L-4 Prod tech ofcut rose.ppt. .....

Production technology of rose

1. PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY
OF Dutch ROSESOF Dutch ROSES

2. Floriculture industry in India is growing as a profitable
business during the past two decades. Among the different
cut flowers cultivated, Cut rose occupies the first position in
area and cultivation. Cut roses belong to Rosa spp. of
Rosaceae family. Karnataka leads in cut rose production
followed by West Bengal and Maharastra. Tamil Nadu holds
a meager share in production and the major areas cultivating
roses under polyhouse are Hosur, Krishnagiri, Kodaikanal,
Yercaud and Kolli Hills.

3. STATUS OF CUT ROSES IN INDIA
Tamil Nadu, Karnataka,
Maharashtra and West Bengal
4330 ha. area874
million
stems
valued at
Rs.  44.00
crores
Cultivated Area under Loose Rose in India Area (Ha)
Tamil Nadu 2,500 Maharashtra 620 Delhi 60
Karnataka 750 West Bengal 400 TOTAL4330
Growth centres identified for export of cut roses by Ministry of Commerce,
Government of India
• Hyderabad and places around
• Bangalore and places around
• Nasik, Pune and places around
Turn over during Valentine’s Day = Rs 25 crore
Total exports - Qt Value In lakhs % share
32,525,048.92 367.11 0.0011

4. COMMERCIALLY IMPORTANT ROSES ARE :
HYBRID TEA Roses : 
•Large flowers (4 cm.)
•Long stems (125 cm)
•Yield -100-200 stems/sqm
•SONIA, VIVALDI, TINEKE, MELODY, DARLING & ONLY LOVE.
FLORIBUNDA Roses : 
•Small flowers (2.5 cm)
•Shorter stems (less than 60 cm)
•FRISCO, MERCEDES, JAGUAR, KISS and FLORENCE.
 
SPRAY Roses : 
• 5-6 flowers / stem
• EVELIEN, JOY and NIKITA.

5. Internationally sought-after Hybrid Tea roses:

1.Noblesse Pink red
2.Grand Gala red
3.Gold strike Yellow
4.Versilla yellow with red on edge of petals
5.First red red
6.Bianca white
7.Hollywood white
8.Ravel pink
9.Tropical Passion red

6. Exotic cultivarsExotic cultivars
White : John F. Kenedy
Yellow : Aalsmeer Gold, Golden Moments, Golden
Giant.
Red : Christian Dior, First Prize, Forever, Gladiator,
Happiness
Pink : Brides Dream, Confidence
Scarlet : Crimson Glory, Forever
Orange: Harvest Sun, Super Star
Hybrid Tea

7. Floribunda Floribunda
WhiteWhite:: Summer Snow Summer Snow
Yellow : Yellow : GoldilocksGoldilocks
Pink Pink : : Pink Iceberg Pink Iceberg
Scarlet : Scarlet : Heat – WaveHeat – Wave
Orange: Orange: Orange SilkOrange Silk
Polyantha Polyantha
Red Red : : Red TriumphRed Triumph
Crimson : Crimson : RashmiRashmi
Miniature Miniature
White White : : Cinderella, Cream Puff Cinderella, Cream Puff
Yellow : Yellow : Honey CombHoney Comb
PinkPink : : Sugar ElfSugar Elf

8. Climbing miniature Climbing miniature
WhiteWhite:: Climbing Cinderella Climbing Cinderella
PinkPink: : Climbing Candy CaneClimbing Candy Cane
Climber and Rambler Climber and Rambler
White White : : Silver MoonSilver Moon
YellowYellow : : Golden showers Golden showers
OrangeOrange : : Lavender Mist Lavender Mist

9. Hybrid Tea
Red : Raktagandha
White: Dr. Homi Bhabha
Pink: Arjun
Purple : Dr. B.P. Pal,
Dhum
Apricot : Abhisarika
Floribunda
Orange : Suryakiran
Indian cultivars
Polyantha
Pink : Pink Showers
Miniature
Red : Dark Beauty
Climber
Yellow: Kanyakumari

