L4 - Accident and Report Writing.ppt

Occupational safety and health (OSH), also commonly referred to as occupational health and safety (OHS), occupational health, or occupational safety, is a multidisciplinary field concerned with the safety, health, and welfare of people at work (i.e. in an occupation). These terms also refer to the goals of this field, so their use in the sense of this article was originally an abbreviation of occupational safety and health program/department etc.

1. OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY & HEALTH
ACCIDENT & ACCIDENT REPORT WRITING
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR PRACHI DESSAI, DON BOSCO COLLEGE OF ENGINEER ING
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2. THE ACCIDENT
AN UNPLANNED, UNEXPECTED EVENT THAT
INTERFERES WITH OR INTERRUPTS
NORMAL ACTIVITY & POTENTIALLY
LEADS TO PERSONAL INJURY OR DOLLAR
LOSS (EQUIPMENT DAMAGE).
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3. THE ACCIDENT
BASIC TYPES OF ACCIDENTS
MAJORACCIDENTS
Moreseriousaccidentsthatcauseinjuryordamagetoequipmentorproperty:
Suchasaforkliftdroppingaloadorsomeonefallingoffaladder
MINORACCIDENTS:
Suchaspapercutstofingersordroppingaboxofmaterials.
Accidentsthatoccuroveranextendedtimeframe:
Suchashearinglossoranillnessresultingfromexposuretochemicals
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4. THE ACCIDENT -NEAR-MISS
Also know as a “Near Hit”
An accident that does not quite result in injury or damage (but could have).
Remember, a near-miss is just as serious as an accident!
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5. OUTCOMES OF ACCIDENTS
NEGATIVE ASPECTS
Injury & possible death
Disease
Damage to equipment & property
Litigation costs, possible citations
Lost productivity
Morale
POSITIVE ASPECTS
Accident investigation
Prevent recurrence
Change to safety programs
Change to procedures
Change to equipment design
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6. THE AIM OF THE INVESTIGATION
The key result should be to prevent a recurrence of the same accident.
Fact finding:
What happened?
What was the root cause?
What should be done to prevent recurrence?
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7. TYPES OF ACCIDENTS
FALL TO
same level
lower level
CAUGHT
in
on
between
CONTACT WITH
chemicals
electricity
heat/cold
Radiation
BODILY REACTION FROM
voluntary motion
involuntary motion
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8. TYPES OF ACCIDENTS (CONTINUED)
STRUCK
Against
stationary or moving object
protruding object
sharp or jagged edge
By
moving or flying object
falling object
RUBBED OR ABRADED BY
friction
pressure
vibration
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9. THE INVESTIGATION
A STEP-BY-STEP PROCESS (ALMOST)
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10. INVESTIGATION STRATEGY
1.Gather information
2.Search for & establish facts
3.Isolate essential contributing factors
4.Find root causes
5.Determine corrective actions
6.Implement corrective actions
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11. DEAL WITH IMMEDIATE NEEDS
Taking care of victims’ needs should always be
the first priority.
Responders should be able to administer first aid
or minor medical attention.
Isolate the incident scene to provide privacy to
the individual and to prevent other hazards from
harming the victim or others in the area.
If it’s appropriate, take pictures to preserve
evidence of the scene, but be aware that in some
situations this may be insensitive.
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12. SECURE THE SCENE
Securetheareaaroundtheincidentbyputting
upbarricadetapeorotherphysicalbarriersto
preventpeoplefromwalkingintothearea.
Prohibitingaccesstotheareahelpsto
preservethescenesothatanyone
investigatingcanlookatthedetailsofwhat
happened.
Anyonewhoisinvestigatingtheincident
shouldbetaughtnottoremove,alteror
disturbanythingthatcouldprovideevidence
ofhowtheincidenthappened.
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13. SAMPLE ACCIDENT INVESTIGATOR'S KIT
Camera
Voice recorder
Sound level meter
Abney Level or clinometer
Tape measure, 25 and 50 ft length
Clipboard, paper, pencils, etc
Rain gear
Rubber and caulked boots
Plastic bags with ties
Personal Protective Equipment
Eye protection, Hand protection, Clothing,
Respirators & Hearing protection
String
Warning tape
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14. GATHER EVIDENCE
Examine the accident scene. Look for things that will help you understand what happened:
Dents, cracks, scrapes, splits, etc. in equipment
Tire tracks, footprints, etc.
