Kingdom Animalia slides pdf 12456795bdnb

Kingdom animalia pdf slides

1. Kingdom Animalia

2. Introduction:
•Name animaliais derived from Latin
word, anima = breath or soul.
•General characteristics of animals
•Multicellular, Diploid eukaryotic,
Ingestiveheterotrophs and develop
from two dissimilar haploid gametes,
a large egg and a smaller sperm.

3. •In traditional two-kingdom
system, the multicellular animals
were referred to broadly as
Metazoa, to distinguish them
from one-celled animals, the
Protozoa.

4. Origin of animals:
All biologists agree that animals
evolved from Protists.

6. Parazoa:
The simplest of the animals belong
to subkingdom Parazoa(phylum
Porifera).
These animals lack tissues
organized into organs and have
indeterminate shape, and are
asymmetrical.

7. Eumetazoa:(includes 29 phyla)
These animals have tissues
organized into organs and organ
systems.
These include radially symmetrical
animals(grade Radiata) and
bilaterally symmetrical animals
(grade Bilateria).

10. Eumetazoa: (includes 29 phyla)
These animals have been divided
into three groups on the basis of
presence, absence or type of body
cavity found in them.

11. Acoelomates
•The animals which do not have
a body cavity.
•The mesodermforms a loose,
cellular tissue called
mesenchymaor parenchyma
which fills the space between
the ectoderm and endoderm.

12. Ectoderm
Mesoderm
Endoderm
Digestive
cavity

13. Acoelomates
•It forms a packing around the
internal organs of the animals to
support and protect them.
Digestive System
In acoelomates the gut is sac-type
and there is no special transport
system.

14. Excretory System
Only excretory system is developed for
the transport of excretory products.
This system consists of flame cells,
excretory ducts and excretory pores.
However the nervous system is well
developed.
Example:Phylum Platyhelminthes

15. Pseudocoelomates
The animals which have a false
coelom.
Aschelminthus(Nematodes)

16. Coelomates
•Coelom is cavity present between
the body wall and the alimentary
canal and is lined by mesoderm.
•The mesoderm splits into outer
parietal layerwhich under lines the
body wall and the visceral layer
which cover the alimentary canal
and the cavity between them is true
coelom.

17. •The animals which have a true
coelom or true body cavity.

18. Protostomes and Deuterostomes

19. Coelomates
•In coelomates gut attain more
complexity and neuro-sensory
system is well developed along
with excretory system,
circulatory system, respiratory
and reproductive system.
Example
Annelids to chordates.

20. Literal
meaning
Pore bearing
Habitat: Fresh water, marine water
Life cycle:Larvalstage ( motile), adult stage sessile
Body
organization
No bodyorganization. No tissue , no
symmetry in body
Body layer Two layer ; Pinacoderm (outer) or pincocytes
choanoderm inner , in between theyhave
mesoglea.
Pore types Smaller pores ostia cover the whole body
from wherewater enter and water leave from
body through osculum. Filter water from
water.
Phylum Porifera

23. Phylum Porifera
Cavity:No true body cavity,
Spongocoel
Skeleton:Spicules form skeleton
present in mesoglea
present between outer
and inner layers

24. Life
process
No organ system development ,
simplest among kingdom Animalia
Reproduction: asexual reproduction
by budding external and internal
where as inner bud is known
gemmules
Some sponge species reproduce
sexually.
Mostly hermaphrodite.
Protandrous, i.e. male sex cells
develop first.

25. Life
Processes
In some sexes are separate.
Sperms released in water are
carried to the eggs by
amoeboid cells. Fertilization
occurs in mesenchyme and
zygote is formed. The embryo
development includes blastula
and larval stages
ImportanceWashing and bathing
Surgical operation
Sound absorption

26. Example i.Sycon: It is a typical
marine sponge.
ii.Leucoselenia: A sponge
that consists of group of
erecttubes.
iii.Euplectella: It is beautiful
and delicate sponge made
up of glassy framework.It
is commonly called Venus
flower basket.
iv.Spongilla: It is freshwater
sponge.

27. Phylum Cnidarian
•Have cnidocytes /Nematocytes
•Habitat : Fresh water and
marine water
•Size: Microscopic and
macroscopic
•Body symmetry: Radial
symmetry

30. Body organization: Diploblastic
ectoderm and mesoderm
Nervous system : Diffused
Digestive system : Gastro-vascular
cavity for digestion.
Circulatory system: No circulatory
system

31. •Reproduction: Alternation of
generation, polyps and the
medusae.
•Polyps(feeding stage) are
cylindrical animals, are sac like
in form.
•Where as Medusae are umbrella
like in form.

