Kingdoms of classification

Five Kingdoms of Classification.

1. Kingdom of classification
Presented by: Ezzah Shaukat
Tayyaba Ilyas

2. What are the characteristics of Living Things?
What makes something alive?
•Living things are made of cells.

3. •Living things get and use energy.

4. •Living things grow and develop.

5. •Living things reproduce.

6. •Living things respond to their environment.

7. •Living things adapt to their environment.

8. If something follows one or just a few of the
rules listed above, it does not mean that it
is living. To be considered alive, an object
must have all of the characteristics of
living things.

9. The early Greeks tried to
classify all nonliving objects
such as fire, air, earth, and
water, and the Greek
philosopher Aristotle further
classified living things as
either Plant or Animal. He
grouped animals into Land
Dwellers, Water Dwellers, and
Air Dwellers. This didn't work
very well, as this system
grouped elephants and
earthworms, whales and water
striders, flies and falcons.
These things aren't very much
alike!
Classification History:

10. Classification History:
• Linnaeus classified living world
into two kingdoms. Plantae and
Animalia.
•This system was used till very
recently. This system does not
distinguish between Eukaryotic and
prokaryotic, unicellular and
multicellular organisms and
photosynthetic (green algae) and
non-photosynthetic (fungi)
organisms.

11. 5 Kingdoms classifications
•R.H. Whittaker (1969)
proposed a Five Kingdom
Classification.
•Plantae
•Animalia.
•Fungi
•Monera
•Protista

12. 5 Kingdoms classifications
The main criteria for classification used by him include cell
structure, thallus organization, and mode of nutrition, reproduction
and phylogenetic relationships.
All eukaryotic chlorophyll-containing organisms were placed in
Kingdom Plantae.
The multicellular eukaryotic organisms were placed in Kingdom
Animalia.
The heterotrophic organisms were placed in Kingdom Fungi.
All prokaryotic organisms were grouped together under Kingdom
Monera.
 The unicellular eukaryotic organisms were placed in Kingdom
Protista.

14. Kingdom Plantae
Kingdom Plantae includes all eukaryotic chlorophyll-containing
organisms commonly called plants. A few members are partially
heterotrophic such as the parasites. The plant cells have a
eukaryotic structure with prominent chloroplasts and cell wall
mainly made of cellulose.
Plantae includes:
•Mosses.
•Ferns.
•Pine trees.
•Cycads.
•Flowering plants.

15. Kingdom Animalia
•Eukaryotic, multicellular
organisms with cells organized
into distinct tissues.
•Heterotrophic nutrition
•Cells not surrounded by cell
walls.
•Includes sponges, sea
anemones, snails, insects, sea
stars, fish, reptiles, birds, and
human beings.

16. Animals, on the other hand,
either eat plants (such as
deer) or they eat other
animals that do not eat
plants (such as mountain
lions who eat the deer).
This classification system
works pretty well, and we
still talk about deer as
being members of the
Animal Kingdom and
redwood trees as being
members of the Plant
Kingdom.

17. until they try to classify a
mushroom!
Hmmm. Let's see. It's not green. Scientists tell us that's because it does
not contain chlorophyll. It doesn't make its own food, so it can't be a plant.
We learned that all plants make their own food.
But it doesn't eat, either: mushrooms don't have mouths!

18. So it can't be an animal,
because we learned that
all animals eat food.
Mushrooms are a type
of fungus, and all fungi
(the plural of "fungus")
neither make food nor
eat it: they absorb it.
Almost all of the body
of a mushroom is
actually underground,
made up of tiny little
strings of cells called
hyphae. They are so
tiny that they are only
1/50th the diameter of a
human hair!

19. Kingdom Fungi
•The kingdom Fungi
encompasses a wide variety of
living organisms. Scientists
estimate that there are
hundreds of thousands of
fungus species on Earth. At
one time, it was thought that
fungi were simply primitive
versions of plants. However,
further discoveries led to the
realization that fungi were
different enough to belong to
their very own kingdom.

20. Cont…..
•Eukaryotic, generally multicellular,
organisms.
•Heterotrophic, saprophytic (absorptive)
nutrition.
•Most with cell walls (usually composed of
chitin)
•Includes molds, yeasts, rusts, and
mushrooms.

21. So we need to add the Fungi Kingdom to the Plant Kingdom and the
Animal Kingdom. Now we have three kingdoms. This system works pretty
well until ...
•...they try to
classify bacteria!

22. •Bacteria are actually more
different from plants and
animals than a mouse is
from an elephant! They
really need to be in their
very own kingdom, the
Kingdom Monera
("monera" comes from the
Greek word for "single",
referring to the fact that
these organisms are all
single-celled.)

23. Kingdom Monera
•Bacteria mainly comprises of the Kingdom Monera. They are
the most abundant micro-organisms. They live in extreme
habitats such as hot springs, deserts, snow and deep oceans
.Many of them live in or on other organisms as parasites.
Bacteria are grouped under four categories based on their
shape
–the spherical Coccus
–the rod-shaped Bacillus
–the comma shaped Vibrium
–the spiral Spirillum

24. Types of Monera
Archaebacteria:
•These bacteria live in the most harsh habitats such as
extreme salty areas, hot springs and marshy areas.
Archaebacteria differ from other bacteria in having a
different cell wall structure and this feature is
responsible for their survival in extreme conditions.

25. Types of Monera
Eubacteria:
•There are thousands of different eubacteria or ‘true bacteria’.
They are characterized by the presence of a rigid cell wall, and if
motile, a flagellum. They play a great role in recycling nutrients
like nitrogen, phosphorous, iron and Sulphur. Heterotrophic
bacteria are the most abundant in nature. The majority are
important decomposers. Many of them have a significant impact
on human affairs.

26. Kingdom Protista
•Eukaryotic, generally
single-celled, organisms.
•If multicellular, then cells
not well-organized into
tissues and organs.
•A very heterogeneous
group include both
heterotrophic and
photoautotrophic forms.

27. Diatoms
Dinoflagellates
Kingdom Protista
• Diatoms
• Dinoflagellates
• Green algae
• Brown Algae
• Red algae

28. Halimeda opuntia
Chlorophyta: Green Algae
Caulerpa racemosa
Caulerpa sertularioides
Dictyosphaeria cavernosa
Codium edule

29. Sargassum polyphyllum
Sargassum echinocarpum
Phaeophyta: Brown Algae
Turbinaria ornata
Padina japonica
Hydroclathrus
clathratus

30. Hypnea chordacea Asparagopsis
taxiformisGalaxaura fastigiata
Acanthophora spicifera
Ahnfeltia concinna
Rhodophyta: Red Algae

31. The Five Kingdoms