L-9- Tree Planting in Problem Soil W-23.pdf

Tree Planting in Problem Soil

1. Tree Planting
in Problem Soils
HAFIZ MASOOD AHMAD
Lecturer
Department of Forestry & Range Management
University of Agriculture Faisalabad
Lecture No. 9

2. What are Problem Soils
•Thesoilswiththecharacteristicsthat,theycannot
beeconomicallyusedforthecultivationofcrops
withoutadoptingproperreclamationmeasures
areknownasproblemsoils.
Salt Affected SoilWaterlogged SoilClayey SoilWind Eroded Soil

3. Aridity/Drought
Water Logging
Soil Acidity
Soil Alkalinity
Soil Salinity
Higher Amount of Clay, Sand and Gravel in the Soil
Soil Compactness
Prominent Constraints for Plant
Production in Pakistani Soils

4. Types of
Problem Soil
Waterlogged Soil
Salt Affected Soil
Saline Soil
Sodic Soil
Saline Sodic Soil
Eroded Soil
Wind Eroded Soil
Water Eroded Soil
Dry Desert Soil
Clayey Soil

5. PART-1
SALT AFFECTED
SOILS

6. •Soilsinwhicheitherthesaltcontentsoflower
horizonsconcentrateinoronthesoilsurfaceor
normalproportionofvariouscat-ionsandan-ions
presentinthesoilisdisturbedinabigwayby
excessorshortageofcertainions.
•Soilswithhighconcentrationofsolublesaltsare
calledassalineorsaltaffectedsoils.
What are Salt Affected Soils

8. Overall Distribution of Saline and
Sodic Soils in the World

9. Causes and Appearance of Salt
Affected Soil
•Rising water table accompanied by intensive
evaporation
•water moves up through capillaries
•Water evaporates, leaving the salts on surface
•Salts appearin the form of thin crust
•Crust is conspicuous in winter

10. SalinizationCaused by Salty
Irrigation Water

11. SalinizationCaused by High Water
Table

12. Types of Salt Affected Soils
Salt Affected Soils
Saline SoilSodic Soil
Saline Sodic
Soil

13. Type
of soil
Types of
salts
ECESPpHCharacteristics
Saline
Soil
soluble salts:
chlorides and
sulphatesof
calcium,
magnesium,
potassium and
sodium
(calcium and
magnesium
dominant)
>4
dS/m
< 15
(SAR
<13)
<8.5 Plant growth is
generally restricted by
poor infiltration,
stability and aeration
of the soil. Usually,
evaporation causes
the formation of a
white crust on the soil
surface, known as
white alkali, the name
previously given to
saline soils.
Characteristics of Salt Affected Soils

14. Type
of soil
Types of
salts
ECESPpH Characteristics
Saline
Sodic
Soil
High
concentration
of soluble
salts and
sodium ions
>4
dS/m
>15
(SAR
>13)
8.5 Plant growth can be
affected by both excess
soluble salts and excess
sodium. Saline-sodicsoils
have characteristics
between those of saline
soils and sodicsoils. If
the soluble salts are
leached out, and in
particular if the ESP of
the leaching water is
high, the salinity level
decreases, but ESP
increases, transforming
them into sodicsoils.

15. Type
of soil
Types of
salts
ECESPpH Characteristics
Sodic
Soil
Low
concentration
of soluble
salts, high
concentration
of sodium
ions
< 4
dS/m
>15
(SAR
>13)
>8.5 This type of soil is the
most affected and
degraded by
salinization. Soil
particles are dispersed
and soil pores become
blocked. This worsens
with depth. The
reduced porosity leads
to low permeability.
The infiltration rate is
reduced in such a way
that water tends to
form puddles.

