KARAN_56442_FINAL_MARICULTURE_ASSIAGNMENT.pptx

Culture of crocodiles and turtles,sea weeds and sponges

1. CULTURE OF CROCODILES AND TURTLES, SEAWEEDS AND SPONGES SUBMITTED TO :- DR. AVDHESH KUMAR HEAD & PROFESSOR DEPT.OF AQUACULTURE SUBMITTED BY:- KARAN ARYA ID NO. 56442

2. C ULTURE OF CROCODILE

3. CLASSIFICATION Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Reptilia Order Crocodilia Family Crocodylidae Genus Crocodylus, Osteolaemus, Mecistops Scientific Name Crocodylusacutus, Common Crocodile

4. Candidate species Crocodylus intermedius (Orinoco Crocodile) Crocodylus mindorensis (Philippines Crocodile) Crocodylus rhombifer (Cuban Crocodile) Crocodylus siamensis (Siamese Crocodile) Tomistoma schlegelii ( False gharial, Malayan) Gharial, Sunda gharial, Tomistoma, Tomistoma ) Crocodylus acutus (American Crocodile) Crocodylus palustris (Broad-snouted Crocodile, Marsh Crocodile, Muggar, Mugger ) Osteolaemus tetraspis (African Dwarf Crocodile, West African Dwarf Crocodile)

5. Hotspots of crocodile in India. Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary, Tamil Nadu. National Chambal Sanctuary, Rajasthan / Madhya Pradesh .Katarniaghat Wildlife Sanctuary, Uttar Pradesh. Bhitarkanika National Park, Odisha Sunderban National Park, West Bengal Vishwamitri River, vadodara.

6. HABITAT Crocodilians are poikilothermic; they do not re-gulate their body temperature. They warm them-selves by basking. Most species are nocturnal predators, if prey is available; they are known to hunt during day time. Crocodilians are adapted to live in water. Crocodiles prefer to float submerged with only their eyes and nostrils exposed. This is accomplished by regulating the amount of air held in the lungs.

7. CROCODILE CULTURE The culture of a crocodile farm has good financial potential but requires 3 to 4 years of initial investment during the growth period of the alligators before you make a profit. Areas require special licensing and have restrictions for facilities and buildings, the purchase of eggs or offspring, or length requirements for crocodile harvesting. The majority of these farms were tourist attractions with wild caught alligators or crocodiles under captivity. Crocodile farm is a closed-cycle captive breeding establishment that is managed so that crocodiles have artificial housing, veterinary care, artificially supplied food and protection from predators. BENEFITS OF CROCODILE CULTURE 1.Crocodile meat 2.Crocodile skin for leather making 3.Tourist place

8. CLIMATE Crocodiles are a tropical climate animal preferring temperatures around 30°C. Depending on the climate and environmental conditions, crocodilians breed from April to July. It needs a controlled environment providing basic requirements for survival and growth, specifically heat (temperature control), water, shelter and food. AREA Farming ponds should at least have 5 ha of area with 25 to 50 individuals per 1 ha. sloping bottom to a drain (for easy cleaning). Each one having a 5-foot (1.5 m) wide deck for feeding and sunbathing. A 3-foot concrete block wall separates the yard (to prevent outward climbing and escape. •Hot water pipes run through the concrete to provide a constant temp. 30 to 31 degrees Celsius.

9. FEEDING •Crocodile food in the form of pellets are preferred by crocodile farmers and eliminates the maintenance of a stock of fresh, frozen meats (such as meat, chicken, fish) on hand or use a combination of food and meat. Overfeeding can cause problem in crocodiles but is cured with a fasting of 7 to 10 days. Establishes a schedule of feeding and cleaning of pens at different times. Alligators should never be agitated before, during or after eating.

10. BREEDING 1.Crocodiles reach maturity at 3 years old. Courtship and breeding takes place in deep (2m) open waters. Vigorous swimming and bellowing are common during courtship. Courtship is known to occur after sunrise and lasts for 45 minutes. 2. The ponds should be built in such a way that male alligators don’t see each other during mating season . This will decrease the amount of fights between males. 3. Breeding ponds should have 1.8m depth during the breeding season with drains. Drains are necessary to drain water to capture alligators if needed. Alligators are known to dig and climb, because of this, shorelines in the ponds should not be closer than 30 m to the fences 4. The ratio of male to females can range from 1:1 p airs to 1:5 males to females, or even a breeding colony of two or three males to 20 plus females.

11. Once the eggs are laid they are generally collected and incubated under controlled conditions (incubator). Incubation of eggs occurs over a temperature range of 29-33°C. The sex of the hatchlings is determined by temperature with females being produced at either end of the temperature range and males produced from the middle of this range 32°C. As males grow and survive better, there is a commercial advantage to control incubation to produce males. Eggs hatch after 82 day s with eggs weighing about 120g and hatchling length about 22cm. Hatchlings begin feeding after 3-5 days. Fertility as well as survival differs between 70-95%. •Captive breeding generally aims to select for better growth, higher productivity and lower susceptibility to stress.

