joints

A joint is a point where two bones make contact. Joints can be classified either histologically on the dominant type of connective tissue functionally based on the amount of movement permitted. Histologically the three joints in the body are fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial.

1. 1
Joints
Presented By:
Mr. Vijay Salvekar
Associate Professor
Dept. of Pharmacology
GRY Institute of Pharmacy,Borawan

2. Classification of Joints
Structural classification:
(1) Fibrous joints
•Dense connective tissues connect
bones
•Between bones in close contact
(2) Cartilaginous joints
•Hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage
connect bones
(3) Synovial joints
•Most complex
•Allow free movement
Functional classification:
•Synarthrotic joints
•Considered immovable
•Amphiarthrotic joints
•Slightly movable
•Diarthrotic joints
•Freely movable

3. Fibrous Joints
•There are three (3) types of fibrous joints (synarthroses):
•Syndesmosis
•Suture
•Gomphosis
•Syndesmosis:
•A sheet or bundle of fibrous
tissue connecting bones
•Lies between tibia and fibula
(interosseous membrane)
Fibula
Interosseus
membrane
of leg
Tibia
Medial
malleolus
Anterior
tibiofibular
ligament
(interosseus
ligament)
Lateral
malleolus

4. Fibrous Joints
•Suture:
•Between flat bones
•Teeth-like projections
•Thin layer of connective
tissue connects bones
•Skull
•Gomphosis:
•Cone-shaped bony process in a socket
•Tooth in jawbone
Margin of
suture
Parietal
bone
Suture
Sutural
bones
Occipital
bone
(a) (b)
Courtesy of John W. Hole, Jr.
Periodontal
ligament
Alveolar
process of
mandible
Root of
tooth
Crown of
tooth

5. Cartilaginous Joints
•There are two (2) types of cartilaginous joints (amphiarthroses):
•Synchondrosis
•Symphysis
•Synchondrosis:
•Bands of hyaline cartilage unite
bones
•Epiphyseal plate (temporary)
•Between manubrium and the first
rib (costal cartilages)
Thoracic
vertebra
Costal cartilage
Manubrium
First rib

6. Cartilaginous Joints
•Symphysis:
•Pad of fibrocartilage between bones
•Pubic symphysis
•Joint between bodies of adjacent vertebrae
Gelatinous
core
Spinous process
Band of
fibrocartilage
Pubis
Fibrocartilage disc of symphysis pubis
Intervertebral
discs
(a)
Body of
vertebra

7. General Structure of a Synovial Joint
•Synovial joints are freely
moveable (diarthroses)
•There are six (6) types of
diarthroses
•There are specific parts of a
diarthroses:
•Articular cartilage
•Joint cavity
•Joint capsule
•Synovial membrane
•Synovial fluid
•Meniscus
•Bursae
Spongy
bone
Joint cavity
filled with
synovial
fluid Synovial
membrane
Articular
cartilage
Joint
capsule

8. Types of Synovial Joints
•Uni-axial
•Hinge (ginglymoid) joint
•Pivot or (trochoid) joint
•Bi-axial
•Saddle (sellar) joint
•Condylar (ellipsoidal) joint
•Multi-axial
•Ball and socket (spheroidal) joint
•Gliding (plane) joint

9. Types of Synovial Joints
•Pivot Joint
•Between atlas (C1) and
the dens of axis (C2)
•Hinge Joint
•Elbow joint
•Between phalanges
(e) Pivot joint
Dens
Transverse
ligament
Atlas
Axis
(d) Hinge joint
Humerus
Ulna
Radius

10. Types of Synovial Joints
•Saddle Joint
•Between carpal and 1
st
metacarpal (of thumb)
•Condylar Joint
•Between metacarpals and
phalanges
•Between radius and carpals
Metacarpal
Phalanx
(b) Condylar
joint
(f) Saddle
joint
First
metacarpal
Trapezium

11. Types of Synovial Joints
•Ball-and-Socket Joint
•Hip joint
•Shoulder joint
•Gliding Joint
•Between carpals
•Between tarsals
•Between facets of
adjacent vertebrae
Hip bone
(a) Ball-and-socket
joint
Head of femur
in acetabulum
Femur
(c) Plane
joint
Carpals

12. Types of Joint Movements
•Movement at a joint occurs when a muscle contracts
and its fibers pull its moveable end (insertion) towards its
fixed end (origin).