Spills or leaks
Scattered or broken parts
Etc.
Diagram the scene
Use blank paper or graph paper. Mark the location of all pertinent items; equipment, parts, spills,
persons, etc.
Note distances and sizes, pressures and temperatures
Note direction (mark north on the map)
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15. GATHER EVIDENCE
Takephotographs
Photographanyitemsorsceneswhichmay
provideanunderstandingofwhathappenedto
anyonewhowasnotthere.
Photographanyitemswhichwillnotremain,
orwhichwillbecleanedup(spills,tiretracks,
footprints,etc.)
35mmcameras,Polaroids,andvideocameras
areallacceptable.
Digitalcamerasarenotrecommended-
digitalimagescanbeeasilyaltered
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16. MAKE PERSONAL OBSERVATIONS
Whatequipment,tools,materials,machines,structuresappeartobebroken,damaged,struckorotherwise
involvedintheevent?
Lookforgouges,scratches,dents,smears.Ifvehiclesareinvolved,checkfortracksandskidmarks.
Lookforirregularitiesonsurfaces.
Arethereanyfluidspills,stains,contaminatedmaterialsordebris?
Whatabouttheenvironment?Werethereanydistractions,adverseconditionscausedbyweather?
Recordthetimeofday,location,lightingconditions,etc.Notetheterrain(flat,rough,etc.)
Whatistheactivityoccurringaroundtheaccidentscene?
Whoisthere:Whoisnot?Thisisneededtotakeinitialstatementsandinterviews.
Measuredistancesandpositionsofeverythingyoubelievetobeofanyvaluetotheinvestigation.
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17. OBTAIN INITIAL STATEMENT
Ifthereareoneormoreeye-witnessestotheaccident,ask
themforaninitial
statementgivingadescriptionoftheaccident.Alsotryto
obtainotherinformationfromthewitnessincluding:
Namesofotherpossiblewitnessesforsubsequentinterviews.
Namesofcompanyrescuersoremergencyresponseservice.
Materials,equipment,articlesthatweremovedordisturbed
duringtherescue.
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18. THE INTERVIEW
Somepeopletoconsiderforaninterviewinclude:
1.Thevictim.Todeterminespecificeventsleadinguptoandincludingtheaccident.
2.Co-workers.Toestablishwhatactualvs.appropriateprocedureshavebeenused.Preferablypeoplethatperform
thesametask.
3.Directsupervisor.Togetbackgroundinformationonthevictim.Theycanprovideproceduralinformationabout
thetaskthatwasbeingperformed.
4.Manager.Canbethemainsourceforinformationonrelatedsystems.
5.Trainingdepartment.Togetinformationontrainingthevictimandothershavereceived.
6.Personneldepartment.Togetinformationonthevictim'sandothers'workhistory.
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19. THE INTERVIEW
7.Maintenancepersonnel.Todeterminebackgroundonequipmentmaintenance.
8.Emergencyresponders.Tolearnwhattheysawwhentheyarrivedandduringtheresponse.
9.Medicalpersonnel.Togetmedicalinformation(asallowedbylaw.)
10.Coroner.Canbeavaluablesourcetodeterminetype/extentoffatalinjuries.
11.Police.Iftheyfiledareport.
12.Otherinterestedpersons.Anyoneinterestedintheaccidentmaybeasourceofinformation.
13.Thevictim'sspouseandfamily.Mayhaveinsightintothevictim’sstateofmindorotherissues.
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20. THE INTERVIEW
Putthepersonatease.
Peoplemaybereluctanttodiscussthe
incident,particularlyiftheythinksomeone
willgetintrouble
Reassurethemthatthisisafact-findingprocess
only.
Remindthemthatthesefactswillbeusedto
preventarecurrenceoftheincident
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21. THE INTERVIEW
Askopen-endedquestions
“Whatdidyousee?”
“Whathappened?”