16. Brief Summery of the Characteristics
of Salt Affected Soils

17. Factors Responsible for the
Formation of Salt Affected Soils
•Arid and semi-arid climate
•Irrigation with low quality water
•Raw city effluent disposal into the irrigation water
•Nearness to sea
•Extra crop coverage with same water allocation
•Poor apprehension of water quality guidelines
•Unscientific management practices
•Illiterate farmers

18. How Plant Growth is Affected in Salt
Affected Soils
•Poor water and air permeability due to soil
dispersion
•Low water availability due to poor air
conductance
•Hindrance for seeding emergence due to hard
crust on soil surface
•Difficulty in cultural practices
•Sodium toxicity and induced K and Ca deficiency
•Low activity of useful microbes

19. Some other Problems Faced by
Plants in Salt Affected Soils
•Ex-osmosis: the passage of water through a cell
membrane into the surrounding medium
•The imbalance of ions in the soil solution may
have toxic effect
•Water drainage, root penetration and root
respiration are restricted due to deflocculation
(Deflocculationmeans to reduce water contents)

20. Solution for the Problem of Saline
Soil
•Lowering of water table & ensuring free drainage
will stop upward movement of salts
•Excessive salts are washed down into deeper
layers and to drains by heavy irrigation.
•Ionic imbalance & deflocculationcorrected by
addition of Ca (powdered gypsum)
•Drawback of the Solution: Very expensive

21. Biological Approach
•Woody vegetation lowers water table
•Water transpire leaving salts in plants
•Vegetation and litter reduces evaporation
•Organic matter, root penetration & activities of
fauna improve soil structure
•Periodic removal of vegetation

22. Components of Biological Approach
•Planting of Halophytes
•Some drought tolerant species (Xerophytes) also
overcome salinity
•Examples: DaisiKakar, Australian Kikar,
Eucalyptus, Jaman, Peelu, Frashetc.
a) Selection of suitable species

23. Components of Biological Approach
•Use large & Vigorous plants
•Pit Planting is preferred
•Top 8 cm saline surface should be removed
•Large pit size = 1mdia×2.25mdepth should
adopted
•Powdered gypsum, FYMor coarse sand be mixed
with dug-out soil
b) Modification of planting techniques

24. Components of Biological Approach
•Better to cover the pit surface with 5-8 cm layer of
coarse sand or litter
•Fresh water provided at regular intervals
•Protection from climatic & biotic extremes
•If heavy deposition, planting should not be on
large scale
•If salinity coupled with high water table, drains
will have to be provided before planting
b) Modification of planting techniques

25. Tree Species Suitable for Plantation
in Salt Affected Soils
•Sufaida(Eucalyptus camaldulensis)
•DaisiKikar(Vachellianilotica)
•AustralianKikar(Acacia ampliceps)
•Mesquite(Prosopisjuliflora)
•Jand(Prosopiscineraria)
•Janglisaru(Casuarinaequisetifolia)
•Vann/Peelu(Salvadoraoleoides)
•Jaman(Syzigiumcumunii)
•Janter(Sesbaniaaculeata)

26. PART-2
WATERLOGGED
SOILS

27. What is Waterlogged Soil
•Saturated with water
•Both soils temporarily saturated and soils having
ground water tables permanently near the soil

28. Waterlogged Soils
•High Water table
•In extreme conditions, water rises higher than
ground surface.
•Extensive problem (4 million acres=8% of the
cultivated area) in irrigated areas of Pakistan
•The main causes include; percolation, seepage of
water from water bodies and inefficient irrigation
practices of the farmers.
•Waterloggingis intensified by the absence of
effective drainage system

29. Movement of Water
When water move downward in vertical direction
from soil strata to water table through permeable
rock by gravity force. It is known aspercolation.
Percolation
Seepage
The movement of water from surface to soil strata
by pressure difference is known as Seepage.
Normally it is both in lateral direction and vertical
direction.

31. Effect of Waterloggingon Plant
Growth
•Gravitational water excludes soil air
•Unable to respire properly
•No addition of oxygen in standing water
•Some time salt concentration increases
•CO
2level increases
•Low accessibility of some vital nutrients, e.g.
nitrogen
•Increase in the availability of certain nutrients to
toxic level

32. Normal VS Poorly Structured Soils

33. Approaches to Overcome the
Problem of Waterlogging
•Engineering:Conventionalmethod
Horizontaldrains,
Vertical(SCARP)
Liningofcanals
Levelingoffields
•Drawback:Expensive&repeatedrenovation
•Biological:Bettertocombineboth
•Selectionofsuitablespeciese.g.Kikar,Sufaida,
pipal,bargadetc.

