Joints Movements .pptxnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn

Low MCH (mean corpuscular hemoglobin) levels in a blood test can be caused by a number of conditions, including:

Iron deficiency anemia
The most common cause of low MCH levels, this condition occurs when your body doesn't have enough iron to produce healthy red blood cells.

Microcytic anemia
A condition where red blood cells are abnormally small and carry less hemoglobin.

Thalassemia
A genetic condition that causes the body to produce less hemoglobin than normal.

Hemoglobinopathy
A condition that affects the amount of hemoglobin in red blood cells.

Low MCH levels are often treated with lifestyle changes, such as taking iron supplements or eating iron-rich foods. In some cases, blood transfusions may be required.

Low MCH levels aren't always a sign of a serious health condition. Sometimes, MCH levels can return to normal with diet changes or by avoiding alcohol.

What Is MCH and What Do High and Low Values Mean? - Healthline
Low MCH values are often caused by iron deficiency anemia. Typically, this condition can be treated with lifestyle changes, includ...

Healthline
MCH: Understanding Your Blood Test Results - Health
06-Feb-2023 — A lack of intrinsic factor (a protein that helps your body absorb vitamin B12) Heavy alcohol use. Certain medicines, su...

Health
MCH levels in complete blood count tests - MedicalNewsToday
What does it mean if MCH is low? A person may have low MCH levels if something affects the amount of hemoglobin found in the red b...

MedicalNewsToday
Show all
Low MCH (mean corpuscular hemoglobin) levels in a blood test can be caused by a number of conditions, including:

Iron deficiency anemia
The most common cause of low MCH levels, this condition occurs when your body doesn't have enough iron to produce healthy red blood cells.

Microcytic anemia
A condition where red blood cells are abnormally small and carry less hemoglobin.

Thalassemia
A genetic condition that causes the body to produce less hemoglobin than normal.

Hemoglobinopathy
A condition that affects the amount of hemoglobin in red blood cells.

Low MCH levels are often treated with lifestyle changes, such as taking iron supplements or eating iron-rich foods. In some cases, blood transfusions may be required.

Low MCH levels aren't always a sign of a serious health condition. Sometimes, MCH levels can return to normal with diet changes or by avoiding alcohol.

What Is MCH and What Do High and Low Values Mean? - Healthline
Low MCH values are often caused by iron deficiency anemia. Typically, this condition can be treated with lifestyle changes, includ...

Healthline
MCH: Understanding Your Blood Test Results - Health
06-Feb-2023 — A lack of intrinsic factor (a protein that helps your body absorb vitamin B12) Heavy alcohol use. Certain medicines, su...

Health
MCH levels in complete blood count tests - MedicalNewsToday
What does it mean if MCH is low? A person may have low MCH levels if something affects the amount of hemoglobin foun

1. Joints and M ovement

2. Joint (or articulation)- the junction between two or more bones. With the exception of the hyoid bone, every bone in the body is connected to or forms a joint. There are 230 joints in the body Introduction of Joints

3. Hold the skeletal bones together Allow the skeleton some flexibility so gross movement can occur Make bone growth possible Joint Functions

4. Lets put the bones into the four categories Long Bones Short Bones Flat Bones Irre g ular Bones Femur Tarsals Patella Atlas Humerus Carpals Cranium Axis Tibia Pelvis (Llium) Ce r v ical Radius Scapula Tho r a c ic Ulna Sternum Lumbar Fibula Ribs S ac r um Phalanges Coccyx Meta Tarsals Meta Carpals Clavicle

5. Types of Joints Immovable or fixed joints ( Fibrous ) These joints are held together by tough tissue which develops during childhood. Examples include: the Cranium, pelvis and vertebrae Slightly moveable joints ( Cartilaginous ) Here, movement is needed but only to a certain point e.g the vertebral column Individual vertebrae are separated by cartilage Freely moveable joints ( Synovial ) These joints are also called synovial and allow movement to take place. There are 6 types of freely moveable or synovial joints

6. Types of Synovial Joints • Freely Moveable (Synovial) joints can be divided into six groups depending upon the way they move. Key: Ball and Socket Joint Hinge Joint Pivot Joint Gliding Joint Saddle Joint Condyloid Joint