10. Rose Species and Rose Species and
IdentificationIdentification

11. Rose species of importance:Rose species of importance:
1.1.R.canina R.canina (Dog rose) (Dog rose)
2.2.R. chinensis R. chinensis
3. R. moschata 3. R. moschata (Musk rose) (Musk rose)
4. 4. R. phoenicia R. phoenicia (Phoenician rose)(Phoenician rose)
5. Rosa gallica5. Rosa gallica, the French rose - Caucasus & Middle – East , the French rose - Caucasus & Middle – East
6. 6. R. damascenaR. damascena (Damask rose) - natural variation of (Damask rose) - natural variation of R. gallica R. gallica
7. R. indica 7. R. indica (Pink China rose) -natural to Canton- introduced (Pink China rose) -natural to Canton- introduced
in in England by Peter Osbeck England by Peter Osbeck
8.8.R.odorataR.odorata
9.9.R. gigantea R. gigantea

12. • Bourbon rose - natural cross between Bourbon rose - natural cross between
R. chinensis R. chinensis x x R. damascena biferaR. damascena bifera x x R. moschata R. moschata

Parson’s Pink China rose Parson’s Pink China rose Autumn Damask roseAutumn Damask rose Musk roseMusk rose


• Tea roses hybrids – cross between Tea roses hybrids – cross between
R.odorata R.odorata x x R. gigantea R. gigantea
• Hybird Tea roses – cross between Hybird Tea roses – cross between
Tea roses x Hybrid Perpetuals Tea roses x Hybrid Perpetuals

13. Standard roses Standard roses
•Grown on a single stem
•3 ft (90cm) high
•Grow a single briar stem to the
required height.
•The briar is stock eg. R.rugosa.
•After required height the desired
rose type is budded on top of the briar
stem.
•The buds then grow and form a ‘bush’
rose – either Hybrid Tea or floribunda
type.
•If ramblers or climbers are budded
forms weeping standards.

14. Tall Weeping StandardTall Weeping Standard
•Budded onto a tall rootstock stem at a height of between 1.5m -1.8m (5.5-
6ft).
•Varieties that tend to produce long pliable canes that will create a cascading
effect, often reaching ground level are mostly used.
•Ideal as a centre piece.

15. ROSE HIPS

16. Alba rose
‘Félicité Parmentier’ an Alba rose
‘Graham Thomas’
A David Austin English Rose

17. ‘Blaze’ A Modern Climbing Rose

18. ‘Rosa mundi’ A Gallica Rose

19. Pusa Shatabdi
Pusa Komal
Pusa Arun Pusa Ajay
Pusa Mohit

20. ROSE BREEDERS
•David C.H. Austin - Constance Spry
•Henry Bennett  - Captain Hayward
•Interplant Roses, The Netherlands
•W. Kordes' Sons, Germany, "Frühlings" series & the
Kordesii Hybrids
•Meilland family  - 'Peace‘ 'Bonica '82' and 'Swany'.
•Mathias Tantau , Germany.
'Super Star‘ , 'Fragrant Cloud’ and 'Black Magic’

21. B. K. Roy Chaudhury - 'Dr. S. D. Mukherjee' (1935)
B. S. Bhatacharji - 125 varieties 1941 and 1968
Raja Surendra Singh of NalagarhP.L. Airun;
 S. Banerjee Brahm Dutt
 J.P. Agarwal C. R. Chiplunkar
Y. K. Hande;; Arpi Thakur
M. N. Hardikar N. V. Shastri
Kalyan Chakrabarti R. S. Jagtap
Dr. B. P. Pal - Dr. Homi Bhabha Banjaran Delhi Princess Kanakangi
'Mechak' 
S. C. Dey
M. S. Viraraghavan
The nurserymen group after Bhatcharji has been dominated by G.
Kasturirangan of K. S. G. Son, Bangalore. 
.
Indian Breeders

22. Gruss an Teplitz

23. ARKA PARIMALA:
Red-purple coloured flowers,
fragrant and moderately resistant to thrips and black spot.
Yield: 5.5 to 6.0 lakh loose flowers /acre /year