12. CULTURE OF TURTLE

13. CLASSIFICATION OF TURTLE Kingdom–Animalia Phylum –Chordate Class –Reptilia Order –Testudines Suborder –Cryptodira Families -Cheloniidae, Dermochelyidae Genus-Caretta, Chelonia, Eretmochytes, Natator, Lepidochelys

14. Candidate species of Turtle. Loggerhead (Caretta caretta) Green turtle (Chelonia mydas) Leatherback (Dermochelys coriacea) Hawksbill (Eretmochelys imbricata) Kemp’s ridley (Lepidochelys kempii) Olive ridley (Lepidochelys olivacea) Flatback (Natator depressa)

15. HABITAT Turtles spend most of their lives in water . The natural habitat of sea turtles includes feeding, migration, breeding, and nesting areas. They are adapted for aquatic life, with webbed feet or flippers and a streamlined body. Sea turtles rarely leave the ocean, except to lay eggs in the sand. Freshwater turtles live in ponds and lakes, and they climb out of the water onto logs or rocks to bask in the warm sun. Tortoises are land animals. Their feet are round and stumpy, adapted for walking on land. They also dig burrows with their strong forelimbs, and slip underground when the sun gets too hot. Turtles are not social creatures. While they typically don’t mind if there are other turtles around them, they don’t interact or socialize

16. TURTLE CULTURE Turtle farming has been considered as a business that is very lucrative but which has many rules and regulations to fulfill. These required licenses and permits are governed and regulated by state agencies. Moreover, many state licenses usually follow the laws of wildlife conservation. Turtle farms primarily raise freshwater turtle which is why turtle farming is usually classified as aquaculture. If you want to be a turtle farmer, you should understand that insurance is part of doing business, and you should have a variety of insurances in place to take care of injuries.

17. CHOOSING A SUITABLE LOCATION The farm must be rectangular. The farm must be pre-planted. The farm must be fenced off. There should be good avaibility of man power. Single turtle will need a glass or acrylic tank that is at least 20 gallons. Turtle need UVB rays to stimulate vit D so there should be good avaibilityof light. Provision for basking facility. Other facilities like shelter, medicine, food, cleaning tools and transport facility.

18. CLIMATE Turtles are tropical and subtropical animals prefferto live in temp of 25 degree Celsius. Turtle breeding season is from November to May. CONSTRUCTION 1.Design considerations and preparation There are many variations of turtle farms. At the most basic level, one needs •An area of sand for the turtles to spawn •A volume of water in which the baby turtles can grow •A means of protection against undead mobs from finding and destroying the turtle eggs 2. Preparing the beach When fencing off the beach area, be sure to leave at least one block of clearance from the fence, so that mobs cannot climb into the farm. Turtles need to spawn on sand, so be sure to replace non-sand blocks on the beach with sand blocks.

19. FEEDING There should by right type of food given 1.Feed them fruit and vegetables: such as beans, cabbage, apples, bananas etc. 2. Provide live food : goldfish, mosquito fish, or even aquatic snails. 3. Use high quality pellets: provide the range of minerals and vitamins but the pellets are less authentic than fresh greens and insects. So try to mix pettets with fresh food

20. 1.Male and female turtle are breed which need a temp range 25 degree celsius. 2. Each female turtle lay eggs around 110 –15 eggs. 3. The turtles grow and reproduce all year round. Now the are sifted for incubation. Partially avoid the situation where parents eat there own eggs. BREEDING

21. 4. The eggs are placed in the incubator Try and covered with sawdust. Each try has thousand of eggs. 5. Eggs are incubated for approx. 70-75 days to be hatched of temperature range 34 degree Celsius . 6. There should be water below so that when eggs hatch , baby turtle can go down.

22. 7. Two month later they are hatched and then harvested 8. Baby turtle raised in small cement pond until they are reach 100g. 9. Then to a area of 150 m square, about 2m deep with approx. density 12 per meter square. After 8 month when they will reach to 1.5 kg they can be harvest.

23. CULTURE OF SEAWEED

24. INTRODUCTION Seaweeds - macroscopic algae growing in the sea Grouped into green, brown, red and blue green algae In Japan and China - form staple food; also used as fodder and fertilizers. Contain 60 trace elements whose concentration is higher than terrestrial plants Seaweeds - the only source of agar, algin and carrageenan – phytochemicals that have wide application in food, confectionary, pharmaceuticals, dairy and paper industries as gelling, stabilizing and thickening agents In India - Andaman and Nicobar Islands and Lakshadweep have rich resources of seaweeds The total resources of seaweeds in India are about 70,000 tonnes

25. ABOUT SEAWEEDS Aquatic plants are a major production component of mariculture in the Asia-Pacific region. About 13.5 million tonnes of aquatic plants were produced in 2003. China is the largest producer, producing just less than 10 million tonnes. The dominant cultured species is Japanese kelp ( Laminaria japonica ). There are around 200 species of seaweed used worldwide, of which around ten species are intensively cultivated, including the brown algae L. japonica and Undaria pinnatifida , the red algae Porphyra, Eucheuma, Kappaphycus and Gracilaria , and the green algae Monostrema and Enteromorpha .

