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1. Goal Attainment
Theory

- Grand Theory

2. Imogene King

born in 1923.

Earned a diploma in nursing from St.
John's Hospital of Nursing in St Louis
in 1945.

Worked as office nurse, staff nurse,
school nurse, and private duty nurse

to support herself while studying for a
baccalaureate degree.

Bachelor of Science in Nursing from
St. Louis University in 1948
Masters of Science in Nursing from
St. Louis University in 1957
Doctorate from Teacher's college,
Columbia University, New York in
1961.

3. MAJOR
CONCEPTS
AND
DEFINITIONS

4. * King developed a general systems framework
and a theory of goal attainment where the
framework refers to the three interacting
systems - individual or personal, group or
interpersonal, and society or social, while the
theory of goal attainment pertains to the
importance of interaction, perception,
communication, transaction, self, role, stress,
growth and development, time, and personal

space.

5. Dynamic Conceptual Systems

-
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1 Society = Social Systems \
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{ Groups = Interpersonal Systems À 1
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1 1
. man 1
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! 1 Individuals= 1 I 1
1 1 Personal ! 1
1 1 Systems i ; 1
I 1 1
1 1
1
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! i 1 1 I
1 ] / !
| À et |
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1 1
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i vane eee eee ä '
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6. Imogene King's Theory of Goal Attainment nijrseslabs
Process of Interaction

ro RE Feedback 7

Perception

Judgement SR |
Action ——— EN |

Y

Action ———= Reaction
T a

Feedback 4

Nurse

Interaction == Transaction

Client

Action —— Reaction ——= Interaction — Transaction
(Goal Outcome}

7. Personal System

« The concepts for the personal system are:
perception, self, growth and development,
body image, space, and time. These are
fundamentals in understanding human
being because this refers to how the nurse
views and integrates self based from
personal goals and beliefs. Among all
these concepts, the most important is
perception, because it influences behavior.

8. Personal System

* Personal systems are individuals, who are regarded as
rational, sentient, social beings. Concepts related to the
personal system are:

: Perception— a process of organizing, interpreting, and
transforming information from sense data and memory that
gives meaning to one's experience, represents one's image
of reality, and influences one's behavior.

+ Self— a composite of thoughts and feelings that constitute
a person's awareness of individual existence, of who and
what he or she is.

9. Personal System

Growth and development— cellular, molecular, and
behavioral changes in human beings that are a function of
genetic endowment, meaningful and satisfying experiences,
and an environment conducive to helping individuals move
toward maturity.

= Body image—a person's perceptions of his or her body.

+ Tim@—the duration between the occurrence of one event
and the occurrence of another event.

i Space—the physical area called territory that exists in all
directions.

Learning—gaining knowledge.

10. Interpersonal System

+ The concepts associated for the interpersonal
system are: interaction, communication, transaction,
role, and stress. King refers to two individuals as dyads,
three as triads and four or more individuals as small
group or large group (King, 1981). This shows how the
nurse interrelates with a co-worker or patient, particularly
in a nurse-patient relationship. Communication between
the nurse and the client can be verbal or nonverbal.
Collaboration between the Dyads (nurse-patient) is very
important for the attainment of the goal.

11. Interpersonal System

« |nteractionS—the acts of two or more persons in mutual
presence; a sequence of verbal and nonverbal behaviors
that are goal directed.

+ Communication—the vehicle by which human relations
are developed and maintained; encompasses intrapersonal,
interpersonal, verbal, and nonverbal communication.

« Transaction—a process of interaction in which human
beings communicate with the environment to achieve goals
that are valued; goal-directed human behaviors.

12. Interpersonal System

+ Role—a set of behaviors expected of a person
occupying a position in a social system.

« Stress—a dynamic state whereby a human being
interacts with the environment to maintain balance for
growth, development, and performance, involving an
exchange of energy and information between the person
and the environment for regulation and control of
stressors.

Q Coping—a way of dealing with stress.

13. Agreement on Means to Achieve the Goal

n (directly observable

LS
» Goal Attainment

14. Social System

» The final interacting sens is the nl en This
shows \
These are groups of people within the
community or society that share a common goals, values
and interests. It provides a framework for social
interaction and relationships and establishes rules of
behavior and courses of action (King, 1971). Social
systems are organized boundary systems of social roles,
behaviors, and practices developed to maintain values
and the mechanisms to regulate the practices and roles.

15. Social System

« Authority—a transactional process characterized by
active, reciprocal relations in which members' values,
backgrounds, and perceptions play a role in defining,
validating, and accepting the authority of individuals within
an organization.

« Power—the process whereby one or more persons
influence other persons in a situation.

+ Status—the position of an individual in a group or a
group in relation to other groups in an organization.

16. Social System

« Decision making—a dynamic and
systematic process by which goal-directed
choice of perceived alternatives is made
and acted upon by individuals or groups to
answer a question and attain a goal.

+ Control—being in charge.

17. « Among the three systems, the conceptual
framework of © >> 2000 had the
greatest influence on the development of her
theory. She stated that “Although personal systems
and social systems influence quality of care, the
major elements in a theory of goal attainment are
discovered in the interpersonal systems in which
two people, who are usually strangers, come
together in a health care organization to help and
to be helped to maintain a state of health that
permits functioning in roles” ( King, 1981 p. 142).

18. « King believed that the goal of nursing “is to
help individuals maintain their health so
they can function in their roles” (King,
1981), transactions occur to set goals
related to the health of the patient.

« Nursing's focus is on the care of the
patient, and its goal is the health care of
patients and groups of patients.

19. Assumptions
+ Nursing focus is the care of human being

« Nursing goal is the health care of individuals &
groups

« Human beings: are open systems interacting
constantly with their environment.

« Basic assumption of goal attainment theory is that
nurse and client communicate information, set
goal mutually and then act to attain those goals, is
also the basic assumption of nursing process

20. Nursing

“A process of action, reaction
and interaction by which nurse
and client share information
about their perception in
nursing situation.” and “a
process of human interactions
between nurse and client
whereby each perceives the
other and the situation, and
through communication, they
set goals, explore means, and
agree on means to achieve
goals.”

21. À

Person

+ Human being or person
refers to social being who
are rational and sentient.

+ Person has ability to:

— perceive

— think

— feel

— choose

— set goals

— select means to achieve
goals and

— to make decision

22. Person

* Human being has three

0 2 fundamental needs:
1. The need for the

o health information
that is unable at the
» time when it is needed
dl and can be used

2. The need for care that
seek to prevent illness,
and

3. The need for care when
human beings are

| unable to help

themselves.

23. Health

* Health involves dynamic

life experiences of a
IT) NS human being, which
)) Ñ implies continuous

( ) adjustment to stressors
in the internal and
external environment
( ) through optimum use
( ) of one's resources to

achieve maximum
potential for daily living.

24. Environment

+ Environment is the
background for human
interactions.

+ Itinvolves:

1. Internal environment:
transforms energy to enable
person to adjust to continuous
external environmental
changes.

2. External environment: involves
formal and informal
organizations. Nurse is a part of
the patient’s environment.

25. SIGNIFICANCE IN NURSING

Clinical practice-
Education-Important document.
Research- In collection of data, review of literature.

Administration- In management & organization.

26. LIMITATIONS

» Lack of clear definition of environment

» Limited in settings in regard to natural
environment.

» Repeated definitions of concepts.
> Mutuality is must for goal attainment.

» Nota perfect theory.

27. THANK YOU