Kingdom animalia

1. Taxonomy- the field of science that
classifies life into groups.
Systematics- studies diversity of life
It is the study and classification of
organisms with the goal of
reconstructing their evolutionary history

2. Biological Kingdoms
Five (5) Kingdoms
1.Kingdom Monera
2.Kingdom Protista
3.Kingdom Fungi.
4.Kingdom Plantae
5.Kingdom Animalia

3. Classification: Six kingdom system
:
Eubacteria
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
Archaebacteria
E. coli Cyanobacteria
ParameciumDiatomSlime mold
Monera

4. Carolus Linnaeus (Father of
classification)
Swedish doctor
Wrote 14 books in 3 years
Fish book: 3,000 pages
Professor of Medicine & Natural
History

5. Carolus Linnaeus
1753: published book
describing World’s
plants(Species plantarum)
Started naming process
(Binomial Nomenclature)

6. Binomial Nomenclature
System of assigning names to
Organisms where an organism was
given two names (genus + species)
Loxodonta africanasLoxodonta africanas

7. Tiger = Panthera tigris
Leopard = Panthera pardus
Lion = Panthera leo

8. Panda Bear = Ailuropoda melanoleuca
Black Bear = Ursus americanus
Polar Bear = Ursus maritimus

9. Linnaean Hierarchy
Kingdom
Phylum (or Division)
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Plantae & FungiPlantae & Fungi

10. Linnaean Hierarchy
“King Philip came over from
Germany stoned.”

11. 1. Confusing
2. Ambiguous
Disadvantages of using Common
Names;

12. Advantages of using Scienfific
names:
1.Agreed upon system – One
organism is assigned one
scientific name the world.
2. Names are given using highly
technical process.

14. Biological Species
Organisms that are genetically
similar, and have ability to
interbreed and produce viable,
fertile offspring

15. mule
horse
donkey

16. Kingdom Monera
Kingdom made of microscopic
eukaryotic organisms.
Two main Divisions
1. Eubacteria
(Bacteria & Cyanobacteria)
2. Archaebacteria

17. Kingdom Monera

They are:-

Chemoautotrophic- Purple sulfur bacteria

Photoautotrophic- cyanobacteria

Heterotrophic- Escherechia coli

Some with cell walls, but cell walls
composed of peptidoglycan, not cellulose
(as in higher plants).

Asexual reproduction

18. Kingdom Monera

19. anthraxanthrax
pneumoniapneumonia cyanobacteriacyanobacteria
Eubacteria

20. Archaebacteria
Purple sulfur
bacteria

21. General characteristics:
1.They are Eukaryotic
2.Generally single-celled; if multicellular,
cells not organized into tissues
3.Heterotrophic & autotrophic forms
4.There are three (3) informal groups:-

Plant-like (algal) protists
Animal-like protists
Fungus-like protists
Kingdom Protista

22. PHYLUM - KINGDOM PROTISTA
1.Phylum Rhizopoda (Euglenophyta)
2.Phylum Zoomastigna (Trypanosoma)
3.Phylum Apicomplexa (Plasmodium)
4.Phylum Euglenophyta (Euglena)
5.Phylum Oomycota (Phytophora)
6.Phylum Chlorophyta( Spirogyra)

23. Halimeda opuntia
Chlorophyta: Green Algae
Caulerpa racemosa
Caulerpa
sertularioides
Dictyosphaeria
cavernosa
Codium edule

24. Sargassum
polyphyllum
Sargassum
echinocarpum
Phaeophyta: Brown Algae
Turbinaria
ornata
Padina japonica
Hydroclathrus
clathratus

25. Hypnea
chordacea
Asparagopsis
taxiformis
Galaxaura
fastigiata
Acanthophora
spicifera
Ahnfeltia
concinna
Rhodophyta: Red Algae

26. Amoeba
Cilliates
Flagellates
Animal-like Protists
TRYPANOSOMES
PARAMECIUM

27. Fungus-like Protists
Downey mildew
Slime molds
Mildew
Water molds
Blights

28. Kingdom Plantae
General characteristics:
1.Eukaryotic
2.Multicellular organisms
3.True tissues.
4.Photoautotrophic nutrition.
5.Most adapted for a terrestrial
existence and possessing vascular
tissues.

29. Kingdom Plantae
6. Cells with chloroplasts and
cellulose cell walls.
7. Includes mosses, ferns, pine
trees, cycads, ginkgos, and
flowering plants.

