrent.
Therearethreewaysofexpressingit,namely;
(i)Peakvalue
(ii)Averagevalueormeanvalue
(iii)R.M.S.valueoreffectivevaluewww.android.universityupdates.in | www.universityupdates.in | https://telegram.me/jntua www.android.previousquestionpapers.com | www.previousquestionpapers.com | https://telegram.me/jntua

23. (i)PeakValue:
Itisthemaximumvalueattainedbyanalternatingquantity.
Thepeakormaximumvalueofanalternatingvoltageorcurrentisrepresented
byVmorIm.
Theknowledgeofpeakvalueisimportantincaseoftestingmaterials.
However,peakvalueisnotusedtospecifythemagnitudeofalternating
voltageorcurrent.
Instead,wegenerallyuser.m.s.valuestospecifyalternatingvoltagesand
currents.
(ii)AverageValue:
Theaveragevalueofawaveformistheaverageofallitsvaluesovera
periodoftime.
(iii)RMSValue(or)EffectiveValue:
Theeffective(or)r.m.s.valueofanalternatingcurrentisthatsteady
currentwhichwhenflowingthroughagivenresistanceforagiventimeproduces
thesameamountofheatasproducedbythealternatingcurrentwhenflowing
throughthesameresistanceforthesametime.www.android.universityupdates.in | www.universityupdates.in | https://telegram.me/jntua www.android.previousquestionpapers.com | www.previousquestionpapers.com | https://telegram.me/jntua

24. PHASEDIFFERENCE:-
Whentwoalternatingquantitiesofthesamefrequencyhavedifferentzero
points,theyaresaidtohaveaphasedifference.
Whenanalternatingvoltageisappliedtoacircuit,analternatingcurrentofthe
samefrequencyflowsthroughthecircuit.
Inmostofpracticalcircuits,forreasonswewilldiscusslater,voltageand
currenthavedifferentphases.
Inotherwords,theydonotpassthroughaparticularpoint,sayzeropoint,in
thesamedirectionatthesameinstant.
Thusvoltagemaybepassingthroughitszeropointwhilethecurrenthas
passedoritisyettopassthroughitszeropointinthesamedirection.
Wesaythatvoltageandcurrenthaveaphasedifference.www.android.universityupdates.in | www.universityupdates.in | https://telegram.me/jntua www.android.previousquestionpapers.com | www.previousquestionpapers.com | https://telegram.me/jntua

25. PHASORREPRESENTATION OFANALTERNATING QUANTITY:-
Alternatingquantitieshavevaryingmagnitudeanddirection.
Sotheyarerepresentedbyarotatingvector.
Aphasorisavectorrotatingataconstantangularvelocity.www.android.universityupdates.in | www.universityupdates.in | https://telegram.me/jntua www.android.previousquestionpapers.com | www.previousquestionpapers.com | https://telegram.me/jntua

26. ANALYSISOFSINGLE-PHASEACCIRCUITSCONSISTINGOFRL-RC
-RLCSERIESCIRCUITS:-
Therelationshipofappliedvoltageandcurrentinanaccircuitinvolving
onlyaresistance,aninductance,andacapacitance.
Whenaresistanceisconnectedacrossanacsupplywecallitapurely
resistivecircuit.
Similarlyaninductancecoilconnectedacrossanacsupplyiscalleda
purelyinductivecircuitandacapacitanceconnectedacrossanacsupplyiscalleda
purelycapacitivecircuit.www.android.universityupdates.in | www.universityupdates.in | https://telegram.me/jntua www.android.previousquestionpapers.com | www.previousquestionpapers.com | https://telegram.me/jntua

27. 1)RLSERIESCIRCUITS:-
Letusconsideraresistanceelementandaninductorconnectedinseriesasshown
inFig(a).Avoltage(V)offrequency(f)isappliedacrossthewholecircuit.
ThevoltagedropacrosstheresistanceisV
R
andacrosstheinductorisV
L
.
CurrentflowingthroughthecircuitisI.www.android.universityupdates.in | www.universityupdates.in | https://telegram.me/jntua www.android.previousquestionpapers.com | www.previousquestionpapers.com | https://telegram.me/jntua