32. •These are free living swimming
stage
•The Medusae are involved in
sexual reproduction as they
have gonads.

33. Hydra
Hydra reproduces asexually by the
formation of buds on its surface.
The bud after some time separate
from the parent and develops into
a new individual.

35. Coral Reef:
Corals are formed from the
secretions produced by specialized
polyps that are present in certain
coelenterates.
These polyps become covered by
stony cups due to hardening of
their secretions.

36. From the mouth of the stony cup a
polyp can pass out its tentacle for
the purpose of feeding and
withdraw itself where not feeding.
Most such Coelenterates are
colonial.
The stony network or mass of such
Coelenterates are called Corals.

38. Phylum Platyhelminthus
Literal
meaning
Flat worm ,body is
dorsoventrally compressed
Size Few mm (10mm) in case of
planaria to several meter
(Tapeworm)
Body
cavity
Acoelomate
HabitatFree living and mostly are
endoparasite

40. Symmetry Bilateral symmetry , triploblastic,
unsegmented
Digestive
system
Sac like digestive system
Excretory
system
Flame cell
Nervous
system
Well developed nervous system,simple
network of nerves or ganglia
Sense organsare present at anterior end.
Respiratory
and
circulatory
system
Absent

42. Literal
meaning
Flat worm ,body is dorsoventrally
compressed
Reproduction Platyhelminthes reproduce both by
sexuallyand asexually.
Asexual reproduction is by fission
in which the animals constricts in
the middle into two pieces, each of
which regenerates the missing
part.
The sexually reproducing species
are hermaphrodite, i.e., both male
and female reproductive organs
are present in the same individual.
Larval form is sometimes present.

43. Example Dugesia (Planaria), Fasciola (Liver fluke),
Taenia (Tape worm)
Adaptations
for parasitic
mode of life
1.Cuticle
The epidermis is absent and there is the
formation of resistant cuticle for
protection.
2.Suckers and hooks
They have developed adhesive organs,
such as suckers and hooks, for
attachment to the host.
3.Degeneration of systems
There is degeneration of muscular system
and nervous system.
4.Digestive system
The digestive system has become
simplified due to increased dependence
on host.

44. Example Dugesia(Planaria), Fasciola(Liver
fluke), Taenia(Tape worm)
Adaptations
for parasitic
mode of life
5.Reproductive system
The reproductive system are
complicated and the ova are
produced in huge numbers to
ensure continuity of the species.
6.Life cycle
The complexity of life cycle and
presence of more than one host
during the life cycle is also an
important parasitic adaptations.

45. Infestation
Disinfestation

46. Phylum Aschelminthus (Round Worms)
Literal
meaning
Round worms , unsegmented
body
Size Microscopic to macroscopic
Symmetry Bilateral symmetry,
triploblastic ,One end of the
body is anterior, however the
head is not clearly marked
and there are no special
sense organs at this end

47. Coelom Pseudocolemate
Digestive
system
Tube like digestive system.
Fluid filled space is present
between the body wall and
alimentary canal. It provides “tube
within tube.
Nervous
system
Nerve ring around the pharynx,
which give rise to dorsal, ventral
and lateral nerve cords running
throughout the length of the
worms.

48. Literal
meaning
Round worms ,
unsegmentedbody
Excretory
system
Excretorysystemconsistsof
twolongitudinallyrunning
excretorycanalswhichunite
attheanteriorendtoforma
singlecanalthatopenstothe
exteriorthroughanexcretory
poreontheventralsurface.
Phylum Aschelminthus (Round Worms)

49. Respiratory
and
circulatory
system
Circulatory and respiratory
system are absent. The gaseous
exchange takes place through
general body surface.
Locomotion Muscles are arranged in four
bands, two dorso-lateral and two
ventro-lateral. The circular
muscles are absent
Reproduction The sexes are separate. The
female gonads are ovaries and
these produce eggs. These male
gonads are testes which produce
sperms. A larval stage is present
in the life cycle.