Donotmakesuggestions
Ifthepersonisstumblingoverawordorconcept,do
nothelpthemout
Useclosed-endedquestionslatertogainmoredetail.
Afterthepersonhasprovidedtheirexplanation,these
typeofquestionscanbeusedtoclarify
“Wherewereyoustanding?”
“Whattimedidithappen?”
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22. THE INTERVIEW
Don’t ask leading questions
Bad: “Why was the forklift operator driving recklessly?”
Good: “How was the forklift operator driving?”
If the witness begins to offer reasons, excuses, or explanations, politely decline that knowledge and
remind them to stick with the facts
Summarize what you have been told.
Correct misunderstandings of the events between you and the witness
Ask the witness/victim for recommendations to prevent recurrence
ThesepeoplewilloftenhavethebestsolutionstotheproblemGetawritten,signedstatementfromthe
witness
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23. REVIEW RECORDS
Check training records
Was appropriate training provided?
When was training provided?
Check equipment maintenance records
Is regular PM or service provided?
Is there a recurring type of failure?
Check accident records
Have there been similar incidents or injuries involving other employees?
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24. DEVELOPING THE SEQUENCE OF EVENTS
Determine the sequence of events in the accident process so that it can be effectively analyzed. Once the steps
in the process are developed, study each event to determine related:
Hazardous conditions. Things and states that directly caused the accident.
Unsafe behaviors. Actions taken/not taken that contributed to the accident.
System weaknesses. Underlying inadequate or missing programs, plans, policies, processes, and
procedures that contributed to the accident. .
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25. CONTRIBUTING FACTORS
ENVIRONMENTAL
DESIGN
SYSTEMS & PROCEDURES
HUMAN BEHAVIOR
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26. CONTRIBUTING FACTORS
ENVIRONMENTAL
Noise
Vapors,fumes,dust
Light
Heat
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27. CONTRIBUTING FACTORS
DESIGN
Workplacelayout
Designoftools&equipment
Maintenance
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28. CONTRIBUTING FACTORS
SYSTEMS&PROCEDURES
Lackofsystems&procedures
Inappropriate systems &
procedures
Traininginprocedures
Housekeeping
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29. CONTRIBUTING FACTORS
HUMANBEHAVIOR
Commontoallaccidents
Notlimitedtothepersoninvolvedinthe
accident
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30. DETERMINE CAUSES
Employeeactions
Safebehavior,at-riskbehavior
Environmentalconditions
Lighting,heat/cold,moisture/humidity,dust,vapors,etc.
Equipmentcondition
Defective/operational,guards,leaks,brokenparts,etc.
Procedures
Existing(ornot),followed(ornot),appropriate(ornot)
Training
Wasemployeetrained-when,bywhom,documentation
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31. PREPARE A REPORT
AccidentReportsshouldcontainthefollowing:
Descriptionofincidentandinjuries
Sequenceofevents
Pertinentfactsdiscoveredduringinvestigation
Conclusionsoftheinvestigator(s)
Recommendationsforcorrectingproblems
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32. PREPARE A REPORT, CONT.
Beobjective!
Statefacts.
Assigncause(s),notblame.
Ifreferringtoanindividualsactions,don’tusenamesintherecommendation.
Good:Allemployeesshould…….
Bad:Georgeshould……..
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33. MAKE RECOMMENDATIONS
DETERMINE CORRECTIVE ACTIONS
INVESTIGATION TEAM
INTERPRETS & DRAWS CONCLUSION
DISTINCTION BETWEEN INTERMEDIATE & UNDERLYING CAUSES
DETERMINE CORRECTIVE ACTIONS
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34. MAKE RECOMMENDATIONS
IMPLEMENT CORRECTIVE ACTIONS
INVESTIGATION TEAM
Recommendation(s) must be communicated clearly and objectively.
Strict time table established
Follow up conducted
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35. BENEFITS OF ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION
PREVENTING RECURRENCE
IDENTIFYING OUT-MODED PROCEDURES
IMPROVEMENTS TO WORK ENVIRONMENT
INCREASED PRODUCTIVITY
IMPROVEMENT OF OPERATIONAL & SAFETY PROCEDURES
RAISES SAFETY AWARENESS LEVEL
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