24. Andhra Red Rose       Edward Rose

25. Rosa chinensis ‘Viridiflora’

26. CUT ROSE PRODUCTION

27. VARIETAL CHARACTERSVARIETAL CHARACTERS

Higher productionHigher production

Long vase lifeLong vase life

ColourColour

Type of rose : HT/ Floribundas etcType of rose : HT/ Floribundas etc

FragranceFragrance

Soft thornsSoft thorns

Resistance to stressResistance to stress

28. VARIETIESVARIETIES
LONG STEMMED SHORT STEMMED LONG STEMMED SHORT STEMMED

First Red SanfinaFirst Red Sanfina

Grand Gala ProphytaGrand Gala Prophyta

AmbianceAmbiance SachaSacha

KonfettiKonfetti FriscoFrisco

NoblesseNoblesse KissKiss

RavelRavel LambadaLambada

StarliteStarlite

VivaldiVivaldi

30. Rosa 'Cardinal de Richelieu' rose, used for the first
genetic engineering experiments

31. Genetically engineered roses
Suntory "blue" rose
Blue Rose APPLAUSE

33. Started in 1990.
Suntory in collaboration with Florigene Ltd. (named Calgene
Pacific Pty Ltd.
There were two technical barriers:
• One was to "isolate genes (blue genes) necessary to synthesize
a
blue pigment (delphinidin)
• 2
nd
was to "develop the methods to introduce these genes to
cells of roses and produce genetically modified roses from
these cells.”

34. • Success got by introducing blue genes isolated from a pansy.
• However, introduced into a red rose variety, so darkish red.
• Even after blue pigments are produced, how blue the flower become
depends greatly on the original characteristics of the roses.
• e.g. low / acidic pH - in the cell vacuoles in which blue pigments are
accumulated, the color becomes red,
and if it is neutral, the color becomes blue.
• 40 rose varieties tried.

35. Greenhouse PlantingGreenhouse Planting

5 beds each of 1.20m width per 8m bay. 5 beds each of 1.20m width per 8m bay.

width of path : 0.40m. width of path : 0.40m.

2 rows of plants / bed. 2 rows of plants / bed.

row to row spacing : 30 cmrow to row spacing : 30 cm

plant to plant spacing : 17cm. plant to plant spacing : 17cm.

A row of 24m length = 140 plants A row of 24m length = 140 plants
- 70,000 plants / ha- 70,000 plants / ha

Season of Planting : February to April Season of Planting : February to April
July to September July to September

36. CLIMATIC REQUIREMENTS

TemperatureTemperature : 15 : 15
00
C ( 60C ( 60
00
F) – 28 F) – 28
00
C ( 76C ( 76
00
F) F)

Day Length Day Length > 12 hours> 12 hours

Relative HumidityRelative Humidity : 77: 77± 5± 5
00
CC

COCO
22 enrichment enrichment : 1000 -3000 ppm: 1000 -3000 ppm

CoolingCooling : Fan & Pad cooling: Fan & Pad cooling
: Dist bet fan & pad 30 -60 m: Dist bet fan & pad 30 -60 m

Shading Shading : reduces leaf scorch: reduces leaf scorch
: prevents flower fading: prevents flower fading

HeatingHeating : Pipe coil heat distribution with : Pipe coil heat distribution with
high pressure hot water boiler high pressure hot water boiler
: Most suitable fuel is natural gas: Most suitable fuel is natural gas

37. SOIL AND MEDIASOIL AND MEDIA

Garden soil Garden soil : common in India: common in India

Sand Sand : cheap good drainage: cheap good drainage
lower soil borne disease incidencelower soil borne disease incidence

Coco peatCoco peat: used loose / in beds / in pots / brick : used loose / in beds / in pots / brick
form / in poly tubingform / in poly tubing

Rock woolRock wool: costly – has to be imported: costly – has to be imported
: accurate monitoring required: accurate monitoring required
: EC <1.0: EC <1.0
: pH -6.5: pH -6.5
: Root temp 22-23: Root temp 22-23
0 0
CC

39. Substrate Perlite

40. PLANTING DENSITY PLANTING DENSITY

Greenhouse bay Greenhouse bay : 6.4m / 8m wide: 6.4m / 8m wide

Bed size Bed size : 1.0 -1.6 m wide & 30 – 40 m long: 1.0 -1.6 m wide & 30 – 40 m long

