Journal club presentation on b carotene loaded pickering emulsion filled gel

Pickering emulsion gel

1. β- CAROTENE-LOADED PICKERING EMULSION-FILLED GEL: ROLE OF WHEY PROTEIN-CRESS SEED GUM NANOPARTICLE AND SODIUM ALGINATE GEL IN PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND IN VITRO GASTROINTESTINAL BEHAVIOR THIRD SEMESTER M PHARM JOURNAL CLUB PRESENTATION Presented by: Vinu Gopakumar Krishna Reg. No: 222760288 , Third Semester M Pharm, Pharmaceutics Guide: Dr. Prasanth M.S. Associate Professor, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government Medical College, Thiruvananthapuram 1

2. 2 CONTENTS ABOUT THE JOURNAL ABOUT THE ARTICLE OBJECTIVE INTRODUCTION MATERIALS AND METHODS RESULTS AND DISCUSSION SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION REFERENCES

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4. 4 ABOUT THE JOURNAL The  Journal of Food Process Engineering  is the only international journal specifically devoted to the engineering aspects of food processing. They publish research on the applications of engineering principles and concepts of food and food processes and packaging. Publisher: Wiley online Library

5. 5 ABOUT THE ARTICLE Type : Experimental research Area : Food process engineering Title : β - carotene-loaded pickering emulsion-filled gel: role of whey protein-cress seed gum nanoparticle and sodium alginate gel in physicochemical and in-vitro  gastrointestinal behavior. Authors : Maryam  Davtalab , Sara Naji- Tabasi , Mostafa Shahidi- Noghabi and Miguel A. Cerqueira Published on : January 2025

6. 6 THESIS TOPIC DUAL BIOPOLYMER-STABILIZED PICKERING EMULSION-FILLED GEL FOR ANTI-FUNGAL DRUG DELIVERY IN CANDIDIASIS THERAPY. SELECTION OF THE RESEARCH ARTICLE ARTICLE TOPIC β- CAROTENE-LOADED PICKERING EMULSION-FILLED GEL: ROLE OF WHEY PROTEIN-CRESS SEED GUM NANOPARTICLE AND SODIUM ALGINATE GEL IN PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND IN VITRO GASTROINTESTINAL BEHAVIOR.

7. 7 OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to formulate β - carotene-loaded pickering emulsion-filled gel and study the role of whey protein-cress seed gum nanoparticle and sodium alginate gel and to evaluate in vitro  gastrointestinal behavior.

8. 8 INTRODUCTION β-carotene, a carotenoid found in fruits and plants, holds a predominant status due to its crucial function as a precursor to vitamin A. It is important for human visual health and cancer prevention. β-carotene encounters challenges arising from its limited water solubility and susceptibility to degradation upon exposure to oxygen, light, and heat, thereby posing a considerable threat to its stability during practical applications .

9. 9 Encapsulation of β-carotene in pickering emulsion maintains the stability of β-carotene but pickering emulsion is thermodynamically unstable system, having challenges in controlled release, coalescence, ostwald ripening and flocculation . To address these problems, emulsion gel is developed that encapsulate oil droplets within a 3D network . Emulsion gels can be categorized into two types based on their manufacturing method: emulsion particulate gels and emulsion-filled gels (EFGs ). EFGs are used in research due to their unparalleled ability to precisely control the composition, size, shape, and internal structure of the resulting gel particles

10. 10 MATERIALS AND METHODS MATERIALS: Sodium Alginate (food grade, 100 mesh, 200–500 cP ) WPC (Whey protein concentrate 80% w/w) Cress seeds (Lepidium sativum L.) Corn oil β- carotene

11. 11 E XTRACTION OF CRESS SEED GUM

12. 12 PREPARATION OF WPC-CSG PICKERING EMULSION LOADED WITH β- CAROTENE

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14. 14 PREPARATION OF β- CAROTENE-LOADED EMULSION-FILLED GEL

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16. 16 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 1. Optical Microscopy The droplets of 15-EFG exhibited spherical shapes with regular contours, confirming the dispersion of oils within the gel matrix. FIGURE 1 | Microscopic image of emulsion-filled gel with different concentrations of WPC-CSG Pickering emulsion: (a) 10% (v/v), (b) 15% (v/v), and (c) 20% (v/v) at a magnification of ×1000. The increased concentration of Pickering emulsion in 15-EFG led to a higher abundance of WPC-CSG nanoparticles at the interface compared to 10-EFG, thereby facilitating interaction with the matrix. Additionally, a higher concentration of Pickering emulsion leads to an increase in the negative charge of WPC-CSG nanoparticles.