30. Sea grasses
Kingdom Plantae
Halophilia hawaiiana- only form of seagrass in Hawaii

31. Mangrove
s

32. Kingdom Fungi
General characteristics
1.Eukaryotic
2.Generally multicellular, organisms (a
few species, e.g., yeast are unicellular).
3.Nutrition:

Heterotrophic

Saprophytic (absorptive)

33. Kingdom Fungi
4. Most with cell walls (usually
composed of chitin) and complex
life histories.
5. Includes molds, yeasts, rusts, and
mushrooms, marine fungi

34. Shelf fungus
Yeast
Toad stool
Rhizopus

35. Fungus infection in fish

36. Kingdom Animalia
General characteristic:
1. Eukaryotic
2. Multicellular organisms
3. True tissues.
4. Heterotrophic nutrition

37. Kingdom Animalia
5. Most exhibit significant capacity for
locomotion.
6. Cells not surrounded by cell walls.
7. Includes sponges, sea anemones,
snails, insects, sea stars, fish,
reptiles, birds, and human beings.

38. Phylum of Kingdom ANIMALIA
1.Phylum Aschelimnthes
(Roundworms = Nematoda)
2.Phylum Platyhelimnthes
(Flatworms)
3.Phylum Annelida
4.Phylum Arthropoda
5.Phylum Chordata.

39. Phylum Nematoda

40. Phylum Nematoda
General characteristics:
1.Roundworms ~ cylinrical body with
tapering ends.
2.They have Primitive body cavity
(Acoelomate)
3. They have Gut only one opening
which is Mouth& Anus.
4. They have No circulatory system

41. 4. Nervous system
5. Very successful- well adapted to
every ecosystem
6. Many are parasites

42. Phylum Platyhelminthes

43. Phylum Platyhelminthes
Platy~Flat and Heliminthes ~worm
General characteristics:
1.Consists of Flatworms ribbon like
worms.
2.Blind digestive cavity
3.Bilaterally symmetrical
4.Thin, simple circulation
5.Sensory organs at front
6.Many parasitic

44. flatworm
nudibranch

45. Phylum Annelida
Class
Hirudinea
Class
Oligochaeta
Class
Polychaeta
earthworms leachesmarine worms

46. Economic importance of Annelids:
1.Earthwom (Lumbricus terresteris ) plays
important role in soil formation,it is found in dampy
or humid soil rich in decaying leaves and organic
matters.
2.Leach of class Hirudinea is an acquatic blood
feeder may play part in transmission of blood
borne diseases eg Hepatitis C.
3.Marine worms form part of marine animals such
as fish e,t,c

47. General characteristics:
1.Insects, crabs, spiders, barnacles
2.Most species; 80% are insects
3.They have Hard chitinous exoskeleton
( which must shed to allow grow)
Phylum Arthropoda

48. Characteristics…..cont…
4. Have Open Circulatory system with
blood, heart
5. Have special gas exchange system
6. Have developed sensory organ
including antennae and true eyes.
7. They have body segments and
appendeges.

49. CLASSES OF THE PHYLUM
ARTHROPODA
1.Class Arachnida
2.Class Crustacea
3.Class Insecta
4.Class Diplopoda
5.Class Chilopoda

50. Class Arachnida
(Spiders, Scorpions, Ticks & Mites)
Characteristics.
1.Very diverse class
2.Most species parasitic or predatory.
3.Many possess book lungs for gas
exchange.
4.Spiders are able to produce a strong
polymer – silk.

51. Class Arachnida.
(arachnids, horseshoe crabs & sea spiders)
5. Body divided into 2 regions
–Abdomen
–Cephalothorax (fused head & thorax)
6. Lack jaws (Do not have jaws)
7. Have 6 appendages & no antennae
–First appendages form chilicerae
(frequently fangs)

52. Class Arachnids
•Spiders
•Scorpions ??
Economic importance:
1.They sting producing
very painful stimulus
2.They can play part in
biological control
3.They produce silk
polymer which is
important raw material
in textile industries.

53. Scorpions

54. Class Crustacea

55. Class Crustacea
Characteristics:
1.Includes crabs, lobsters, crayfish,
shrimp, & barnacles
2.Appendages are often highly specialized
3.Gas exchange is usually through gills
4.Many species taste delicious in butter
( They are source of food across culture)

56. Some Crustaceans
Marine Maine Lobster
Crayfish

57. Crabs

58. Barnacles

59. 05 Nov. 2009 Arthropoda.ppt 59
Crustacea…
Economic importance:
1.They are source of food
across culture.
2.They are ornamental

60. ostracod
brine shrimp
mantis shrimps
copepods
barnacles
Crustacea

61. 4.They are Carnivorous
Class Diplopoda
Centipede:
1.Segmented body
2.Each segment with one pair
of legs
3.The first legs modified to
fangs (poisonous claws)

62. 4. They do not have poisonous claws
Class Diplopoda
Millipedes:
1.Cylindrical segmented body.
2.Each segment carries two pair of walking legs
3.They are herbivorous & Decomposers.

63. Class Insecta
–Class Insects:
1. Body divided into three
parts (tagma)
•Head, thorax, abdomen
•Majority of all arthropods
are found in this class.