Path width Path width : 60 cm: 60 cm

Spacing Spacing : Between plants - 14 -18 cm: Between plants - 14 -18 cm
: Between rows - varies: Between rows - varies

Planting densityPlanting density: 60,000 – 70,000 plts / ha: 60,000 – 70,000 plts / ha

Bed ht Bed ht : 25 – 30 cm above ground: 25 – 30 cm above ground

41. PLANTING PLANTING

SeasonSeason : For small plants – April to : For small plants – April to
MayMay
: For large plants – Aug to Sep: For large plants – Aug to Sep
PLANTING MATERIALPLANTING MATERIAL
Propagation methodPropagation method AdvantageAdvantage DisadvantageDisadvantage
Rooted cuttingsRooted cuttings cheapest & simplestcheapest & simplestShort productive lifeShort productive life
Susceptible to P& DSusceptible to P& D

Micro cuttingsMicro cuttings SmallSmall
StentingStenting Good performanceGood performance specialized productionspecialized production
Bud grafted / buddedBud grafted / budded Good performanceGood performance specialized productionspecialized production
Dormant eyesDormant eyes Plant establishes without Plant establishes without
bud breakbud break
Longer time to build upLonger time to build up
Traditional buddedTraditional budded Good root systemGood root system ------

42. •15 Kg manure /m
2

•N & K = 200 PPM
•No. of applications = Twice a week for 7 months along
with irrigation
•P = Soil application @ 1.8 kg/m3
Fertigation technique:


A dose of 178: 178:356 kg of NPK/ha/year
Irrrigation :
• 6mm / day i.e. about 60 cum / ha / day.
Plant Protection :
•Dithane M - 45 : 0.6 gm/litre
•Metasystox : 1.25 ml/litre
•Karathane : 1.00 ml/litre

43. Method for the quick propagation of roses.
Cutting and grafting is performed in one action.
In Dutch the word "stenting" means "to stem".
It is a combination "stekken" meaning "to strike a cutting" and
"enter" meaning "to graft".
 The success of simultaneous cutting and grafting is cost
effective.
STENTING

44. In practice, the scion consists of the cultivar stem taken with
one leaf and a dormant bud.
Root stocks – Rosa chinensis Rosa chinensis 'Indica Major‘'Indica Major‘
Rosa canina Rosa canina 'Inermis‘'Inermis‘
Scions – Cocktail 80 Golden Wave Hanne Iceberg Cocktail 80 Golden Wave Hanne Iceberg
Red Success Sweet Promise and Sterling Silver.Red Success Sweet Promise and Sterling Silver.
Scion grafted on single internode of the non-rooted
rootstock.
Formation of the graft union and of adventitious roots on the
rootstock occur simultaneously.
The combined process takes three weeks.

45. Left: hand split graft
Right: machine omega graft

46. Building up plantsBuilding up plants
In budded plants - flower buds removed 4 weeks after planting
- leaves retained
- remove lateral shoots formed below removed bud
- After 3-4 weeks flower production allowed
- 3 -4 true leaves left / shoot
In Rooted cuttings / Stents - remove pea size flower buds
- allow leaves to grow
- prune after plants establish well

47. SPECIAL PRACTICESSPECIAL PRACTICES

Shoot-bendingShoot-bending

Pruning Pruning

Disbudding Disbudding

Pinching Pinching

De shootingDe shooting

Removal of faded flowersRemoval of faded flowers

48. SPECIAL PRACTICESSPECIAL PRACTICES

SHOOT BENDING SHOOT BENDING : Done instead of pruning : Done instead of pruning
: Removal of center bud & laterals not necessary: Removal of center bud & laterals not necessary
: Branches form a bow without : Branches form a bow without breakage breakage
: Increases shoot prod close to base of : Increases shoot prod close to base of plantplant

RESTING DURING RESTING DURING
OFF SEASONOFF SEASON : App of water & fertilizer stopped: App of water & fertilizer stopped
: Duration 4-8 weeks: Duration 4-8 weeks
: Pruned down to 30 -60 cm above soil: Pruned down to 30 -60 cm above soil
: After pruning start irrigation & fertilization: After pruning start irrigation & fertilization
: Give shade: Give shade
: Gives few bottom breaks & too weak stems: Gives few bottom breaks & too weak stems