28. 2)RCSERIESCIRCUITS:-
ConsideracircuitconsistingofaresistanceRandconnectedinserieswitha
capacitorCacrossanacsupplyoffrequencyfasshowninFigure.www.android.universityupdates.in | www.universityupdates.in | https://telegram.me/jntua www.android.previousquestionpapers.com | www.previousquestionpapers.com | https://telegram.me/jntua

29. 3)RLCSERIESCIRCUITS:-
ConsideracircuitconsistingofresistanceR,inductanceL,andcapacitanceC
connectedinserieswitheachotheracrossanacsupply.
ThecircuithasbeenshowninFigure.www.android.universityupdates.in | www.universityupdates.in | https://telegram.me/jntua www.android.previousquestionpapers.com | www.previousquestionpapers.com | https://telegram.me/jntua

30. UNIT –2
DC & AC MACHINESwww.android.universityupdates.in | www.universityupdates.in | https://telegram.me/jntua www.android.previousquestionpapers.com | www.previousquestionpapers.com | https://telegram.me/jntua

31. DC Generatorwww.android.universityupdates.in | www.universityupdates.in | https://telegram.me/jntua www.android.previousquestionpapers.com | www.previousquestionpapers.com | https://telegram.me/jntua

32. D.C. GENERATORS PRINCIPLE OF
OPERATION
 DCgeneratorconvertsmechanicalenergyintoelectrical
energy.whenaconductormoveinamagneticfieldinsucha
wayconductorscutsacrossamagneticfluxoflinesand
e.m.f.producesinageneratoranditisdefinedbyfaradays
lawofelectromagneticinductione.m.f.causescurrentto
flowiftheconductorcircuitisclosed.www.android.universityupdates.in | www.universityupdates.in | https://telegram.me/jntua www.android.previousquestionpapers.com | www.previousquestionpapers.com | https://telegram.me/jntua

33. FirstLaw:
Wheneverthemagneticfluxlinkedwithacircuit
changes,ane.m.f.isalwaysinducedinit.
or
Wheneveraconductorcutsmagneticflux,ane.m.f.is
inducedinthatconductor.
SecondLaw:
Themagnitudeoftheinducede.m.f.isequaltothe
rateofchangeoffluxlinkages.www.android.universityupdates.in | www.universityupdates.in | https://telegram.me/jntua www.android.previousquestionpapers.com | www.previousquestionpapers.com | https://telegram.me/jntua

34. The following are the basic requirements to be satisfied
for generation of E.M.F
•Magnetic field :-
Permanent Magnet
(or)
Electro Magnet (practical)
•Conductor :-Copper (or) Aluminum bars placed in
slots cut around the periphery of cylindrical rotor
•Relative motion:-
By Prime Mover
Turbine
I.C Engine (Internal combustion)
1.A uniform Magnetic field (Flux)
2.A System of conductors
3.Relativemotion between the magnetic field and conductorswww.android.universityupdates.in | www.universityupdates.in | https://telegram.me/jntua www.android.previousquestionpapers.com | www.previousquestionpapers.com | https://telegram.me/jntua

35. Working Operation of Generatorswww.android.universityupdates.in | www.universityupdates.in | https://telegram.me/jntua www.android.previousquestionpapers.com | www.previousquestionpapers.com | https://telegram.me/jntua

36. www.android.universityupdates.in | www.universityupdates.in | https://telegram.me/jntua www.android.previousquestionpapers.com | www.previousquestionpapers.com | https://telegram.me/jntua

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41. Generated EMF or EMF Equation of a generator
Let = flux/pole in Weber
Z =Total number of armature conductors
=No. of slot ×No. of conductors/slot
P= No. of generator poles
A =No. of parallel paths in armature
N= Armature rotation in revolutions per minute (r. p. m)
E= e.m.f induced in any parallel path in armature
Average e.m.f generated/conductor = d volt
dt
Now, flux cut/conductor in one revolution d = P wb www.android.universityupdates.in | www.universityupdates.in | https://telegram.me/jntua www.android.previousquestionpapers.com | www.previousquestionpapers.com | https://telegram.me/jntua