50. Literal meaning Round worms , unsegmentedbody
•Ascaris
Ascaris lumbricoides is an intestinal
parasite of man.
•Rhabditis
The genus Rhabditiscontains
numerous species normally found in
soil, organic matter or water and
feces of man or animals.
•Enterobius vermicularis
Enterobius vermicularis commonly
known as pin worm is cosmopolitan
but more common in Europe and
America.

51. Literal meaning Round worms , unsegmentedbody
Pinwormsareparasitesinthehuman
caecum,colonandappendix.Their
movementcauseitchingofanus,
inflammationofmucousmembraneof
colonandappendixresultingin
insomniaandlossofappetite.
•Ancylostomaduodenale
Itiscommonlyknownashookworm.It
isaparasiteofhumansmallintestinein
Asia,NorthAfricaandEurope.Itisvery
dangerousbecauseitholdsthevilliof
intestineandsucksbloodandbodyfluid.
During feedingtheyproduce
anticoagulant.

52. Phylum Annelida (The Segmented
Worms)
•Habitat :Terrestrial , aquatic
•Body: Metamericallysegmented.
The body becomes divided
transversely into a number of
similar parts or segments. The
subdivisions may be indicated
externally by constrictions of the
body surface.

53. However, the various systems of
body such as gut, blood vessels,
and nerve cord are continuous
throughout the length of body
penetrating each individual
segment.

54. Phylum Annelida (The Segmented
Worms)
Examples
The animals are triploblastic and
coelomate, showing bilateral
symmetry.
The annelids include worms, which
may be marine (Nereis),freshwater
(stylaria) or found in damp soil
(earthworms). Some are parasites, for
Hirudo–(leech).

56. Digestivesystem
Digestivesystemisintheformof
alimentarycanalwhichisdivided
intodistinctparts,eachperforming
aspecificfunction.
Ithastwoopenings,themouthat
theanteriorend,andtheanusat
theposteriorend.Themouthis
overhungbyalobedstructure,the
prostomium.

57. Nervous system
A well developed central nervous
system is present in annelids. It
comprises of a simple brain and a
solid double, longitudinal, ventral
nerve cord. Nerves arise in each
segment form the nerve cord.

58. Closed circulatory system
Annelids are the first group of
invertebrates which have
developed a closed circulatory
system -a system in which a
circulatory fluid called blood flows
in network of vessels known as
blood vessels. It transports gases
and nutrients.

59. Respiration
The respiratory system is absent.
The exchange of gases is by
diffusion through the skin into
blood capillaries. The skin is kept
moist by mucus, and coelomic
fluid.

60. Locomotion
The body wall contains muscles which
help in locomotion. The muscles are of
two types:
a.Circular Muscles: The are arranged
along the circumference of the
body.
b.Longitudinal Muscles: These are
arranged along the length of the
body.

61. Reproduction
The common mode of reproduction is
sexual. Most annelids (Earthworm,
leech) are hermaphrodite. In some
annelids (e.g., Nereis) the sexes are
separate, the fertilization is external
and a free swimming trochophore larva
is produced during the life cycle.

62. Classification
•Class Oligochaeta
•These animals have internal and
external segmentation.
•Organs of locomotion are setae.
•Head region not prominent or
distinct.

63. •They are hermaphrodite
(bisexual).
•No larva formed during
development.

64. Example
Lumbricusterrestris, Pheretima
posthumaand other earthworms.
They may be terrestrial or aquatic.

65. Classification
Class Hirudinea
•They have body with fixed
number of segments.
•Each segment has additional
circular rings or markings called
annuli.

66. •They do not have organs of
locomotion and move due to the
contraction of their body and with
the help of suckers.
•Mostly hermaphrodite and
trochophore larva is formed during
development.

67. •They are aquatic.
•No distinct head is present
but leeches have chitinous
jaws for making a puncture in
the skin of the host.

68. •They also have an anticoagulant
secretion which is passed into
the wound to allow smooth flow
of blood.
•Example
Hirudomedicinalis(medicinal
leech)

69. Phylum Arthropoda
•Largest phylum with around 1.1
million species
•Bilateral symmetry
•Triploblastic
•Coelomates

70. •Segmented body divided into
tagmata (head & trunk) or head,
thorax and abdomen
•Jointed appendages
•Waxy Cuticular exoskeleton
•Complex muscular system,
striated muscles for rapid
movement.