49. Stage CT
Stems are cut back/pinched or bent to initiate a cycle
www.botany.com/ROSE-HYBRD-TEA.JPG

50. Stage VB
The flower bud is just barely
visible (red circle); the picture
on the left is taken prior to VB
and on the right just after VB.
Stage L1
First true leaf unfolding (red
circle); the vestigial leaf, not
a fully developed leaf with
leaflets, doesn’t countthis
on the right shoot (yellow
circle)
www.botany.com/ROSE-HYBRD-TEA.JPG

51. Stage LL
Last leaf unfolding
(note the leaflet is
beginning to unfold)
Stage HV
Ready for harvest
–the sepals are
reflexed from the
flower bud
www.botany.com/ROSE-HYBRD-TEA.JPG

53. GENERAL TIPS ON PRUNING
1.Prune to good healthy tissue (green bark outside + white pith core inside)
2.To accelerate the sealing process nail polish or black pruning sealer is used
3.Provides a protective barrier against cane borers
4.Prune center of the bush open for maximum air circulation
5.Prevents powdery mildew & overall shape of the bush
6.Remove weak or twiggy growth on main canes
7.Remove suckers (i.e. growth from the root structure below the bud union).
8.Remove them from as close to the main root cane below the bud union as
possible.
9.Make clean and smooth cuts.
10.Remove remaining foliage after pruning

54. PRUNING
Newly planted Hybrid teas are
pruned back to stubs.
Strong growth (black) quickly develops
from buds on stubs
The bush is then
pruned early the next
season
www.gardening-howto.com/

55. Strong-growingHybridTea Samebushafterlightpruning
Mostoffirstyear'sgrowth (dottedlines)formanyflowers
(black)frombase Stubsremoved.
www.gardening-howto.com/

56. Moderate pruning
results in
somewhat larger,
but generally
fewer, blossoms
Severe pruning for exhibition size
blooms
www.gardening-howto.com/

57. The classical correct cut

58. Correct technique Too closeToo high
PRUNING TECHNIQUES
http://www.rosegardeningguru.com/pruning.html

59. Cut too far above the eye Cut too steep an angle above the
eye.

60. Examine plant for dead
branches or stubs, old
branches that look gray
and shriveled, and to
determine natural shape
Remove old canes
(they won't produce
many flowers) to
stimulate growth of
young ones
http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G1-6265909.html

61. Cut close to
remove stub
and cane in
center
Trim back hollow
canes a few inches
at a time, until you
see no signs of rot
or discolored wood
Make final pruning cuts about 1/4 inch above eyes, usually aimed away from
plant's center and angled so water drains off cuts
http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G1-6265909.html

63. HARVESTING
• Harvested in the early morning at tight bud stage.
• 20 flowers per bunch packed in corrugated board
sheet.
• Precooling is done for 4 hours at 6 -8
o
C.
• Storage at 2-5
o
C.
YIELD : 140 stems / m
2
BCR = 1.06
Most favourable seasons : October to March

64. • Re-cut stems, about 2 cm. above previous level
• Do not remove lower leaves/thorns
• Placed in clean containers in clean warm (40-48
0
C) water adjusted with

citric acid to pH 3.0-3.5 for 30-60 min.
• Prevents vascular blockage
• Put in the preservative solution.
• Shifted to the cold storage at 0 to 2
0
C.
• May be kept for 4-5 days in preservative solution in cold store
containing :
− Citric acid - 100-700 mg/litre.
− HQC/captan - 16 mg/litre.
− Sucrose - 20 mg/litre.
− STS - 0.2 - 4 mM.
− Cytokinin - 1.0 to 100.00m.
POST HARVEST

65. Packing : 3 steps : bunching, wrapping and packing.
Bunching : Heads are evened up and their stem tied into bunches
• Bunch size : 10s, 20s, 25s, or 50s
• They are cut to same length.
• Placed in preservative solution & shifted to the cold store.
Wrapping : Buds are wrapped
• Bunches are sleeved in transport polyethylene.
• The wrap is a 15-20 cm. wide plastic strip
• Acts as a cushion for the buds.
Packing :
For long term transport : telescopic boxes of corrugated fibreboard.
Box size - 100 cm x 45 cm x 22 cm.
Qt : 400 to 1000 stems / box and weight = 14 to 18 kg/box.
Box contains one variety, one grade or mixed colour one grade.

