KARTIK SINGHAL SOCIAL SCIENCE IX D.pptx so

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1. SoCIAL SCIENCE HOLIDAY HOMEWORK FOREST SOCIETY AND COLONIALISM Kartik singhal IX D 20

2. FOREST SOCIETY AND COLONIALISM Introduction: Forest society: People living in forest( Tribal) Colonialism: A country subjugating another country politically, Economically and socially. Ex. Britishers colonised India) What are we going to study in this chapter? Deforestation and issues related to it ( Reasons and impacts) Commercial forestry ( Meaning, impact, process etc) and issues related to it. Story of Bastar and Java( Indonesia ) in reference to colonialism.

3. Why deforestation?-Land to be improved What is Deforestation? The disappearance of forest referred as deforestation. OR reckless cutting down of tees in a large scale is called deforestation. It is not a new phenomenon but during colonial rule it became more systematic and extensive. Reasons for deforestation: Land to be improved ( Industrial raw material, food grains for growing population and considering forest as unproductive) Sleepers on the tracks( Railways, Royal British Navy) Plantation( Plantation farming by European planters.

4. Land to be improved ( Industrial raw material, food grains for growing population and considering forest as unproductive) In 1600 1/6 th of India’s land mass was under cultivation , now that figure gone up about half, because : increase in population, increase in the demand of food, peasants extended boundaries of cultivation. During British period- Production of commercial crops like Jute, sugar, wheat and cotton expanded ( Why?) - industrial raw material Growing urban population demanded more food. Colonial government considered forest as unproductive and full of wilderness. Land to be brought under cultivation: Between 1880-1920 cultivation areas increased by 6.7 million hectares, so that they ( British) could get extra revenue. Expansion of cultivation is seen as a sign of progress in this regard forest was cleared which in turn gave many other problems.

5. Sleepers on the tracks( Railways, Royal British Navy) What are Sleepers? -Sleepers are wooden planks laid across railway tracks, thy hold the tracks in position. After 1850s spread of Railways ( Essential for colonial trade and the movement of imperial troops) Wood was required for the development of Railways. Wood was used as fuel and to lay railway line. Eg : Each mile of railway track required between 1760 to 2000 sleepers. Over the period of time Railway network expanded- in 1890, 25,500 km to 7,65,000 km in 1946. Due to this there was huge deforestation. Eg : In Madras Presidency alone about 25000 trees were being cut annually. Role of contractors in accelerating the problem.

6. Cont ….. British’s Royal Navy also created a problem of deforestation in India. How? By early 19 th century Oak forest in England were disappearing. Problem of timber supply for Royal Navy of Britain for building ships. So search parties were sent to India to explore resources in India then vast quantity of timber were being exported from India to England. This led to the huge deforestation.

7. Plantation( Plantation farming by European planters. Another important reason for deforestation was plantation farming. What is plantation farming? How it led to deforestation? It is a form of commercial farming in which crop is cultivated on a large track of land for profit. Large area of natural forests were cleared to cultivate crops such as tea, coffee and rubber. (Why?). To meet the Europe’s growing need of industries and trade demands. Large areas of land was cleared by European planters ( East India company invited most of the European planters and sold the land at cheaper rates to grow plantation crops).

8. Rise of commercial forestry What is commercial forestry? Why Commercial Forestry? How Commercial forestry was introduced in India? Plantation for the point of earning monetary benefit. British needed timber for Royal Navy and expansion of Railway, but they worried about the use of forest by local people. They thought that they might destroy the forest, in this regard of conservation of forest, British invited Dietrich Brandis a German expert in forestry. He was made the First Inspector General of Forest in India.

9. Conti….. Dietrich Brandis and his contribution: ( What did Dietrich Brandis do?) He believed in the Science of conservation which should be backed by legal sanction. Science of conservation: Timber production through conservation( Felling of trees and grazing by the tribal to be restricted). legal sanction: Rules about the use of forest resources and punishment to those who violate them. In this regard Brandis set up Indian Forest Service in 1864 and helped formulate the Indian Forest Act of 1865. This was amended twice in 1878 and 1927. He set up Imperial Forest Research Institute at Dehradun in 1906- in this institution Scientific forestry was taught.

10. Conti….. Amendment in Forest Act of 1865 in 1878: Forests were divided in to Three categories. Reserved Forests ii) Protected Forests iii) Village Forests Best forests, villagers But in case of protected Could not take anything forests permission is granted from these forest even for on particular issues their own use Eg : Wood could be collected for fuel or house building

11. Scientific forestry Based on the ideas of Dietrich Brandis “ Scientific Forestry was introduced in India. What is scientific forestry? Natural forests ( lots of different types of trees) were cut down . Now in their place one type of tree was planted in straight rows. This is called plantation( Teak and Sal trees). Forest officials surveyed the forest, made working plans for forest management. They planned how much of the plantation area to cut every year. The area cut was then to be replanted. So, that it would be ready to be cut again after a period of time.

12. How were the lives of people affected? Different perspective regarding what a good forest look like: For Villagers: Wanted a forest with a mix of species to satisfy different needs like food, fodder, leaves, fuel, etc. For Forest department: Wanted a forest suitable for ship building and railways. Needed trees with hardwood, tall and straight. Eg , Teak And Sal.

13. Dependence of people on forest area Forest products as food( fruits & tubers), herbs as (Medicine), wood for agricultural implements like Yokes, plough etc, Bamboo is used for fences baskets etc. They obtained water bottles, disposable plates, cups, ropes, oil etc. But the forest act meant severe hardship for villagers across the country. Cutting wood, grazing their cattle, collecting fruits, roots, hunting , fishing became illegal. Due to this people were forced to steal wood and other items from forest and if they were caught they face many problems. Like bribing forest guards, harassment( women) providing free food to the forest guards.

14. How did forest rule affect cultivation? The major impact of European colonisation was on the practice of shifting cultivation. What is shifting cultivation? How it was affected during colonial period? -A Type of traditional framing practiced in many parts of Asia, Africa, South America ( mainly by tribes). It is also known as Sweden agriculture. Shifting cultivation is called with different names in different parts of the world: South East Asia- Lading Central America- Milpa Africa- Chitemene or Tavy Srilanka - Chena Many local names in India- Dhya , Penda, Podu , Nevad , Jhum, Bewar , Khandad , Kumari.

15. How shifting cultivation is practiced? A part of forest is cut- Then burnt- Seeds are sown in the ashes after the first monsoon rains- then crops are harvested by Oct- Nov. Such activity is performed for a couple of years on a same plot, then the plot is left for 12 to 18 years and new plot is cleared for farming. The same activity is reaped there. Mixture of crop is grown on these plots ( millets, maize, manioc, beans etc). How it was affected during colonial period? European foresters regarded it as harmful. (Why?) Land cultivated every few years could not grow trees for railway timber. Burning of forest added danger of the flames spreading and burning valuable timber. It was difficult to calculate and collect tax from them. Because of the above reasons government decided to ban shifting cultivation. Many communities were forcibly displaced from their homes in forests, changed their occupations, while some resisted through large and small rebellion but they were suppressed.

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