Juvenile delinquency-Crim Research day 3x

powerpoint in crim 105

1. JUVENILE DELINQUENCY

2. JUVENILE DELINQUENCY It refers to an anti-social act or behavior which deviates from the normal pattern of rules and regulations, customs and culture which society does not accept and which there justifies punishment or corrective measures. A delinquent is one whose behavior has brought a minor or child in repeated conflict with the law. - An act or omission committed by a minor which is not in conformity with the norms of society. - Any act, behavior or conduct which might be brought to court and judge whether such, is a violation of a law.

3. JUVENILE – refers to a person below 18 years of age or those but are unable to fully take care themselves from abuse, neglect, cruelty, exploitation or discrimination because of physical or mental disability or conditions. AGE OF MAJORITY – majority commences at the age of eighteen (18) years EMANCIPATION – freedom from parental authority, both over his person and property. It happens upon reaching the age of eighteen years.

4. RA 6809 - The law amending the age of majority - Lowered the age of majority from twenty-one 21 to eighteen (18) years  Approved on December 13, 1989

5. DELIQUENT – one who has committed an offense that violated the approved norms of conduct and is guilty of a misdeed. STATUS OFFENSE – certain acts or omission which may not be punishable socially or legally if committed by adults but become anti-social or illegal because the offender is a minor. ANTI SOCIAL BEHAVIOR -characterized by disobedience to, or disrespect for, authorities PARENS PATRIAE (Father of the country) – the authority of the state to act on behalf of the children

6. DIFFERENTIAL APPROACHES IN THE STUDY OF DELIQUENCY 1. BIOGENIC APPROACH – gives an explanation that law violations and delinquency are result of some physical defects. 2. PSYCHOGENIC APPROACH – argues that the critical factors in delinquency are personality problems to which misbehavior is presumed to be the response. 3. SOCIOGENIC APPROACH – attributes delinquency pattern to social structures

7. DIFFERENT THEORIES CONCERNING DELINQUENCY  CHOICE THEORY – based on the classical school of criminology that views an individual as having free will in choosing his actions and that he calculates what he will gain or lose if he commits an act.  BIOCHEMICAL – views that crime and delinquency, especially violence, are result of diet, vitamin intake, hormonal imbalance and other biological causes.  NEUROLOGICAL – explains that crime and delinquency occur because the individual suffers from the brain impairment or abnormality in the structure of the brain.

8.  GENETIC – explains the delinquent traits and preposition to criminality are inherited from parents.  PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORIES – views delinquency because of emotional and mental disturbance of the individual  BEHAVIORAL THEORY – believes that individual learn by observing how to people react to their behavior.  COGNITIVE THEORY – views that delinquency is a result of the faulty perception and analysis of data of an individual. Delinquency-prone adolescents may be cognitive deficits and use information incorrectly when they make decisions

9. CONTRIBUTORY FACTORS IN JUVENILE DELIQUENCY 1. FAMILY – the first and most basic institution of society responsible for developing a child’s potential in all its aspects like physical, emotional, spiritual, moral, intellectual and social. Types of family structure: Nuclear Family – consists of father, mother, and children Extended Family – consists of father, mother children, grandparents, uncles and aunts, cousins, nephew and nieces, and in-laws

10. 2. SCHOOL  considered the second home of a child, with teachers are the second parents  institution responsible for the training of young person’s intellectual, moral, as well as social skills which they need for them to grow up as productive, law-abiding and responsible citizens 3. ENVIRONMENT  The culture, norms and behavior of the child’s surroundings may very well influence the upbringing of the child especially during their formative years and such misbehavior learned likely to be carried on until the child’s maturity.

11. HISTORY OF JUVENILE The modern practice of legally separating adult and juvenile offenders can be traced back to two developments in English customs and law that occurred centuries ago: the development of POOR LAWS and the creation of the English CHANCERY COURTS. Both were designed to allow the state to take control of the lives of needy but not necessarily criminal children. This system was brought to the United States where it was developed further until later become they basis of the juvenile justice system in the Philippines.

