Jute insect, the insect which attack jute plant.pptx

Insect pest of jute

1. STUDY ON THE MAGOR INSECT AND MITE PESTS OF JUTE AND THEIR MANAGEMENT

2. List of insect and mite pests of jute Sl. No. Common name Scientific name Family Order status 1. Jute hairy caterpillar Spilarctia obliqua Arctiidae Lepidoptera Major 2. Jute semi-looper Anomis sabulifera Noctuidae Lepidoptera Major 3. Jute stem weevil Apion corchori Curculionidae Coleoptera Major 4. Field cricket Brachytrypes portentosus Gryllidae Orthoptera Major 5. Jute yellow mite Polyphagotarsonemus latus Tarsonemidae Acarina Major 6. Jute red mite Tetranychus bioculatus Tetranychidae Acarina Major 7. Indigo caterpillar Spodoptera exigua Noctuidae Lepidoptera Minor 8. Jute stem girdler Nupserha bicolor postbrunnea Cerambycidae Coleoptera Minor 9. Jute mealybug Phenacoccus hirsutus Coccidae Hemiptera Minor 10. Jute scopula Scopula emmisaria Pyralidae Lepidoptera Minor 11. Jute buprestid Trachys Buprestidae Coleoptera Minor 12. Prodentia caterpillar Prodentia litura Noctuidae Lepidoptera Minor

3. Jute hairy caterpillar ( Spilarctia obliqua ) Family:Arctiidae Order: Lepidoptera 3

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5. Jute hairy caterpillar Common name: Jute hairy caterpillar Scientific name: Spilarctia obliqua Family: Arctiidae Order: Lepidoptera Hosts: Besides jute it attacks cotton, groundnut, soybean, sesame, mung , linseed, mustard, sunflower, cauliflower, cabbage, radish, peas, and many other leguminous crops.

6. Nature of Damage: Only the caterpillars are harmful to the jute crop. The infestation starts from the middle of May and continues up to the end of August. The young gregarious caterpillars feed gregariously on chlrorophyllus tissues from lower surface of same leaf giving a peculiar membranous appearance. Then they attack another leaf. They scrape the green part of leaves. Only leave the midribs and cross veins. They gradually disperse all over the fields in search of food and defoliate the plants .

7. In case of serious infestations the top shoots are also eaten up. Once the caterpillars have swarmed the field, nothing but bare stems will remain. As a result of infestation, the plants become stunted in growth and yield is reduced. The loss of fiber yield may vary from 2 to 5 maunds per acre depending on the intensity of infestation. Damage from this pest varies in severity from year to year. In some years it is very serious.

8. Control measures Cultural control Hand picking of egg masses and early instar larvae when they remain in a gregarious state and killing them by burning or kerosinized water is considered to be the easiest method of control. After harvest the land should be ploughed well so that the pupae that remain in the soil or crevices are exposed to natural enemies. Light trap The moths are strongly attracted to artificial light. So, light traps may be used to destroy the moths.

9. Biological control Among the parasites of jute hairy caterpillar, Apanteles obliquae , Eurytoma spp. and tachinid fly are the most important.   Apanteles obliquae and Eurytoma spp. can control 40-45% caterpillar in natural condition and Tachinids can control about 35% caterpillar in the field. The parasitized caterpillars become sluggish, stop feeding and may remain alive from 3 to 4 days after the emergence of the parasite. Among predator spider, long horned grass hopper, dragon fly, damsel fly are the most important   A considerable number of pest larvae suffers mortality due to virus (mixed infection of granulosis and nuclear polyhedrosis , NPV), bacteria ( Bacillus cereus ) and fungal ( Erynia neopyralidarum ) [ Zygomycetes : Entomophthorales ] infection. These native biological control agents play important role in the reduction of jute hairy caterpillar population.

10. Chemical control When the caterpillars are spread in the entire field chemical control measures are necessary using recommended insecticide. Diazinon 60EC @ 2ml/L of water Ripcord 10 EC @ 1ml/L of water Sevin 85 SP @ 1.5 gm/L of water

11. 2. Jute semi-lopper ( Anomis sabulifera ) Family: Noctuidae Order: Lepidoptera 11

12. Nature of Damage Only caterpillar cause damage by feeding on the foliage. After hatching the tiny caterpillar start feeding on the apical leaves and buds. Larvae start feeding on the epidermal membrane of one side of the mesophyll , leaving the other epidermal membrane intact. As the larvae grow bigger, holes become evident and the edges of the tender leaves are bitten. Later on, apical leaves are repeatedly eaten, sometimes destroying the growing shoot. In severe attacks the plants are totally defoliated, leaving the bare stem standing in the field

13. . Damage to their apical leaves checks the growth of the plants and encourages side branching. Internodes at the place of attack become shortened and weakened. The larvae are very active, voraciously eating jute leaves, particularly in the crown. Tender leaves are completely destroyed, but if the leaf is comparatively large, the softer portion of the lamina is devoured, leaving only the skeleton of the harder main and secondary veins. Branching caused by damage to the apical bud tangles the fibres and makes their extraction difficult.