66. Post harvesting handling Post harvesting handling
Grading and packaging Grading and packaging
• Graded according to length of stemraded according to length of stem
• Packed in corrugated cardboard boxes. Packed in corrugated cardboard boxes.
• The size of box varies The size of box varies
• Box of 100 cm long, 32.5 cm wide, 6.5 cm high can Box of 100 cm long, 32.5 cm wide, 6.5 cm high can
accommodate 80 roses having 65-70cm long stem. accommodate 80 roses having 65-70cm long stem.
• The inside are of box is lined with thin polythene The inside are of box is lined with thin polythene
• moist tissue paper shavings are spread at each end moist tissue paper shavings are spread at each end
• Flowers packed in corrugated cardboard boxes Flowers packed in corrugated cardboard boxes (CCB) (CCB)
alone alone
or in combination with a polethylene film or in combination with a polethylene film (PEF) (PEF) lining lining
and / or wet newspaper and / or wet newspaper (WNP(WNP). ).

67. Pulsing Pulsing
FFor 20h with solutions containing: 20 mg GAor 20h with solutions containing: 20 mg GA
33/ l/ l
StorageStorage
Low temperature storage necessary at 31Low temperature storage necessary at 31
oo
F (0.9F (0.9
oo
C) C)
In moisture proof packageIn moisture proof package
Type of storageTemperature Duration
Wet storage 0.5 to 2
0
C 4-5 days
Dry storage 0.5 to 0
0
C 2 weeks

68. Grading and bunching
The Society of American Florists has suggested the
following stem-length grades
Label color Blue Red Green
Hybrid teas: 22" 14" 10"
Sweethearts 14" 10" 6"

69. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY'S COMMON QUALITY OF STANDARDS
GRADE CHARACTERS
Extra Class Class I without aid of any tolerance
Class I Tolerance permitted upto 7 per cent
Class II Tolerance permitted upto 10%.

70. Description Code Minimum and Maximum Stem
Length in cm
0 Less than 5 cm or flowers without
marked stems
5 5-10
10 10-15
15 15-20
20 20-30
30 30-40
40 40-50
50 50-60
60 60-80
80 80-100
100 100-120
120 120

71. HARVESTING
GRADING

72. BUNCHING

73. PACKAGING

75. Karen L.B. Gast,, 1997

76. Bull heads or malformed flowers
The center petals of the bud remain only partly developed
and the bud appears flat. They are common on very vigorous
shoots, particularly bottom breaks, and it is possible that there
is a lack of carbohydrates to develop the petals.
The cause of bull heading is yet unknown, however, thrips
infestation will also cause malformed flowers. Also at low
temperature, some varieties will form bull heads.

77. Bullheads

78. Bent neck
Bent neck is caused due to water stress and improper
management of plant shoot emergence. It is a varietal genetic
character. Proper de-shooting and proper irrigation
management are the control measures.

79. Limp necks
The area of the stem just below the flower “wilts” and
will not support the head. This may be due to insufficient
water absorption; cutting off the lower 1 to 2 inches of stem
and placing the cut stem in water at 37°C will revive the
flower.

80. Colour fading
Off - coloured flowers are seem to be a problem with
some yellow varieties. In these varieties the petals may be
green or a dirty white instead of a clear yellow. Raising the
night temperature several degrees will reduce the number of
off-coloured flowers. Occasionally the pink or red varieties
develop bluish-coloured flowers. This is very often associated
with use of organic phosphate and various other kinds of
insecticides.

81. Blackening of rose petals
This is caused by low temperature and high anthocyanin
content. GA3 treatment causes accumulation of
anthocyanin in petals of Baccara roses. This effect was
more pronounced at low temperature (20°C at day and 4°C
at night) than in higher temperature (30°C at day and 20°C
at night).