12. ENGLISH SYSTEM POOR LAWS  In 1535, statutes which mandated the appointed of overseas who placed destitute or neglected children with families who then trained them in agricultural, trade or domestic services; this practice is called indenture  In 1601, a system was created wherein church workers with the consent of justice of the peace identified vagrant, delinquent and neglected children and took measures to put them to work; these children were placed in workhouses until their adulthood

13. CHANCERY COURTS  Protected the property rights and welfare of minor who could not care for themselves  The courts deal with the issues of guardianship and the use for control of property  The courts operated under the parens patriae philosophy which held that children were under the protective control of the state

14. AMERICAN SYSTEM 1. The practice of influence and chancery courts in England were adopted by the state of Virginia, Connecticut and Massachusetts, however, those youths who commit serious criminal offenses continued to be tried in the same courts as adults 2. middle-class civic leaders, who referred to themselves as CHILD SAVERS began to develop organizations and groups to help alleviate the burdens of the poor and immigrants by sponsoring shelter are for youths, educational and social activities and the development of settlement houses; this was called the CHILD SAVING MOVEMENT 3. They are responsible for creating a number of programs for indigent youths, including the New York House of Refuge, a reformatory, which began operations in 1825

15. 4. The House of Refuge was created to protect indigent youths who were at risk to crime by taking them off the streets and reforming them in a family-like environment 5. The first comprehensive juvenile court was established in Illinois in 1899 which set up an independent court to handle criminal law violations by children under sixteen years of age, as well as to care for neglected, and wayward youths 6. The purpose of the act was to separate juvenile could get adequate care and custody

16. 7. Congress passed the Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act of 1974 to identify the needs of youths and to fund programs in the juvenile justice system 8. Its main goal was to separate wayward, non-dangerous youth from institutions housing delinquents and to remove adolescents from institutions housing adults’ offenders

17. JUVENILE COURT  A court that has original jurisdiction over persons defined by statutes as juvenile and alleged to be delinquents or status offenders.

18. DEVELOPMENT OF JUVENILE JUSTICE IN THE PHILIPPINES  PD 603 – Child and Youth Welfare Code  RA 6809 – Law amending the age of majority  Executive Order 209 – The Family Code of the Philippines  RA 7610 – Anti-Child Abuse Law  RA 8552 – Domestic Adoption Law  RA 8043 – Inter-Country Adoption Law  RA 9208 – Anti-Trafficking in Persons Act  RA 9231 – law amending RA 7610 on working children  RA 9255 – law on the use of father’s surname of illegitimate children  RA 9262 – Anti-Violence Against Women and their Children Act  RA 9523 – law amending the laws on adoption  RA 9344 – Juvenile Justice Act and Welfare Act  RA 9775 – Anti-Child Pornography Act

19. IMPORTANT PROVISIONS OF PD 603 – THE CHILD AND YOUTH WELFARE CODE  Approved on December 10, 1974  Effectivity date is 10 June 1975 (six months after approval)  Shall apply to persons under eighteen (18) years of age

20. PARENTAL AUTHORITY (PATRIA POTESTAS)  The sum total of the rights of the parents over the person and property of their  The exercise of which has no distinction between a legitimate and an illegitimate child  The father and the mother shall exercise jointly just and reasonable parental authority and responsibility over their legitimate or adopted children  In case of disagreement, the father’s decision shall prevail unless there is judicial order to the contrary

21. PARENTAL RESPONSIBILTY – the sum total of the duties and obligation of parents over their minor children LIABILITIES OF PARENTS – parents and guardians are responsible for the damage or injury caused by the child under their parental authority LEGAL CUSTODY – in case of separation of parents, no child less than SEVEN (7) YEARS OF AGE shall be separated from his mother unless the court decides otherwise

22. GUARDIANSHIP – a trust relation of the most sacred character, in which one person, called a guardian, acts for another, called a ward, regarded as incapable of managing his own affairs SUBSTITUTE PARENTAL AUHTORITY – In case of absence or death parents, substitute parental authority shall be given to the following in order of priority;  Survival parent  Brother or sister over 21 years of age  Grandparents  Relative who has actual custody of the child/guardian duly appointed by the court

23. COMMENCEMENT OF CVIL PERSONALITY – the CIVIL PERSONALITY of the child shall commence from the MOMENT OF CONCEPTION CONCEPTION  The start of life  The union of the sperm cell and the egg cell  Also called the process of fertilization CIVIL PERSONALITY  Pertains to the identity and recognition of an individual as person having rights  Shall commence from the moment of conception, thus all children shall have the right to be born and the right to live.