14. Cultural control Hand picking of egg masses and early instar larvae when they remain in a gregarious state and killing them by burning or kerosinized water is considered to be the easiest method of control. After harvest the land should be ploughed well so that the pupae that remain in the soil or crevices are exposed to natural enemies. Light trap The moths are strongly attracted to artificial light. So, light traps may be used to destroy the moths.

15. Light trap The moths are strongly attracted to artificial light. So, light traps may be used to destroy the moths.

16. Biological control Among the parasites Apanteles obliquae , Encyrtidae are the most important.   Among predator spider, long horned grass hopper, dragonfly, damselfly are the most important   Chemical control When the caterpillars are spread in the entire field chemical control measures are necessary using recommended insecticide. Sumithion 50EC @ 2ml/L of water Endosulfan 35EC @ 2ml/L of water  

17. Jute stem weevil/Jute apion Common name: Jute apion Scientific name: Apion corchori Family: Curculionidae Order: Coleoptera Hosts: Jute, capsicum etc.

18. 3. Jute apion /stem weevil ( Apion corchori ) Family: Curculionidae Order: Coleoptera Hosts: Jute, capsicum etc. 18

19. Nature of damage Both grub and adult attack jute plants at all stages from seedling to harvest. A female make a number of holes before laying an eggs. After hatching, the grub feeds on the bark and internal tissues of the stem. As a result of injury, a mucilaginous and gummy substance oozes out of the site of damage and it firmly cements the adjacent tissues with the insect’s excreta into a hard structure which is very resistant to the retting process.

20. Further a kind of corky tissue develops round the wound which actually represents the plant’s reaction to localize the injury and during the process also the fibers get cemented together, with a good deal of surrounding tissue, into a kind of knot, resulting in a hard compact mass with the bark sticking to the fiber. All these deformities resist retting when the fibers are washed and the fibers break at these points during retting. This “knotty fiber” constitutes an important defect in the fiber quality.

21. Control measures Cultural control The pest may be suppressed by the removal and destruction of infested plants at the time of thinning the crop and collecting and destroying the stubble after harvest. Removal of “Bon-okra” ( Triumfetta rhomboidea ) and other shrubs and bushes during winter offers a possible reduction of Apion population. It is desirable not to stack the harvested jute for more than 3 days. Quick steeping of harvested jute will destroy the immature stages. Use resistant variety Olitorious jute is less susceptible to Apion . An increase of olitorious cultivation will minimize jute weevil damage.

22. Biological control A high percentage of jute weevil grubs are attacked by Entedon sp., Bracon gree ni , Eupelmus urozonus , Psilopa sp. and Lymaenon sp. The parasites are very useful in controlling the pest as they cause a high mortality of the grubs. Chemical control Infested capsularis plants should be sprayed with any of the recommended insecticides for an effective control. Ripcord 10 EC @ 1ml/L of water Sevin 85 SP @ 1.5 gm/L of water

23. 4. Jute yellow mite/ white mite Common name: Jute yellow mite Scientific name: Polyphagotarsonemus latus Family: Tarsonemidae Order: Acarina Hosts: Jute, Lycopercicum esculentum , Capsicum sp.

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26. Nature of damage The young apical leaves are attacked first and the attack gradually spreads to the lower leaves. As a result of the adults and young stages feeding on the sap from the leaf surface the young leaves become crumpled and curled Leaves turn coppery-brown or purplish, finally dry up and drop prematurely. The vertical growth of internodes gets suppressed and side branches develop. In case heavy infestation the top shoots dies and apical branches appear resulting great loss in yield and deteriorates the quality of fiber.

27. The mite also attacks the flower buds and young seed pods. The infested flower buds can not bloom properly. The floral parts become crinkle and the colour changes from yellow to blackish. When immature seed pods are injured, they fail to develop to their normal sizes and the external ridges of the seed pods fail to develop. The mite infestation results in the reduction of seed formation.

28. Control measures Cultural control The population of jute yellow mite is greatly reduced following heavy rainfall. Chemical control When the infestation is serious Kelthane 43EC @ or Ethion 46EC @ 1.5 ml/L of water should be sprayed in the infested field.

29. Comparison between yellow and red mite of jute Yellow mite Red mite Status: Major Status: Minor The young apical leaves are attacked first and the attack gradually spreads to the lower leaves; causes damage by sucking the plant sap. It attacks the older leaves and then gradually upper and tender leaves. It also sucks cell sap from the lower surface of the leaves. As a result of infestation, the young leaves become crumpled and curled, dry up and fall down. Leaves turn coppery-brown and drop prematurely. The vertical growth of internodes gets suppressed and side branches develop. In case heavy infestation the top shoots dies and apical branches appear resulting great loss in yield and deteriorates the quality of fiber. Due to sucking cell sap the infested leaves turn yellow and then drop off, but do not curled. They do not make any web in the infested leaves. They make numerous fine webs in lower surface of the infested leaves. They also pest of fiber and seeds of jute. They do not make a damage of fiber.

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