13. 13
Types of Joint Movements
•Abduction/adduction
•Dorsiflexion/plantar flexion
•Flexion/extension/hyperextension
•Lateral flexion
Abduction
Adduction
Extension
Flexion
Dorsiflexion
Plantar flexion
Extension
Flexion
Hyperextension

14. © McGraw-Hill Companies / Womack Photography Ltd.
Circumduction
Medial
rotation
Lateral
rotation
Supination
Pronation
14
Types of Joint Movements
•Rotation
•Circumduction
•Supination/pronation

15. 15
Types of Joint Movements
•Eversion/inversion
•Protraction/retraction
•Elevation/depression
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Inversion Eversion
Protraction Retraction
Elevation
Depression

16. Examples of Synovial Joints
•The shoulder, elbow, hip, and knee are large, freely
moveable joints.

17. Shoulder Joint
•Ball-and-socket
•Head of humerus and
glenoid cavity of scapula
•Loose joint capsule
•Bursae
•Ligaments prevent
displacement
•Very wide range of
movement (circumduction)
•Gliding joint
•Between acromion
process and clavicle
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Humerus
Articular cartilage
Scapula
Clavicle
Acromion process Subdeltoid bursa
Synovial membrane
Joint capsule
Joint cavity

18. Shoulder Joint
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© Paul Reimann
Head of humerus
Joint cavity
Joint capsule
Articular cartilage
Scapula
Humerus
(b)
Coracohumeral
ligament
Transverse
humeral
ligament
Tendon of
biceps
brachii
(long head)
Acromion process
Clavicle
Coracoid
process
Acromion
process
Subscapular
bursa
Joint
capsule
Coracoid
process
Clavicle
Glenohumeral
ligaments
Glenoid cavity
Triceps
brachii
(long head)
Glenoid
labrum
ScapulaHumerus
Scapula
Articular capsule
(glenohumeral
ligaments hidden)
(a) (b)
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19. Elbow Joint
•Hinge joint
•Trochlea of humerus
•Trochlear notch of ulna
•Gliding joint
•Capitulum of humerus
•Head of radius
•Flexion and extension
•Many reinforcing ligaments
•Stable joint
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Humerus
Joint capsule
Synovial
membrane
Joint cavity
Articular cartilage
Coronoid process
Anular
ligament
Radius
Ulna
Olecranon
process
Trochlea
(a)

20. Elbow Joint
Radius
Tendon of biceps
brachii muscle
Anular ligament
Humerus
Medial
epicondyle
Ulnar collateral ligamentCoronoid processUlna
Humerus
Lateral epicondyle
Anular ligament Radius
Olecranon process Radial collateral ligament Ulna
(b)(a)
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21. Hip Joint
•Ball-and-socket joint
•Head of femur and
acetabulum of coxa
•Heavy joint capsule
•Many reinforcing ligaments
•Less freedom of movement
than shoulder joint
•Circumduction
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Hip bone
Joint cavity
Articular cartilage
Synovial membrane
Joint capsule
Ligamentum capitis
Femur
(a)

22. Hip Joint
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(b)
Joint cavity
Articular
cartilage
Hip bone
Head of femur
Joint capsule
Femur
© Paul Reimann
Ilium
Iliofemoral
ligament
Greater
trochanter
Femur
Lesser
trochanter
Pubis
Pubofemoral
ligament
Ischium
Iliofemoral
ligament
Ischiofemoral
ligament
Femur
Ilium
(a) (b)
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23. Knee Joint
•Largest joint
•Most complex –3 joints
•Medial and lateral condyles of distal
end of femur and
•Medial and lateral condyles of
proximal end of tibia and
•Femur articulates anteriorly with
patella
•Strengthened by many ligaments and
tendons
•Menisci separate femur and tibia
•Bursae
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Femur
Quadriceps femoris tendon
(patellar tendon)
Synovial membrane
Suprapatellar bursa
Patella
Prepatellar bursa
Joint cavity
Articular cartilage
Menisci
Patellar ligament
Infrapatellar bursa
Joint capsule
Tibia
(a)

24. Knee Joint
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Anterior cruciate
ligament
Femur
(b)
Lateral condyle
Lateral meniscus
Articular
cartilage
Lateral
condyle
Head of fibula
Tibia
Fibula
© Paul Reimann
Gastroc-
nemius
muscle
(cut)
Popliteus
muscle
cut)
Oblique
popliteal
ligament
Arcuate
popliteal
ligament
Fibula Tibia
Femur
Joint
capsule
Fibular
collateral
ligament
Plantaris
muscle
(cut)
Tibial
collateral
ligament
Tendon of
semimembranosus
(cut)
(a) (b)
Femur
Lateral
condyle
Lateral
meniscus
Lateral
condyle
Fibular
collateral
ligament
Fibula
Tibia
Medial
condyle
Anterior
cruciate
ligament
Medial
meniscus
Medial
condyle
Tibial
collateral
ligament
Patellar
ligament
(cut)
Posterior
cruciate
ligament
Tendon of
adductor
magnus (cut)
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25. Clinical Application
Replacing Joints
1.What materials are used to replace joints?
2.Give a brief description of joint replacement
history.
3.What are newer joint replacement procedures
using?

26. Clinical Application
Joint Disorders
Give a brief description of the following:
a)Bursitis:
b)Arthritis:
c)Rheumatoid Arthritis:
d)Osteoarthritis:
e)Lyme Arthritis:

27. Lifespan Changes
•Joint stiffness is an early sign of aging
•Fibrous joints first to change; can strengthen however over a
lifetime
•Changes in symphysis joints of vertebral column diminish
flexibility and decrease height (remember water loss from the
IVDs)
•Synovial joints lose elasticity
•Disuse hampers the blood supply
•Activity and exercise can keep joints functional longer