42. No. of revolutions/sec=N/ 60
Time for one revolution , dt= 60 /N sec
According to Faraday’s Law of electro magnetic induction
E.M.F generated/conductor = d= PNvolts
dt 60
No. of conductors (in series) in one parallel path= Z / A
E.M.F generated/path= PN×Z Volts
60 A
Generate E.M.F, E
g= Z N×P Volts
60 A
For
i) Wave winding A = 2
ii) Lap winding A = P www.android.universityupdates.in | www.universityupdates.in | https://telegram.me/jntua www.android.previousquestionpapers.com | www.previousquestionpapers.com | https://telegram.me/jntua

43. D.C. Generator Characteristics
Thefollowingarethethreemostimportant
characteristicsinaD.C.generator:
1. Open Circuit Characteristics (Eo/IF)
2. Internal Characteristics (E/Ia)
3. External Characteristics (V/Ia)www.android.universityupdates.in | www.universityupdates.in | https://telegram.me/jntua www.android.previousquestionpapers.com | www.previousquestionpapers.com | https://telegram.me/jntua

44. Open circuit characteristics of Separately Excited D.C.
Generatorwww.android.universityupdates.in | www.universityupdates.in | https://telegram.me/jntua www.android.previousquestionpapers.com | www.previousquestionpapers.com | https://telegram.me/jntua

45. Internal and External Characteristicswww.android.universityupdates.in | www.universityupdates.in | https://telegram.me/jntua www.android.previousquestionpapers.com | www.previousquestionpapers.com | https://telegram.me/jntua

46. Characteristics of Shunt Generator www.android.universityupdates.in | www.universityupdates.in | https://telegram.me/jntua www.android.previousquestionpapers.com | www.previousquestionpapers.com | https://telegram.me/jntua

47. Characteristics of Series Generatorwww.android.universityupdates.in | www.universityupdates.in | https://telegram.me/jntua www.android.previousquestionpapers.com | www.previousquestionpapers.com | https://telegram.me/jntua

48. Compound Generator Characteristicswww.android.universityupdates.in | www.universityupdates.in | https://telegram.me/jntua www.android.previousquestionpapers.com | www.previousquestionpapers.com | https://telegram.me/jntua

49. DC motorwww.android.universityupdates.in | www.universityupdates.in | https://telegram.me/jntua www.android.previousquestionpapers.com | www.previousquestionpapers.com | https://telegram.me/jntua

50. www.android.universityupdates.in | www.universityupdates.in | https://telegram.me/jntua www.android.previousquestionpapers.com | www.previousquestionpapers.com | https://telegram.me/jntua

51. www.android.universityupdates.in | www.universityupdates.in | https://telegram.me/jntua www.android.previousquestionpapers.com | www.previousquestionpapers.com | https://telegram.me/jntua

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63. www.android.universityupdates.in | www.universityupdates.in | https://telegram.me/jntua www.android.previousquestionpapers.com | www.previousquestionpapers.com | https://telegram.me/jntua

64. TRANSFORMERwww.android.universityupdates.in | www.universityupdates.in | https://telegram.me/jntua www.android.previousquestionpapers.com | www.previousquestionpapers.com | https://telegram.me/jntua

65. www.android.universityupdates.in | www.universityupdates.in | https://telegram.me/jntua www.android.previousquestionpapers.com | www.previousquestionpapers.com | https://telegram.me/jntua

66. www.android.universityupdates.in | www.universityupdates.in | https://telegram.me/jntua www.android.previousquestionpapers.com | www.previousquestionpapers.com | https://telegram.me/jntua

67. INDUCTION MOTORwww.android.universityupdates.in | www.universityupdates.in | https://telegram.me/jntua www.android.previousquestionpapers.com | www.previousquestionpapers.com | https://telegram.me/jntua