34. Characteristics of Trees Suitable for
Waterlogged Soil
1)Higher leaf area index
2)Crown raised high in the air
3)Fully exposed crown to the wind and sun
4)Extensive and deeper root system
5)Longer growing season
6)Longer transpirationalperiod
7)Trees act like Tube-wells & transpire 30-40 Kg of
water in dry seasons

35. Planting Techniques in Waterlogged
Soil
1)Mounds or Ridges(One meter high)
•To increase distance between plant roots &
water
•At early stages require water
•Then acclimatized
2)Large & vigorous plants should be used
3)Proceed from least affected to most affected
areas

36. Mound Planting

37. Tree Species Suitable for Plantation
in Waterlogged Soils
•Poplar (Populusdeltoides)
•Sufaida(Eucalyptus camaldulensis)
•Willow (salixtetrasperma)
•Mesquite(Prosopisjuliflora)
•Paper Mulberry (Broussonettiapapyrifera)
•IpilIpil(Leucaenaleucocephala)
•Pilchi/Frash(Tamarixdioica)
•Siris(Albizialebbeck)

38. PART-3
CLAYEY SOILS

39. What is Clayey Soil
•Soils that contain a high percentage of fine
particles like silicates of aluminum, iron,
magnesium and colloidal substance (over 35% of
the total weight) with large surface are
categorized as clayey soils
•These soils are dark brown with a red to orange
coloration
•These have high field capacity, tend to become
sticky and plastic when wet and harden to
something resembling concrete in dry conditions

40. What is Clayey Soil
•Wet clayey soils are also heavy and tend to swell
from the added moisture but when dry, they
shrink and settle.
•These soils impede the flow of water, meaning it
absorbs water slowly and then retains it for a long
time.
•These soils are generally poorly aerated.
•Soils having clayey texture within soil profile occur
widely throughout the world.

41. Problems Faced by Plants in Clayey
Soil
•Plants growing in clayey soils have to face
difficulty because their plantlets or roots are
incapable to infiltrate through hard, dry soil.
•Due to high adsorptive capacity of clay, irrigation
water having even a trivial but recurrent addition
of Na+ is plentiful to cause deflocculationof soil
particles
•Due to destruction of soil structure the plant
productivity is reduced

42. Approaches to Overcome the
Problem of Hard Clayey Soil
•Addition of organic matter to clayey soils is an
operative technique of improving growth
conditions
•Establishment of vegetative cover
•Presence of litter/organic matter
•Prevention of evaporation from soil surface
•The addition of humus
•Activity of subterranean fauna
•Improved aeration and better drainage

43. Tree Species Suitable for Plantation
in Hard Clayey Soil
•DaisiKikar(Vachellianilotica)
•Pholai(Acacia modesta)
•Frash(Tamarixaphylla)
•Lahura(Tecomllaundulata)
•SukhChain (Pongamiapinnata)
•Beri(Zizyphusmauratiana)
•Pipal(Ficusreligiosa)
•Bargad(Ficusbengalensis)

44. PART-4
WATER ERODED
SOILS

45. Water Eroded Soils
What is Erosion?
•The wearing away of the earth's surface by
running water, wind, ice, or other geological
agents; processes, including weathering,
dissolution, abrasion, corrosion, and
transportation, by which material is removed
from the earth's surface.

46. Water Eroded Soil
•Water erosion is form of erosion where
detachment and removal of soil material
materializes with water.
•Generally, a soil with sandy or clayey texture is
less susceptible to erosion as compared to loam
or silt loam.
•It has also been observed that sandy soils which
are formed with material weathered from
decomposed granitic rock are exceedingly
erodible.

47. Water Eroded Soil
•Generally, naked soil between the plants is most
liable to erosion.
•The ocular signs used to recognize past erosion
include:
Naked soil and roots,
Modifications in thickness of topsoil
Rills and head cuttings, cutting in gullies
Sediment in streams
Curtailed plant growth, abridged soil aggregates,
Soil surface solidity and reduced water
infiltration

48. Problems Faced by Plants in Water
Eroded Soil
•Plants are continuously subjected to exposure of
their root system as a result of erosion
•Burial of their shoots due to sediment deposition
•Shoots and leaves are subjected to mechanical
damage by high velocity water currents
•Newly exposed sub-soil horizons are not as
suitable as top soil with respect to nutrients,
water holding capacity and soil porosity

49. Tree Species Suitable for Plantation
in Water Eroded Soils
•Lasura(Cordiamyxa)
•Shesum(Dalbergiasissoo)
•Bargad(Ficusbengalensis)
•Shahtoot(Morusalba)
•Honey Locust (Robiniapseudoacacia)
•Poplar (Populusdeltoides)
•Willow (salixtetrasperma)
•Paper Mulberry (Broussonettiapapyrifera)
•Pilchi/Frash(Tamarixdioica)