26. Large scale sea farming -originated in Japan -with the culture of ‘nori’ or the laver Porphyra spp., Culture of Laminaria- in China High protein content (35.6% in dried nori), high levels of vitamins A, B, B2, B6, B12, C and biotin Contain higher amounts of important minerals like calcium and iron than vegetables and fruits The main groups of algae cultivated for food are: Red algae (Rhodophycea) – e.g. Porphyra spp. Brown algae (Phaeophyceae) – e.g. Undaria pinnatifida , Laminaria spp. Green algae (Chlorophyceae) – e.g. Enteromorpha compressa , Monostroma Porphyra spp Undaria pinnatifida Enteromorpha compressa

27. Many edible seaweeds require temperatures between 10-20 o C for rapid growth Largely intertidal and subtidal species Reproduce both sexually and asexually Some red algae exhibit biphasic (gametophyte, carposporophyte) type of alternative generation Some - triphasic (gametophyte, carposporophyte, tetrasporophyte)

28. Culture systems: Porphyra (Nori) culture – place bundles of twigs or rocks or concrete blocks for monospores to settle on These are then transferred to shallow areas for development of thali to desired size The common method - nets with large mesh (15x15cm) and blinds made of 10x15 cm to collect spores and transfer to suitable areas for grow-out Blasting rocks surfaces or rocky reefs to expose for additional surface area for propagation is common practice, particularly for Laminaria and Undaria culture Euchema culture in China- cuttings of plants are inserted in sub-littoral reefs by divers A new method - fastening cuttings to coral branches with rubber strings and dropping them onto reefs

29. Raft and rack culture - Japan and China Laminaria is cultured on long lines in China Philippines and Taiwan, Gracillaria and Caulerpa are grown in ponds following procedures common to fish culture, such as pond fertilization, water management and disease and pest control Large scale seaweed culture for waste recycling and industrial uses is practiced in North America Unattached masses of algae are grown in raceways and greenhouses flushed with seawater

30. CULTURE SYSTEMS PORYPHYRA CULTURE

31. CULTURE SYSTEMS EUCHEMA CULTURE

32. CULTURE SYSTEMS LAMINARAIA CULTURE

33. CULTURE SYSTEMS UNDARIA CULTURE

34. CULTURE SYSTEMS RAFT AND RACK CULTURE

35. CULTURE OF SPONGES

36. Most of the sponges are Marine in habitat and there are very few fresh-water forms. The commercial sponge is obtained exclusively from the sea. Out of about 3000 species, only few have commercial importance. SPONGE

37. SPONGE CULTURE Floating Bamboo Raft Method Of Seaweed Cultivation

38. SPONGE CULTURE Sponge culture is a fairly new venture and is chiefly restricted to certain countries only, among which Japan ranks first. In the olden days, collection of sponges was done by diverse. Deep sea diving apparatus and several other have added greatly to the modern method of sponge collection.

39. Culture of sponge is economical mainly due to its great power of regeneration. The large size sponge is cut into pieces and by providing adequate environment, it grows to commercial size. The Japanese have the honour to originate the method of sponge culture. Out of several different methods the two important and largely used ones are given below.

40. FLOATING RAFT METHOD The first method is the “floating raft” method. A floating raft is prepared by tying several bamboos through sann hemp. The length of the raft may be five metres or more. The raft is fixed to a place in the shallow part of the sea by means of pole stucks in die bottom of the sea. To maintain the raft at a particular depth, metallic sinkers are used. Small pieces of sponge are strung from the float with the help of threads where they grow into larged sized sponges .

41. DISC METHOD The second method, commonly called as “Disc method” is a little difficult. Cement blocks of a particular size (generally 5″x5″x2″) are placed in water. These blocks are maintained at a particular depth (ranging from 3 to 5 fathoms) by means of floating raft made up of corked sealed bottles. The raft does not lie on the surface. It is kept submerged two fathoms below the water level. The sponges’ cuttings are tied around the metallic wire which stretches between the float and the disc. The distance between two cuttings should not be less than four inches. A lesser distance will hinder the growth of the sponge.

42. Both the methods are widely used in Japan and the production rate is almost same. Out of all the cuttings used as seed, about fifty per cent are lost due to various reasons. The reason may include the transport of cuttings to the place of culture, infections bom during faulty cuttings, pollution by sand and other destructive materials, attack of parasites and enemies and also due to the raft sinking deep into the water. The time taken during culture varies.