68. www.android.universityupdates.in | www.universityupdates.in | https://telegram.me/jntua www.android.previousquestionpapers.com | www.previousquestionpapers.com | https://telegram.me/jntua

69. UNIT –3
BASICS OF POWER SYSTEMSwww.android.universityupdates.in | www.universityupdates.in | https://telegram.me/jntua www.android.previousquestionpapers.com | www.previousquestionpapers.com | https://telegram.me/jntua

70. HYDRO POWER PLANTwww.android.universityupdates.in | www.universityupdates.in | https://telegram.me/jntua www.android.previousquestionpapers.com | www.previousquestionpapers.com | https://telegram.me/jntua

71. www.android.universityupdates.in | www.universityupdates.in | https://telegram.me/jntua www.android.previousquestionpapers.com | www.previousquestionpapers.com | https://telegram.me/jntua

72. www.android.universityupdates.in | www.universityupdates.in | https://telegram.me/jntua www.android.previousquestionpapers.com | www.previousquestionpapers.com | https://telegram.me/jntua

73. www.android.universityupdates.in | www.universityupdates.in | https://telegram.me/jntua www.android.previousquestionpapers.com | www.previousquestionpapers.com | https://telegram.me/jntua

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79. www.android.universityupdates.in | www.universityupdates.in | https://telegram.me/jntua www.android.previousquestionpapers.com | www.previousquestionpapers.com | https://telegram.me/jntua

80. THERMAL POWER PLANTwww.android.universityupdates.in | www.universityupdates.in | https://telegram.me/jntua www.android.previousquestionpapers.com | www.previousquestionpapers.com | https://telegram.me/jntua

81. www.android.universityupdates.in | www.universityupdates.in | https://telegram.me/jntua www.android.previousquestionpapers.com | www.previousquestionpapers.com | https://telegram.me/jntua

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93. www.android.universityupdates.in | www.universityupdates.in | https://telegram.me/jntua www.android.previousquestionpapers.com | www.previousquestionpapers.com | https://telegram.me/jntua

94. NUCLEAR POWER PLANTwww.android.universityupdates.in | www.universityupdates.in | https://telegram.me/jntua www.android.previousquestionpapers.com | www.previousquestionpapers.com | https://telegram.me/jntua

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107. Solar Power Plantwww.android.universityupdates.in | www.universityupdates.in | https://telegram.me/jntua www.android.previousquestionpapers.com | www.previousquestionpapers.com | https://telegram.me/jntua

108. Solar Energy System
Introduction
Itisthebestalternativesourceforpowergeneration.
Therearetwoways,togenerateelectricalenergyfrom
sunlight.
We cancreateelectricitydirectlyby
usingphotovoltaic(PV)cell.
Thephotovoltaiccellismadeupofsilicon.Manycells
areconnectedinseriesorparalleltomakeasolar
panel.www.android.universityupdates.in | www.universityupdates.in | https://telegram.me/jntua www.android.previousquestionpapers.com | www.previousquestionpapers.com | https://telegram.me/jntua

109. www.android.universityupdates.in | www.universityupdates.in | https://telegram.me/jntua www.android.previousquestionpapers.com | www.previousquestionpapers.com | https://telegram.me/jntua

110. 1.SolarPanels
Itistheheartofthesolarpowerplant.Solarpanelsconsistsanumberof
solarcells.Wehavegotaround35solarcellsinonepanel.Theenergy
producedbyeachsolarcellisverysmall,butcombiningtheenergyof35
ofthemwehavegotenoughenergytochargea12voltbattery.
2.SolarCells
Itistheenergygeneratingunit,madeupofp-typeandn-typesilicon
semiconductor.It’stheheartofsolarpowerplant.
3.Battery
Batteriesareusedtoproducethepowerbackorstoretheexcessenergy
producedduringday,tobesuppliedduringnight.
4. D.C. to A.C. Converter (Inverter)
Solar panels produce direct current which is required to be converted into
alternating current to be supplied to homes or power grid.www.android.universityupdates.in | www.universityupdates.in | https://telegram.me/jntua www.android.previousquestionpapers.com | www.previousquestionpapers.com | https://telegram.me/jntua

