Land as a Resource for Making Urban Local Bodies Self-Relant

Land remains critical for growth and development of cities communities and human growth. ULBs are known to control, regulate and permit use of land, its subdivision and what can be built on land. Accordingly, ULBs are considered as the regulator of land, even when urban land is under private ownership. Since land is used for meeting all human needs of living, working, COBS & Circulation, so accordingly land remains the most critical component of any city. Land offers platform of all human activities, accordingly , ULBs can use the opportunities to raise resources for the development of the city, provision of infrastructures and services, essential for the rational growth and development of cities. ULBs can leverage the power of granting permission of planning of townships, levying property tax, granting advertisement rights, granting permission of change of land use, permitting construction of buildings, taxing vacant urban land, determining floor arae ratio, using air space rights etc. If used rationally, land based instrument can generate enough resources, for making ULBs self-reliant in fiscal resources. Presentation focuses on various methods which can be used for empowering ULBs financially and to make them operationally efficient to make cities better places to live and work
Key words- Urbanisation, land, finance, self-reliant

1. Monetising Urban
Land for Making
Urban Local Bodies
Self-Sustaining
Ar. Jit Kumar Gupta
Former Advisor
Town Planning
Punjab Urban Development Authority
E Mail- [email protected]

3. •Historical
Context of
•Urban Local
•Bodies

4. Historical perspective
•- first municipal corporation in India - Madras in 1687
•- 1726 - municipal corporations set up in Bombay / Calcutta.
•- 1870- Lord Mayo’s resolution an-financial decentralization-- paved way
for local self-government.
•Lord Ripon-Resolution -- called Magna Carta of LSG—issued by Lord Ripon’s
Government -18th May, 1882.
•Government of India Act 1919, -- LSGs operations-transferred to ministers
in provincial legislatures.- , gave powers to Councils to elect chairmen/
frame their own budgets.
•Act 1925-made municipalities-- population > one lakh- wholly elected
•GOI , Act 1935-  introduced provincial autonomy / local self-government
declared as a provincial subject.
•1948- GOI appointed committee- Local Finance Inquiry Committee- to
report on ways/ means for improving financial resources of local bodies.
• 1985, -- National Commission on Urbanization - appointed by GOI-to
study/suggest mechanism of urban management.
• Constitution (74th Amendment) Act, 1992-- called upon strengthening
local self-government in cities / towns
•Third tier of government- Empower ULBs- as Governmnet in its own Right
at local level

5. 74th
Constitutional
Amendment
Act, 1972

6. 74 CAA- Preamble
•In many States; ULBs become weak / ineffective on account of
• -- failure to hold regular elections,
•- prolonged supersessions and
•-- inadequate devolution of powers / functions.
As a result,
-Urban Local Bodies not able to perform effectively
- as democratic units of self-government.
Accordingly following provisions -- Urban Local Bodies
incorporated in Constitution for-
 (i) putting on firmer footing relationship between State
Government & ULBs –
 (a) functions and taxation powers;
 (b) arrangements for revenue sharing;
(ii) Ensuring regular conduct of elections;
(iii) ensuring timely elections in the case of supersession; and
 (iv) providing adequate representation for the weaker sections like
Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and women.

7. •Urban legal scenario underwent critical change due to the
enactment of 74th CAA, 1992
•Gave constitutional recognition to Urban Local Bodies
•Changed federal structure of the country from 2 to 3 tier
•It constitutionally recognized the subjects of
•urban planning,
•town planning &
•land use planning
•District planning
•Metropolitan planning
•Provided for empowering ULBs to take up onus of
•planning,
•development and
•management of urban areas
•It provided for setting up
•District Planning Committees at District level
•Metropolitan Area Planning Committee for Metropolitan
Area and
•for preparing District Plans and Metropolitan Area Plans.
•DPC now set up for all districts.
•Full spirit of the Act yet to be implemented.
74th Constitutional Amendment Act, 1992