64. Tagmosis
•Head (~ 4-6 segments)
feeding, sensation
•Head appendages
–mandibles,
–maxillae,
–maxillipeds,
–chelicerae
–antennae

65. 65
Tagmosis
•Thorax (~ 3-6
segments)
–locomotion,
grasping.
•Thoracic
appendages
–walking legs,
–wings
–chelipeds
Thorax is divided into three portion each of
which carries one pair of walking legs.
These portions are:- prothorax,mesothoax
and metathorax.

66. Class Insecta (the insects)
2. Far & away the most diverse of animal
groups
–More types of insects alone than all other
animal groups combined
3. Inhabit all terrestrial & freshwater
ecosystems.
Success largely attributed to coevolution
with flowering plants.

67. Insect Body Plan
4. Insects have 6 legs ( three pairs)
•5. Body divided in to three parts
namely:-
–Head
–Thorax
–Abdomen
6. Most insects have wings, however in
many species these are vestigal (wings
are found on the second or second and 3
rd

abdominal segment.

68. Characteristics cont…
7. Have advanced
excretory system
composed of
malphygian tubules
8. Exchange gasses
through a complex
tracheal system
(there are spiracles
on some of the body
segment)

69. VisionVision
9. Have complex compound eye which is usually
extremely sensitive to motion and allows 360
0
vision
•Most insects see well into the UV spectrum

70. Feeding / MouthpartsFeeding / Mouthparts
10. Insects usually have
specialized
jaws/mouthparts suited
to their ecological niche
11. They have only one
pair of antennae.

71. MetamorphosisMetamorphosis
•Most insects undergo a process of metamorphosis - 2 types
•Incomplete metamorphosis
–Larva similar to adult, with differing body proportions
–Undergoes a series of molts resulting in adult phenotype

72. Complete MetamorphosisComplete Metamorphosis
•Larva is very unlike adult phenotype
•Envelopes self in a coccoon or chrysalis where body
breaks-down and reforms into adult form.

73. Economic importances of insects:
1.Some insects such as Grasshopper they sources of
food.
2.Insect larvae e.g. Army worms and Adult
grasshoppers can destruct crops,
3.Vectors of diseases e.g. cockroach and housefly
may be mechanical vector of gastro enteric fever
4.Termites destroy properties e.g. timbers at the same
times they are edible.
5.Moth and butterflies are ornamental
6.Spider produces silk polymer which is very useful
in textiles industries,

74. Phylum Chordata

75. Chordate Characteristics

76. Characteristics
•Posses jaws with teeth, cartilaginous skeleton, paired fins
•Scales (denticles) have same origin and composition as teeth
•Possesses 5-7 gills
•Spiral valve intestine
•Ureoosmotic strategy
•Lateral line
•No swim bladder
•Heterocercal tail
•Relatively unchanged (480 mybp)
Sharks, skates, rays, chimera
Class ChondrichthyesClass Chondrichthyes

77. Class Chondrichthyes
Subphylum
Vertebrata

78. Characteristics
1.Posses jaws with teeth and bony skeleton.
2.They have paired fins that are equipped with
muscles and endoskeleton.
3.They breathe by mean of gills and have 4 paired
gill arches covered by operculum
3. Intestine- simple, no spiral valve
4.They posses Swim bladder (air sacs)
5. Lateral line
Class OsteichthyesClass Osteichthyes

79. 6. Homocercal tail
7. Body covered with dermal scales
(cycloid, ctenoid sccales)

80. 680 species of fish in the islands' waters.
About 30% of these fish are endemic to the area .
Class Osteichthyes

81. Domino damsel
Trigger (Humu)
Dwarf moray
Porcupine
trumpetfishAchilles tang
White mouthed
morey

82. Class AmphibiaClass Amphibia
Characteristics
•Cold blooded
•Returns to water to breed
•Metamorphosis
•Some toxic
•Estivation-dry and hot
•Hibernation- cold

83. Class AmphibiaClass Amphibia
Rana cancrivora

84. Class ReptiliaClass Reptilia
Characteristics
•Cold blooded
•Have scales
•Amniotic egg
•Dry skin
•3 chambered heart (except crocks)

85. Class ReptiliaClass Reptilia
Sea snake
Marine turtle
Marine iguana
Saltwater crocodile

86. Class AvesClass Aves
Characteristics
•Warm blooded
•Feathers and wings
•Hollow bones
•Horny bill
•Lungs have air sacks
•Hard egg shell

87. Class AvesClass Aves

88. Class MammaliaClass Mammalia
Characteristics
•Warm blooded
•Have fur or hair
•Suckle young
•3 middle ear bones

89. Class MammaliaClass Mammalia
Dugong
manatee
Sea otter
Whales & Dolphins
Polar bear
Seals & sealions

90. STUDY QUESTIONS
1.What is the difference between a prokaryote
and eukaryote?
2.Which kingdoms are prokaryote and which
are eukaryote?
3.Define a species.
4.How do fungus feed?
5.What are some key characteristics of
mammals?