24. CATEGORIES OF CHILDREN 1. DEPENDENT – one who is without a parent, guardian or custodian, or whose parents, guardian or other custodian for good cause desire to be relieved of his care and custody and is dependent upon the public for support 2. ABANDONED – one who had no proper parental care or guardianship or whose parents or guardians have deserted him for a period of at least six consecutive month (PD 603)

25. 3. NEGLECTED – one whose basic need have been deliberately unattended or inadequately attended, a child is unattended when left by himself without provision for his needs and without proper supervision, neglect may occur in two ways: a.) Physical neglect- malnourishment, untidy and damaged clothing, no shelter b.) Emotional neglect – maltreated, raped, seduced, abused, exploited, and made to work under condition not to conducive to good health or placed in moral and physical danger 4. MENTALLY RETARDED – socially incompetent, socially inadequate, occupationally incompetent and unable to manage their own affairs, mentally sub-normal, retarded intellectually from birth or early age, retarded at maturity, mentally deficient as a result of constitutional origin through heredity or disease, essentially incurable.

26. 5. PHYSICALLY-HANDICAPPED – crippled, deaf-mute, blind and other conditions which restrict their means of action or communication with others 6. EMOTIONALLY-DISTURBED – those who, although not afflicted with insanity or mental defect, are unable to maintain normal social relations with others and the community in general due to emotional problems or complexes, may be caused by traumatic experiences

27. 7. MENTALLY-ILL – those with any behavioral disorder, whether functional or organic, which is of such a degree of severity as to require professional help or hospitalization 8. DISABLED – includes mentally retarded, physical-handicapped, emotionally-disturbed and mentally-ill children

28. IMPORTANT PROVISION OF THE LAWS ON ADOPTION An act by which relations of paternity and affiliations are recognized as legally existing between persons not so related by nature, the taking into one’s family of the child of another, as son or daughter and heir, and conferring on it title to the rights and privileges of such. FILIATION – the acknowledgement of the father of his relationship with the child, also called paternity BIOLOGICAL CHILD – natural born child of the parents ADOPTED CHILD – a child who underwent the judicial process of adoption

29. FOUNDLING – refers to deserted or abandoned infant or child whose parents, guardian or relative are unknown RA 8552 – DOMESTIC ADOPTION ACT OF 1998 ADOPTER – the person adopting or petitioning for the adoption of a child ADOPTEE – the child or person being petitioned for adoption

30. CHILD LEGALLY AVAILABLE FOR ADOPTION  a child who has been voluntarily or involuntarily committed to the DSWD or to a duly licensed and accredited child-placing or child-caring agency, freed of the parental authority of his or her biological parents or guardians or adopter, in case of rescission  refers to a child in whose favor a certification was issued by the DSWD that he or she is legally available for adoption after the fact of abandonment or neglect has been proven through the submission of pertinent documents, or one who was voluntarily committed by his or her parents or legal guardian (RA 9523)

31. WHO MAY ADOPT: 1. Any Filipino citizen of legal age at least sixteen (16) years older than the adoptee unless the adopter is the biological parents of the adoptee, or is the spouse of the adoptee’s biological parent 2. Any alien possessing the same qualification as that of a Filipino citizen, who has been living in the Philippines for atleast three (3) consecutive years, and whose country has diplomatic relations with the Philippines.

32. WHO MAY BE ADOPTED?  Any person below eighteen (18) years of age declared legally available for adoption  The legitimate son or daughter of one spouse by the other spouse  An illegitimate son or daughter by a qualified adopter to improve his or her status to that of legitimacy  A person of legal age if prior to the adoption, said persons has been consistently considered treated by the adopter as his or her own child since minority  A child whose adoption has been previously rescinded  A child whose biological or adoptive parents had died, but proceedings may only be initiated after six (6) months from the time of the death of the parents

33. INTER-COUNTRY ADOPTION – the socio-legal process of adopting a Filipino child by a foreigner or a Filipino citizen permanently residing abroad where the petition is filled, supervised trial custody is undertaken and the decree of adoption is used outside the Philippines WHO MAY ADOPT:  Any alien or a Filipino citizen permanently residing abroad  Atleast twenty-seven (27) years of age  Atleast sixteen(16) years older than the adoptee unless the adopter is the parent by nature of the adoptee or the spouse of such parent  Coming from a country with whom the Philippines has diplomatic relations  Possesses all the qualifications provided in other applicable Philippines Laws

