Kalina cycle

KALINA CYCLE

1. Kalina Cycle By S. SAI KIRAN ROLL NO.:32343 REGD NO.:1301105296 GUIDED BY:- Mr A.K.DAS

2. CONTENTS Introduction History What is Kalina cycle? Simple Kalina cycle Why Kalina cycle? Comparison between Rankine and Kalina cycle Different Kalina cycles Benefits of ammonia-water fluid properties Environmental aspects of ammonia and Kalina cycle Flexibility of Kalina cycle Application Conclusion Reference

3. INTRODUCTION In thermodynamics, the Carnot cycle has been described as the most efficient thermal cycle possible . The Kalina cycle is the most significant improvement in the steam power cycle since the advent of Rankine cycle in the mid 1800s . The century old Rankine cycle which uses water as working fluid is the real world approach to the Carnot cycle, and it has been widely used to generate electrical power.

4. HISTORY The technology is the creation of Dr. Alexander Kalina, a Russian scientist. He left a high position in Soviet Union 30 years ago to come to US. Formed Exergy Inc. to develop and commercialize an advanced Thermodynamic Cycle. 1993, General Electric signed an agreement with Exergy for a world wide exclusive licensing rights to use the technology for combined cycle systems in 50 MW to 150 MW range. GE and Exergy working on a combined cycle plant that will operate on an overall efficiency of 62%.

5. WHAT IS KALINA CYCLE? The Kalina cycle is principle a modified Rankine cycle. It uses a working fluid comprised of at least two different components, typically water and ammonia. The ratio between these components varies in different parts of the systems to decrease thermodynamic irreversibility Ammonia-water mixture improves system thermodynamic efficiency and provides more flexibility various operating conditions. As plant operating temperatures are lowered the relative gain of the Kalina cycle increases in comparison with the Rankine cycle.

6. SIMPLE KALINA CYCLE The pump pressurized the saturated liquid (5) which is leaving from the condenser and it is sent in to the high temperature recuperator (6). The liquid takes off the heat from the two phase dead vapour (3). The pressurized hot liquid (sub-cooled state) enters (1) into the vaporizer where the liquid is converted in to vapor (2) by utilizing the latent or sensible heat of the hot source (1s-2s). The saturated vapor (2) from the vaporizer is expanded in the turbine up to its condenser pressure. The two phase mixture after giving a part of it’s latent heat to the incoming liquid (4) enters in to the condenser, where cooling water enters (1w), takes away all the heat available in the two-phase mixture, and leaves at higher temperature (2w). The saturated liquid is pressurized in the pump and the cycle repeats.

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8. WHY KALINA CYCLE? Generate 10%-50% more power than conventional more power than steam power generation technologies. Have lower capital costs due to smaller heat exchanges and no heat transfer oil loop. Are unmanned or minimally supervised and have lower plant auxiliary loads. Lower demands for cooling water and cooling infrastructure. Minimal downtime for maintenance.

9. COMPARISION BETWEEN RANKINE & KALINA CYCLE In a typical R ankine cycle power plant a pure working fluid , water or in case organic Rankine cycle, lower molecular weight organic compounds is heated in a boiler and converted into high pressure, high temperature vapour which is then expanded through a turbine which generate electricity in a closed loop system. where as The Kalina cycle utilizes an ammonia-water mixture as a working fluid to improve system thermodynamic efficiency and provide more flexibility in various operating conditions. As plant operating temperatures are lowered the relative gain of the Kalina cycle increases in comparison with the Rankine cycle.

10. Efficiency of Kalina cycle is higher than Rankine cycle because: Mean temperature of heat addition of Kalina cycle is more than Rankine cycle Mean temperature of heat rejection of Kalina cycle is less than Rankine cycle. Area under T-S diagram of Kalina cycle is more than Rankine cycle.

11. DIFFERENT KALINA CYCLES

12. KCS 1 is preferable for smaller units (below 20 MW total output, about 8 MW bottoming cycle). Later KCS 6 was developed with 10% efficiency improvement over KCS 1. KCS 6 is preferable for larger units (above 20MW total output). KCS 6 intended as bottoming cycle for a gas turbine based combined cycle provides highest efficiency of all the Kalina cycles. KCS 5 is particularly applicable to direct (Fuel) fired plants. KCS 11 is most applicable for geo thermal temperatures from about 120 – 200⁰C. KCS 34 and KCS 34g are suitable for temperatures below 120⁰C. For lower temperature systems, KCS 34 is most suitable for combined power production and downstream district heating applications, while KCS 34g is suited for smaller size plants.

13. BENEFITS OF AMMONIA-WATER FLUID PROPERTIES Lighter component (Ammonia) allows efficient waste heat. Mixture has variable boiling and condensing temperatures. Molecular weights of ammonia and water are similar. Standard material can be used. Carbon steel and standard high temperature alloys are acceptable for handling ammonia. Only use of copper and copper alloys are prohibited in ammonia service. Ammonia is readily available and relatively inexpensive.

14. ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS OF AMMONIA & KALINA CYCLE Ammonia: Bio-degradable Used extensively as a fertilizer Neutralize acidic pollutants in the air. Fire and explosion hazards are very low. Does not contribute to: Global warming (near zero GWP) Smog Depletion of ozone layer (zero ODP) Higher efficiency conserves: Fossil fuels Water (for condenser)

15. FLEXIBILITY OF KALINA CYCLE Ammonia-water concentration can be readily changed to give optimum efficiency if: Heat source changes Cooling temperature changes W hen ammonia-water mixture is heated the more volatile ammonia tends to vaporize first then pure water . As the ammonia concentration of the remaining liquid decreases, saturation temperature rises. The working fluid is split into streams with different concentrations, providing a great deal of flexibility with which to optimize heat recovery and allowing condensation at a pressure greater than atmospheric.

16. APPLICATIONS INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION: Cement industry Glass industry Petrochemical industry Steel industry Thermal power pants RENEWABLE ENERGY: Geothermal energy Solar thermal energy Ocean thermal energy Biomass

17. CONCLUSION The Kalina cycle was developed in order to replace the previously used Rankine Cycle as a bottoming cycle for a combined-cycle energy system as well as for generating electricity using low-temperature heat resources. Generally speaking, the Kalina cycle has a better thermodynamic performance than the Rankine cycle and organic Rankine cycle . The Kalina cycle has a family of configurations used in different fields. Electricity generation from geothermal ,solar thermal ,waste heat, biomass are some successful application of the Kalina cycle so far.

18. REFERENCE Xinxin Zhang , A review of research on the Kalina cycle , Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 16 (2012) 5309–531

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