111. Working of Solar Power Plant
Assunlightfallsoverasolarcells,alargenumberofphotons
strikethep-typeregionofsilicon.Electronandholepairwill
getseparatedafterabsorbingtheenergyofphoton.The
electrontravelsfromp-typeregionton-typeregionduetothe
actionofelectricfieldatp-njunction.Sothis,currentstarts
flowinginthecircuitforindividualsolarcell.Wecombinethe
currentofallthesolarcellsofasolarpanel,togetasignificant
output.
Solarpowerplanthavealargenumberofsolarpanels
connectedtoeachothertogetalargevoltageoutput.The
electricalenergycomingfromthecombinedeffortofsolar
panelsisstoredintheLithiumionbatteriestobesuppliedat
nighttime,whenthereisnosunlight.www.android.universityupdates.in | www.universityupdates.in | https://telegram.me/jntua www.android.previousquestionpapers.com | www.previousquestionpapers.com | https://telegram.me/jntua

112. Advantages:
1.The transmission cost is zero for a stand-alone
solar system.
2.Solar electricity generation system is
environment-friendly.
3.The maintenance cost is low.
4.It is an ideal source for remote locations that
cannot link to the grid.
Disadvantages:
1.Initial expenses are high.
2.Require large area for bulk production.
3.Solar electricity generation system is weather-
dependent.
4.Solar energy storage (battery)is costly.www.android.universityupdates.in | www.universityupdates.in | https://telegram.me/jntua www.android.previousquestionpapers.com | www.previousquestionpapers.com | https://telegram.me/jntua

113. Wind Power Plantwww.android.universityupdates.in | www.universityupdates.in | https://telegram.me/jntua www.android.previousquestionpapers.com | www.previousquestionpapers.com | https://telegram.me/jntua

114. WindEnergySystem
Windturbinesareusedtoconvertwindenergyintoelectricalenergy.
Windflowsduetotemperaturechangesintheatmosphere.Windturbines
turnwindenergyintokineticenergy.Therotatingkineticenergyrotates
theinductiongenerator,andthatgeneratorconvertskineticenergyinto
electricalenergy.
WorkingofWindTurbine
Whenthewindstrikestherotorblades,bladesstartrotating.Theturbine
rotorisconnectedtoahigh-speedgearbox.Gearboxtransformstherotor
rotationfromlowspeedtohighspeed.Thehigh-speedshaftfromthe
gearboxiscoupledwiththerotorofthegeneratorandhencethe
electricalgeneratorrunsatahigherspeed.Anexciterisneededtogive
therequiredexcitationtothemagneticcoilofthegeneratorfieldsystem
sothatitcangeneratetherequiredelectricity.Thegeneratedvoltageat
outputterminalsofthealternatorisproportionaltoboththespeedand
fieldfluxofthealternator.www.android.universityupdates.in | www.universityupdates.in | https://telegram.me/jntua www.android.previousquestionpapers.com | www.previousquestionpapers.com | https://telegram.me/jntua

115. www.android.universityupdates.in | www.universityupdates.in | https://telegram.me/jntua www.android.previousquestionpapers.com | www.previousquestionpapers.com | https://telegram.me/jntua

116. Advantages:
1.Wind energy is an unlimited, free and clean source of
energy.
2.The operating cost is almost zero.
3.A wind electricity generating system can generate power in a
remote location.
Disadvantages:
1.It cannot produce the same amount of electricity at all time.
2.It needs a big open area.
3.It makes noise.
4.The construction process of a wind turbine is expensive.
5.It gives lower electricity output.
6.It poses threats from flying birds.www.android.universityupdates.in | www.universityupdates.in | https://telegram.me/jntua www.android.previousquestionpapers.com | www.previousquestionpapers.com | https://telegram.me/jntua

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118. Typical AC Supply Schemewww.android.universityupdates.in | www.universityupdates.in | https://telegram.me/jntua www.android.previousquestionpapers.com | www.previousquestionpapers.com | https://telegram.me/jntua

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