34. WHO MAY BE ADOPTED – a Filipino child legally declared available for adoption whose age is below fifteen (15) years old IMPORTANT PROVISION OF RA 9523 – The law giving DSWD the sole authority to issue the certification declaring a child legally available for adoption.  Amended provisions RA 8552 and RA 8043  Approved on 12 March 2009

35. IMPORTANT PROVISION OF RA 7610 –SPECIAL PROTECTION OF CHILDREN AGAINST CHILDABUSE, EXPLIOTATION AND DISCREMINATION ACT  Approved on 17 June 1992  This law is also commonly referred to as the Anti-Child Abuse Act RA 7658 – amendatory law of RA 7610  Approved on 9 November 1993  This law amended the provision of RA 7610 regarding working children  This law was further amended by RA 9231

36. CHILD ABUSE – refers to maltreated, whether habitual or not of the child. FORMS OF CHILD ABUSE 1. CRUELTY- refers to any word deed which debases, degrades or demeans the intrinsic worth and dignity of the child as human being 2. PHYSICAL INJURY – includes but is not limited to lacerations, fractured bones, burns, internal injuries, severe injuries or serious bodily harm suffered by a child

37. 3. PSYCHOLOGICAL INJURY – means harm to a child psychological or intellectual functioning which may be exhibited by severe anxiety, depression, withdrawal or outward aggressive behavior 4. NEGLECT – means failure to provide, for reasons other than poverty, the basic needs of the child, such food, clothing, medical care, shelter and basis education 5. SEXUAL ABUSE – includes the employment, use, inducement or coercion of a child to engage in sexual intercourse or lascivious conduct; the molestation, prostitution and or incest with children.

38. CHILDREN AS ZONES OF PEACE  Children shall not be the object of attack in situation of armed conflict  They shall be protected from any form of threat, assault, torture or other cruel, inhumane or degrading treatment

39. QUALIFIED TRAFFICKING IN PERSON IMPORTANT PROVISION OF RA 9231 – the law prohibiting the worst forms of child labor  Amendatory law to RA 7160 and RA 7658  Amended the provisions of RA7160 regarding working children  Approved on 19 December 2003

40. Children below fifteen (15) years of age shall not be employed, except; 1. When a child works directly under sole responsibility of his parents or legal guardian and where only members of the employer’s family are employed 2. Where a child’s employment or participation in public entertainments or information through cinema, theatre, radio or television is essential, with the approval of the Department of Labor and Employment (DOLE)

41.  It is the duty of the employer to submit to the DOLE a report of all children employed by him  If a domestic is under sixteen (16) years of age, the head of the family shall give him or her opportunity to complete atleast elementary education, the cost of which shall be apart of the domestic’s compensation

42. WORK PERMIT OF WORKING CHILDREN  is shall be the duty of the employer to secure permit from the DOLE of working children employed by him EMPLOYMENT CONTRACT OF WORKING CHILDREN  the contract shall be signed by the working child’s parent or legal guardian, with the express agreement by him

43. Working hours • if the child is under 15 year old: -may work for maximum of four (4) hours a day, twenty (20) hours a week -may work between six o’clock in the morning to eight o’clock in the evening (6am to 8pm) • if the child is over 15 but under 18: -may work for maximum of eight (8) hours day, forty (40) hours a week -may work between six o’clock in the morning to ten o’clock in the evening (6am to 10pm)

44. PROHIBITION ON THE EMPLOYMENT OF CHILDREN IN CERTAIN ADVERTISEMENTS No child shall be employed as a model in any advertisement directly or indirectly promoting the following: a.) alcoholic beverages b.) intoxicating drinks c.) tobacco and cigarettes d.) gambling e.) any form of violence or pornography

45. IMPORTANT PROVISIONS OF RA 9262 ANTI-VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN AND THEIR CHILDREN ACT OF 2004 – Approved on 8 March 2004 VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN AND THEIR CHILDREN Refers to any act or a series of acts committed by any person against a woman who is his wife, former wife, or against a woman with whom the person has or had a sexual or dating relations, or with whom he has common child, whether legitimate or illegitimate, within or without the family abode, which result in or is likely to result in physical , sexual, psychological harm or suffering, or economic abuse including threats of such acts, battery, assaults, coercion, harassment or arbitrary deprivation of liberty.