17. 17 2. Rheological Properties The rheological parameters ( G ′, G ″), complex viscosity ( η *), tan δ ( G ″/ G ′) and slope of complex viscosity against frequency ( η *− f ) of EFG with different volume ratio of Pickering emulsion to matrix (10:90, 15:85, and 20:80), and constant concentration of sodium alginate (4% w/v) and CaCl 2 (1% w/v) were determined. A concentration of 4% (w/v) sodium alginate was chosen as it exhibited favorable rheological properties, making it suitable for further experimentation.

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22. 22 3. In-Vitro Release of Beta-Carotene from EFG The in-vitro release of 10-EFG, 15-EFG, and 20-EFG at three concentrations of Pickering emulsion (10%, 15%, and 20%) and constant concentrations of sodium alginate (4%, w/v) and CaCl 2 (1%, w/v) were evaluated.

23. 23 The results indicate that within the stomach environment, there was no detectable release of β-carotene after 90 min period. These results suggest that the gel structure remained intact under these conditions, showcasing their capacity to effectively control the release of β-carotene within an acidic situation. Anionic polysaccharides contract in acidic environments, thus alginate as an anionic polysaccharide could decrease the release of β-carotene in the acidic environment of the stomach.

24. 24 During the gastric phase, the intrusion of water molecules and the rate of matrix breakdown are reduced, leading to a constraint on β-carotene release. In the intestinal phase, the gel network structure, characterized by heightened swelling potential and improved resistance to erosion, experiences gradual disintegration, thereby achieving a prolonged-release outcome . After 4h, in the intestinal environment (pH=6.8), a significant release percentage exceeding 70% was recorded.

25. 25 The release of β-carotene from 15-EFG was markedly greater (87.33%) than 10-EFG (74.33%), (p<0.05) and no significant difference was observed when compared to 20-EFG (p>0.05). Therefore, the release of β-carotene within EFGs could be affected by the Pickering emulsion concentration, resulting from forming a compact and uniform network. The ionic strength of the WPC-CSG nanoparticles maybe accomplished by swelling and contracting, which is used to activate the release of β-carotene. As the ratio of Pickering emulsion to polymer increases (from 10:90 to 20:80), the composite network expands, resulting in a more porous matrix.

26. 26 4. Storage Stability The optimum EFG (4% (w/v) sodium alginate, 15% (v/v) Pickering emulsion, and 4% CaCl 2 ) was chosen according to rheological properties (higher elastic behavior for active filler), and in vitro release (one of the highest beta-carotene concentration releases)

27. 27 Higher stability is observed in the case of EFG compared to the Pickering emulsion without gel

28. 28 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION This study investigates the influence of WPC-CSG Pickering emulsion content, and crosslinker concentration on the physicochemical properties of EFGs. The formation of viscoelastic sodium alginate matrix at the oil–water interface, acting as a matrix polymer, is hypothesized to improve the characteristics of the Pickering emulsion as a carrier for β-carotene. Additionally, the presence of higher concentration of CaCl 2 , increased crosslinking between sodium alginate polymers, consequently Pickering emulsion droplets were integrated into rigid network matrix as an active filler.

29. 29 The in-vitro release measurement revealed a lack of β-carotene release from EFGs under gastric-simulated conditions, nevertheless 20-EFG and 15-EFG exhibited higher release rate of β-carotene in an intestinal-simulated environment. The EFG exhibited high stability of Pickering emulsion during 5months compared to Pickering emulsion without gel. The findings suggest that 15-EFG can be a suitable carrier system for lipophilic compounds and β-carotene.

30. 30 REFERENCES: Baek, E. J., C. V. Garcia, G. H. Shin, and J. T. Kim. 2020. “Improvement of Thermal and UV-Light Stability of β-Carotene-Loaded Nanoemulsions by Water-Soluble Chitosan Coating.” International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 165: 1156–1163. Davtalab , M., S. Naji- Tabasi , M. Shahidi- Noghabi , A. J. Martins, A. I. Bourbon, and M. A. Cerqueira. 2024. “Pickering Emulsion Stabilized by Different Concentrations of Whey Protein–Cress Seed Gum Nanoparticles.” Food 13, no. 23: 3777. Enggi , C. K., F. Mahardika, D. M. Devara, et  al. 2022. “HPLC-UV Method Validation for Quantification of β- Carotene in the Development of Sustained Release Supplement Formulation Containing Solid Dispersion-Floating Gel In  Situ.” Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis 221: 115041.

31. 31 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY FUTURE PROSPECTS The shelf life of the emulsion filled gel could be significantly increased. In-vivo animal studies can be done to show insights on its safety, efficacy and biodistribution.

32. 32 INSIGHTS FROM THE STUDY From this study we have deduced the thesis topic. The novel idea of employing nanoparticle in stabilizing pickering emulsion was adopted from this study. To improve the stability of pickering emulsion by modifying pickering emulsion into emulsion filled gel.

33. 33 THANK YOU