71. Phylum Arthropoda
•Complex digestive system
•Open circulatory system
•Respiration by body surface,
gills, trachea or book lungs
•Excretory organs called
Malpighian tubules are present

72. •Complex nervous system
•Well developed sensory organs
•Sexes usually separate
•Fertilization internal
•Metamorphosis often present;
complete & incomplete
•Growth accompanied by ecdysis
or molting.

73. Phylum Mollusca
•Soft bodied animals
•Triploblastic
•Bilateral Symmetry
•Coelomates

74. •50,000 species
•2
nd
largest phylum of
invertebrates
•Giant squid is the largest
invertebrate animal
•Aquatic (freshwater or marine),
terrestrial
•Body unsegmented

75. •Rasping tongue-like organ
called radula is present.
•Highly organized digestive,
respiratory, circulatory,
excretory, nervous and
reproductive systems.

76. •The organ of locomotion is a
muscular foot, however in many
species the movement is slow.
•Sexes are separate.

77. •Body is covered by a glandular
epithelial envelope called mantle
which secretes calcareous shell
•Trochophore larva develops
during embryological
development.

78. Phylum Mollusca
Medicinal Importance of Snail
•Skin Diseases
Snail’s slime has been used
occasionally as skin treatments since
the time of the Ancient Greeks. The
Chilean snail farmers found that skin
lesions healed quickly, with no scars by
snail slime.

79. •Anti-Aging & Cosmetics
Snail slime based products are
claimed to be the new miracle
face-fixer in the U.S where they
are used to treat acne, reduce
pigmentation and scarring and
combat wrinkles.

80. Phylum Mollusca
•Antioxidant Activities
Slime from common garden snail
(Helix aspersa) contains antioxidant
activities. Antioxidants are substances
that may protect cells from the damage
caused by unstable molecules known
as free radicals or reactive oxygen
species (e.g. peroxides, superoxide,
hydroxyl radical).

81. •Repair of Wounds
The snail slime also stimulates
fibroblast proliferation, extracellular
matrix assembly and the regulation of
metalloproteinase activities and these
effects together provide a series of
molecular mechanisms underlying the
secretion’s induced cellular
regeneration. So, it can possibly be
used in repair of wounded tissues.

83. Phylum Echinodermata (Spiny
Skinned Animals)
Over 5,000 species are known.
They are marine organisms living
at the sea bottom.

84. •Endoskeleton
The body is covered by delicate
epidermis. The mesodermal cells
develop a firm calcareous
endoskeleton which may bear
spines and because of its origin,
from mesoderm it is called
endoskeleton.

85. Phylum Echinodermata (Spiny
Skinned Animals)
•Marine
The echinodermataare exclusively
marine and most of them are found
at the bottom along shorelines in
shallow seas. Most species are
free moving however some are
attached to the substratum.

86. •Bilateral symmetrical larva
All the larval forms of these
animals exhibit bilateral symmetry
but the adults show radial
symmetry which is an adaptation
for their special mode of lie.

87. Phylum Echinodermata (Spiny
Skinned Animals)
The body may be:
•Star-shaped with short arms
(starfish)
•Globular (sea urchin)

88. •Star-shaped with long arms
(brittle star)
•Elongated (sea-cucumber).
•There is a central disc from
which arms radiate.

89. Phylum Echinodermata (Spiny
Skinned Animals)
•Water vascular system
The most unique characteristics of
echinoderms is that a water
vascular system is present in their
coelom. It is a complex system of
tubes and spaces surrounding the
mouth and passing into the arms
and tube feet.

90. Phylum Echinodermata (Spiny
Skinned Animals)
•Regeneration
Regeneration, the ability to reform
lost organs is common among
echinoderms, starfish, sea
cucumber, sea lily, brittle star and
sea-urchin.

91. •Combination of both invertebrate
(Echinoderm) and chordate
characteristic.
•Belong to the group
deuterostome.

92. 1.Soft bodies worm-like animals.
2.Body is divided into an anterior
proboscis, collar and trunk.
3.Body wall is made of unicellular
epidermis with mucus-secreting
cells.

93. 4.Digestive tract is straight and
may show variations
5.Coelomic cavities correspond to
each of the three body regions
i.e. that of proboscis, collar and
trunk coelomic pouches.
6.Respiratory system is
composed of gill-slits.

94. Phylum Chordates
•Notochord present in all larval
form.
•CNS at dorsal site
•Paired gill opening are present