46. PHILIPPINE JUVENILE JUSTICE SYSTEM RA 9344 – the JUVENILE JUSTICE AND WELFARE ACT OF 2006  approved on 28 April 2006  became effective on 20 May 2006  repealed the provision of the Revised Penal Code and P.D no. 603 on minor offenders

47. IMPORTANT TERMS INTRODUCED BY RA 9344 JUVENILE JUSTICE AND WELFARE SYSTEM – refers to system dealing with children at risk and children in conflict with the law, which provides child-appropriate proceedings, including programs and services for prevention, diversion, rehabilitation, re-integration and aftercare to ensure their normal growth and development RESTORATIVE JUSTICE – refers to a principle which requires a process of resolving conflicts with the maximum involvement of the victim, reconciliation of the offenders, the offended and the community and reassurance to the offender that he or she can be reintegrated into society

48. CHILD AT RISK – refers to a child who is vulnerable to and at the risk of committing criminal offense because of personal, family and social circumstances. CHILD CONFLICT WITH THE LAW – refers to a child who is alleged as, accused of, or adjudged as, having committed an offense under Philippine laws INITIAL CONTACT WITH THE CHILD – refers to the apprehension or taking into custody of a child in conflict with the law by la enforcement officers or private citizens

49. INTERVENTION  refers to a series of activities which are designed to address issues that caused the child to commit an offense  may take form of an individualized treatment program which may include counseling, skills training, education, and other activities that will enhance his or her psychological, emotional and psychos-social well-being DIVERSION – refers to an alternative, child-appropriate of determining the responsibility and treatment of a child in conflict

50. DIVERSION PROGRAM – refers to the program that the child in conflict with the law is required to undergo after he or she is found responsible for an offense without resorting to formal court proceedings

51. YOUTH DETENTION HOME – refers to a 24-hour child-caring institution managed by accredited local government units and licensed and/or accredited non-governmental organizations providing short-term residential care for children in conflict with the law who are awaiting court disposition of their cases or transfer to other agencies or jurisdiction YOUTH REHABILITATION CENTER – refers to a 24-hour residential care facility managed by the DSWD, local government organization monitored by the DSWD, which provides care, treatment and rehabilitations services for children in conflict with the law

52. RIGHTS OF THE CHILD IN CONFLICT WITH THE LAW 1. the right to AUTOMATIC SUSPENSION OF SENTENCE 2. the right to probation as an alternative to imprisonment, if qualified under the Probation law 3. the right to have the records and proceedings involving him be considered PRIVILEDGE AND CONFIDENTIAL

53. MINIMUM AGE CRIMINAL RESPONSIBILITY  a child FIFTEEN (15) YEARS OF AGE OR UNDER at the time of the commission of the offense shall be exempt from CRIMINAL LIABILITY, but he shall undergo INTERVENTION PROGRAM  a child ABOVE FIFTEEN (15) YEARS OF AGE BUT BELOW EIGHTEEN (18) YEARS OF AGE shall likewise be EXEMPT from CRIMINAL LIABILITY, if he or she acted WITHOUT DISCERNMENT, but he shall undergo INTERVENTION PROGRAM

54.  however, they are exempted only from criminal liability and not from civil liability  a child ABOVE FIFTEEN (15) YEARS OF AGE BUT BELOW EIGHTEEN (18) YEARS OF AGE who acted WITH DISCERMENT, shall be subjected to the DIVERSION PROCEEDINGS and shall undergo DIVERSION PROGRAM, if qualified  a child ABOVE FIFTEEN (15) YEARS OF AGE BUT BELOW EIGHTEEN (18) YEARS OF AGE who acted WITH DISCERNMENT and who is NOT QUALIFIED FOR DIVERSION OR REFUSED to undergo DIVERSION, shall be PROSECUTED

55. TREATMENT OF CHILD BELOW THE AGE OF CRIMINAL RESPONSIBILITY  it shall be the duty of the law enforcement officer to determine the age of the child apprehended  if the child apprehended is FIFTEEN (15) YEARS OLD OR BELOW, the law enforcement officer MUST RELEASE THE CHILD TO THE CUSTODY OF HIS OR HE PARENTS OR GUARDIANS OR THE CHILD’S NEAREST RELATIVE  it shall also be the duty of the law enforcement officer to give notice to the social welfare and development officer as to the apprehension of the child in conflict with the law