50. PART-5
WIND ERODED
SOILS

51. Wind Erosion
•In arid sandy areas such as deserts and sea coasts
strong winds blow frequently and cause erosion.
•Generally, once trees and plants are removed
from an area, erosion is greatly accelerated.
•Very acute problem in Thal,Cholistan, Tharparkar
and deserts of Balochistan

52. Problems Faced by the Plants in
Wind Eroded Soil
•soil is unstable, exposure of root system
•Burial of shoots
•Moving sand particles cause mechanical damage
to tender shoots and foliage.
•Transpiratoryload is extremely high
•Water holding capacity of sandy soil is very low
which leads to water deficiency
•Light Intensity

53. How to Tackle the Problem of Wind
Erosion
1. Qualities of tree species for wind eroded soil:
Drought resistant
Fast growing and spreading type
Extensive and deep root system
Capable of producing new adventitious root
system
Elastic shoots and thick bark
There is no solution except vegetation

54. 2)Perennial herbs, grasses & bushes should be
planted first, followed by trees & shrubs
3)Large size saplings with ball of earth or with
biodegradable baskets or polythene bags should
be used
4)Planting on exposed windward sites
5)Stabliseloose soil on highly exposed sites
6)Use of organic mulches & spray of adhesives soil
binders
How to Tackle the Problem of Wind
Erosion

55. 7)Planting in the beginning of rainy season
8)Interplant spacing should be minimum
9)Cultural operations should be avoided
10)Small earthen jugs buried close to tree sapling
to avoid water loss
How to Tackle the Problem of Wind
Erosion

56. Tree Species Suitable for Plantation
in Wind Eroded Soils
•RattiBanoli(Acacia jacqumontii)
•Phoge(Calligonumpolygonoidies)
•Jand(Prosopiscineraria)
•Mesquite(Prosopisjuliflora)
•Frash(Tamarix aphylla)
•Kareer(Capparisaphylla)
•Lahura(Tecomella undulata)
•IpilIpil(Leucaenaleucocephala)

57. PART-6
DESERTIFICATION

58. Introduction to Desertification
•Lack of moisture
•Loss of soil
•Loss of organic matter
•Excessive harvesting of
vegetation
•Very low carrying capacity
Definition: Desertification is the process by which
soil become infertile. Productivity of soil is reduced
and it becomes barren.
Desertification
Characterized
by:

59. Over-
Exploitation of
Resources
Climate
Change
Poor
Irrigation
Natural
Disasters
Overgrazing
Faulty
Agricultural
Practices
Urbanization
Deforestation
Causes of
Desertification

60. Decrease in
Crop Yield
Poverty &
Hunger
Destruction of
Habitat
Poor Water
Quality
Reduced
Rainfall
Elimination of
Vegetative
Cover
Loss of
Biodiversity
Loss of Organic
Matter and
Fertility
Impacts of
Desertification

61. Dust Bowl in Desert
World Day to Combat Desertification and
Drought is celebrated on 17
th
of June every
year by UNO

62. Wind Erosion in Desert

63. 1)Over use of the soil must be stopped and crop
rotation should be ensured
2)Population increase must be controlled
3)Expansion of settlements should not be done at
the cost of vegetative cover
4)By educating the people more land can be
saved from becoming desert
5)Planting more and more trees is the most
important factor to control desertification
Measures to check/control
Desertification in Pakistan

64. Tree Species Suitable for Plantation
in Hot and Dry Desert Soils
•DaisiKikar(Vachellianilotica)
•Jand(Prosopiscineraria)
•Vann/Peelu(Salvadoraoleoides)
•RattiBanoli(Acacia jacqumontii)
•Frash(Tamarix aphylla)
•Kareer(Capparisaphylla)
•Lahura(Tecomella undulata)
•Phoge(Calligonumpolygonoidies)

65. Hadithon Tree Planting
•Planting a tree is (an act of) continuous charity.
۔ےہ ہیراج ہقدص اناگل ادوپ ای تخرد
[derived from SahihMuslim, HadithNo.: 1552]
•If the day of judgment erupts while you are
planting a new tree, carry on and plant it.