7. Ball and Socket Joints Of all the joints in the body, the BALL AND SOCKET JOINT allows the greatest range of movement In this type of joint, one end of the bone is shaped like a ball, and it fits into a hollow socket at the end of another joint. Held together by ligaments and tendons Two main Ball and Socket Joints: Shoulder and hip joints Ball and socket Ball and Socket joint

8. Hinge Joints HINGE JOINTS allow extensive flexion and extension (Bending and straightening) with only a small amount of rotation. The joint is made by the joining of two bone ends which have smooth surfaces. They are shaped to move against each other with minimum friction. Strong ligaments stop the bones from sliding off from one side to the other. Examples of Hinge Joints: Elbow and Knee Joints

9. Pivot Joint PIVOT JOINTS allow only rotation. The joint works by the end of one bone having a “ peg ” which fits into a “ ring ” formed by the other bone. There is pivot joint at the top of the spinal column, between the axis and atlas bones of the neck. This allows us to turn, raise and lower our heads – this is crucial in controlling balance and maintaining awareness.

10. Gliding Joints GLIDING JOINTS allow flexion and extension through a slight gliding motion between the ends of small bones such as hands and feet. These small bones can move over one another to increase the flexibility of the hands and feet. Strong ligaments link them together and stop them moving to far.

11. Saddle Joints SADDLE JOINTS occur where concave and convex surfaces meet. The saddle joints allow the movement of the joint forward and backwards, and right to left. Examples of saddle joints include the fingers and thumbs.

12. Condyloid Joints Within the CONDYLOID JOINT the full convex shape of one bone end, fits into the full concave shape of an adjoining bone. This allows for movement in all directions, however full rotations. The main example of the Condyloid joint is the wrist.

13. Why are they called Synovial Joints? They all have some thing called Synovial Fluid in them. This lubricates the joint, like oil in a working engine. It enables all parts of the joint to move against each other smoothly. This is inside the synovial (joint) capsule which holds the fluid in place. The synovial membrane lies inside the capsule where the fluid is produced.

14. Connective Tissues There are three types of connective tissues used within the joints. Cartilage Cartilage forms a cushion between bones in order to stop them rubbing Ligaments Ligaments are like very strong string that holds bones together Tendons Tendons attach muscles to bones (or to other muscles)

15. Cartilage Tendons Ligaments Tough Attaches bone to muscle Attaches bone to bone Flexible Sturdy Elastic At end of bone Non elastic Stabilise Cushions Size changes depending on muscle Made of many fibres Anchor Strong

16. Types of Joint Movement There are six different kinds of movement the joints can allow These are: Extension Flexion Abduction Adduction Circumduction Rotation

17. Extension : straightening or extending a limb. (Opening a Joint) Flexion : Bending or flexing a limb. (Closing a joint) Abduction : Moving a limb away from the centre line of the body.

18. Rotation : This is a turning or rotational movement of a limb or body part. Circumduction : The ability of a limb to be moved in circles. Adduction : moving a limb towards the centre line of the body

19. Plantarflexion (or plantar flexion ) Is the movement which increases the approximate 90 degree angle between the front part of the foot and the shin, as when pressing down on a car pedal Dorsiflexion is the movement which decreases the angle between the dorsum (superior surface) of the foot and the leg, so that the toes are brought closer to the shin. The movement moving in opposite directions is called plantarflexion. Put more simply: it applies to the upward movement of the foot at the ankle joint

20. Pronation – A rotation of the forearm that moves the palm from an anterior-facing position to a posterior-facing position, or palm facing down. This is not medial rotation as this must be performed when the arm is half flexed Supination – The opposite of pronation, the rotation of the forearm so that the palm faces anteriorly, or palm facing up. The hand is supine (facing anteriorly) in the anatomical position

21. Hyperextension - Movement at a joint to a position beyond the joint's normal maximum extension

22. The knee (HINGE JOINT) is used when flexing (bending) and extending (straightening) the leg to kick a football

23. Marieb . E.N.(7 th edi ). Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology.The Human Body: An Orientation. Anne Waugh, et al. (2006). Ross & Wilson: Anatomy and Physiology in Health and Illness, 11 th edition. References 23 SYED YOUSAF SHAH