56. SYSTEM OF DIVERSION – children in conflict with the law shall undergo diversion proceedings subject to the following condition: 1. the imposable penalty for the crime committed is NOT, MORE THAN SIX (6) YEARS IMPRISONMENT 2. in victimless crimes, the impossible penalty is NOT MORE THAN 6 SIX (6) YEARS IMPRISONMENT in cases where the impossible penalty exceed six (6) years, diversion measures may be restored to only by the court The Diversion proceedings shall be completed within FORTY-FIVE DAYS

57. CONTACT OF DIVERSION  Shall be prepared if the child: 1. is qualified for diversion; and 2. voluntarily admits the commission of the act and the parents or guardians and the authorities concerned

58. PROSECUTION – a child in conflict with the law shall undergo PROSECUTION IF: 1. he is not qualified for diversion 2. he is qualified for diversion but he or his parents or guardian does not appropriate for the child conflict with the law, based on the social worker’s recommendations

59. CONDUCT OF PRELIMARY INVESTIGATION  There shall be specially-trained prosecutor to conduct inquest, preliminary investigation and prosecution of cases involving children in conflict with the law  The information against the child shall be filed before the Family Court within FORTY-FIVE DAYS from the start of the preliminary investigation

60. COURT PROCEEDINGS During trial, the court shall order: 1. the release of the child on recognizance to his or her parents and other suitable persons 2. the release of the child on bail if the child is to be detained, the transfer of the child to a youth detention home Detention of the child shall be ordered only as a last resort

61. AUTOMATIC SUSPENSION OF SENTENCE  If the child in conflict with the law is found guilty of the offense charged, the court shall place the child under suspended sentence, without need of application  The automatic suspension of sentence may be extended until the child reaches the maximum age of TWENTY-ONE (21) YEARS OLD  The court shall order the detention of the child in a youth rehabilitation center where he shall undergo the appropriate disposition measures

62. DISCHARGE OF THE CHILD IN CONFLICT WITH THE LAW  Upon the recommendation of the social worker who has custody of the child, the court shall DISMISS THE CASE AGAINST THE CHILD if the court finds that the disposition measures have been fulfilled

63. RETURN OF THE CHILD IN CONFLICT WITH THE LAW TO COURT If the court finds that the objective of the disposition measures imposed upon the child have not been fulfilled, or if the child has willfully failed to comply with the conditions of his or her rehabilitation program, the child shall be returned to court for the EXECUTION OF JUDGEMENT

64. PROBATION – a child in conflict with the law whose sentence was executed by the court upon reaching the maximum age of TWENTY-ONE (21) shall be entitled to the benefits on probation under PD 968, the Probation Law of 1976

65. OFFENSES NOT APPLICABLE TO CHILDREN – persons below eighteen (18) years old shall be exempt from prosecution for the following crimes: 1. vagrancy and prostitution under the Revised Penal Code 2. mendicancy under PD No. 1563 3. sniffing or rugby under PD 1619

66. CRIMINOLOGICAL RESEARCH

67. Definition of Research • It is a careful, critical, disciplined inquiry varying in technique and method according to the nature and conditions of the problem identified, directed towards the clarification or resolution of the problem. • It is a process of gathering data or information to solve a particular problem in scientific matter. • It is derived from the prefix “re” which means repeat or redo, and the root word “search” which means to find or look for. • It is a systematic process of collecting and logically analyzing information or data for the same purpose. • The word research derives from the French recherche, from rechercher , to search closely where " chercher " means "to search"; its literal meaning is 'to investigate thoroughly

68. Features Common to All Researches • Universality – could be carried out by any competent person other than yourself. • Replication – Should be repeatable • Control – Parameters are important • Measured – data could be measured, evaluated or quantified.

69. Distinct Characteristics of Research 1. Research originates with a question. 2. Research demands a clear articulation of goals. 3. Research requires a specific plan or procedure. 4. Research usually divides the principal problem into manageable sub-problems. 5. Research deals with facts and their meaning. 6. Research is, by its nature, circular.

70. Qualitative Research • Grounded, discovery-oriented, expansionist, descriptive, and inductive • Process-oriented • Valid: ‘real’, ‘rich’, and ‘deep’ data • Ungeneralizable Quantitative Research • Involves studies that make use of statistical analyses to obtain their findings

71. Classification of Research Qualitative R Involves studies that do not attempt to quantify their results through statistical summary or analysis Quantitative R Involves studies that make use of statistical analyses to obtain their findings.

72. Types of Research 1. Descriptive Research – endeavors to describe systematically, factually, accurately and objectively a situation, problem or phenomenon. 2. Correlational or Associated Research – probe the significance of relationships between two or more factors or characteristics. 3. Explanatory Research – seeks to clarify why and how relationship exists between two or more subjects.

73. 4. Exploratory Research – feasibility and pilot studies. 5. Experimental Research – probes into the cause of an effect by exposing one or more experiment groups. 6. Ex-post Facto or Casual Comparative Research – analyze the possible effects of a factor which cannot be manipulated and controlled. 7. Historical Research – reconstruct the past objectively and accurately.

74. Sources of Research 1. Actual problem encountered. (E.g. Traffic Congestion, Traffic Accidents, Crime Rates) 2. Technological changes and curricular development. (E.g. Utilization of Laboratory Equipment) 3. The graduate academic experience. (E.g. Work Preference, Work Attitude) 4. Consultation. (E.g. Expert in the Field) 5. Specialization. (E.g. Field Specialization)

75. 6. Analysis of an area of knowledge. (E.g. Penology) 7. Consideration of existing practices and needs. (E.g. OJT) 8. Repetition and extension of investigation. (E.g. Former research for Follow up) 9. Off-shoot of studies underway.

76. Format of Research/Thesis Academic institution as different format of research or thesis. But generally, there are two type of research utilized, which includes: Traditional – it contains five chapters. Chapter I – The Problem and Its Background Chapter II – Review of Related Literature and Study Chapter III – Research Methodology Chapter IV – Analysis, Presentation, and Interpretation of Data Chapter V – Summary of Findings, Conclusions, and Recommendations II. IMRD – the contemporary format utilized by different universities and internationally accepted format. It contains Introduction, Methodology, Results and Discussion

77. IMRD Format • Introduction This presents the general idea of the research paper. CARS (creating a research space) model for writing introduction is a good avenue for the readers of research articles and academic essays to facilitate their reading and comprehension. It includes a review of related literature and studies, scope and delimitation as well as the significance of the study, which are indicated in the three-move format. • Statement of the Problem Although the objective/purpose/research problem of the study is announced in Move 3 in the CARS model, this part presents a numbered presentation of the specific problems of the research or study. The null hypothesis is presented too, if needed.

78. Theoretical or Conceptual Framework This section explains the theory or the concept that will guide the study. The connection between the theoretical or conceptual framework with the present study should be clearly stated. By doing so, the researcher clarifies the relationship existing between or among the independent and dependent variables. Methodology This presents the research method, population and sampling technique, respondents/participants/subjects of the study, research instruments, validation of the instrument, data gathering procedure, data analysis, and statistical tools employed in the study.

79. • Survey Research A method of sociological investigation that uses question based or statistical surveys to collect information about how people think and act.

80. Variables A variable is any characteristics or quality that varies among the members of a particular group. A constant variable is any characteristic or quality that is the same for all members of a particular group. An independent variable is a variable presumed to affect or influence other variables. A quantitative variable is a variable that varies in amount or degree, but not in kind. (Height, aptitude) A dependent variable is a variable presumed to be affected by one or more independent variables. A categorical variable is a variable that varies only in kind, not in degree or amount. (gender, native language) An extraneous variable is an independent variable that may have unintended effects on a dependent variable in a particular study.

81. Hypothesis refers to a prediction of results made before a study commences (only in quantitative research). A directional hypothesis is a prediction about the specific nature of a relationship, for example, Grammar Translation Method is more effective than Total Physical Response. A nondirectional hypothesis is a prediction that a relationship exists without specifying the exact nature like There will be a difference between GTM and TPR.

82. Probability Sampling Techniques Simple random sampling – each element in the population has an equal probability of being chosen.

83. Systematic sampling – involves taking every kth element listed in a sampling frame.

84. Stratified sampling – dividing the population into smaller subgroups, called strata, prior to drawing the sample and then separate random or systematic samples from each strata.

85. Area sampling or cluster sampling – is a procedure in which the final units to be included in the sample are obtained by first sampling among larger units, called clusters, in which the smaller sampling units are contained.

86. Nonprobability Samples Nonprobability samples – samples in which the investigator does not know the probability of each population element’s being included in the sampling. Results • This part presents the answers to the specific problems mentioned in the Statement of the Problem. Discussion • This section discusses the answers to the specific problems with citations to support findings and analysis. This includes also sub-sections like implications of findings for theory and practice, conclusions, and recommendations.