8. 74 CAA- Finanacial resources
•243X..-
• Legislature may, by law,-
•(a) Authorise a Municipality to
•- levy, -collect and -- appropriate --such taxes, duties, tolls /
fees in accordance with such procedure/subject to such
limits;
•(b) Assign to a Municipality such - taxes, - duties,
•- tolls and - fees levied and- collected by State Government
for such purposes & subject to such conditions and limits;
•c) provide for Grants-in-aid --to Municipalities --from
Consolidated Fund of the State; and
•(d) provide for constitution of such Funds-- for crediting all
moneys received, respectively, by or on behalf of
Municipalities and also for the withdrawal of such moneys
therefrom. as may be specified in the law.

9. 74 CAA- Finance Commission
•243Y..-(1) Constitution of a State Finance Commission
•Finance Commission shall review financial position of
Municipalities & make recommendations to
•- (a) Principles which should govern-
• (i) distribution between State /Municipalities of net
proceeds of -- taxes, duties, tolls fees- leviable by State,
divided/ allocation between Municipalities
•(ii) determination taxes, duties, tolls, fees-assigned/
appropriated by, Municipalities;
• (iii) grants-in-aid to Municipalities from the Consolidated
Fund of the State;
•(b) measures needed to improve -- financial position of
Municipalities;
•(c) any other matter referred to Finance Commission --by
Governor in the interests of-- sound finance of the
Municipalities

10. 74
th
CAA-1992,Schedule– XII-Subjects for ULBs
•Urban planning including town planning
•Regulation of land use & construction of buildings.
•Planning for economic and social development.
•Roads and bridges ;
• Urban poverty alleviation
•Water supply for domestic,/industrial / commercial purposes
•Public health/ sanitation conservancy / solid waste
•Fire services; Slum improvement and up-gradation
•Urban forestry, protection of environment /ecologicaly
•Safeguarding the interests of weaker sections of society, including
the handicapped and mentally retarded
•Provision of urban amenities and facilities
•Promotion of cultural, educational and aesthetic aspects.
•Burials and burial grounds, cremations, cremation grounds
•Cattle ponds and preventions of cruelty to animals
•Vital statistics including registration of births and deaths
•Public amenities - street lighting, parking lots, bus-stops and public
convenience
•Regulation of slaughterhouses and tanneries.

11. Indian Urbanization
•Urban area important because :
Areas of concentration of population,
Providers of large employment.
Areas of large investment.
Housing major infrastructure & services.
Hub around which entire economy gravitates.
Promoters of higher order of productivity
•Major contributors to national wealth/GDP
1950-51 - 29% (level of urbanization - 17.29%)
1970-71- 37% (level of urbanization - 19.91%)
1990-91- 50% (level of urbanization - 25.72%)
2001-02- 60% (level of urbanization - 27.78%)
2011- 12- 65% (level of urbanization - 31.1%)
10 Largest cities house 8%pop/ produce-15%GDP
 53 Metro cities house 13 %pop/ produce 33%GDP
100 Largest cities house 16%pop/produce 43%GDP

12. •Issues--
•Urbanisation

13. Urbanization-issues
*Urban centers perpetually suffer from poor
infrastructures and accordingly have ;
Enormous growth of slums
•Poor quality of life
•Cities- face acute shortage of green spaces
•Cities-Unsafe-Prone to disasters- natural &
manmade
•Cities- Remain water stressed
•Cities- Prone to Flooding
•Cities- Unable to meet basic needs of
•-Shelter
• --Services
• --Sanitation

14. Urbanization-issues
•Perpetually Suffering from problems of
•- Traffic /transportation
•-Low road capacity
•-Poor quality of Roads
•-High degree of congestion
•- Having large accidents
•Poor Air Quality -- NO, O3, Co2,SO2
suspended particulate-98% cities in low&
low/middle countries / 56% in high income
economies do not meet air quality –WHO
norms
Indian Urbanization rightly called :
Urbanization of Population
Urbanization of Poverty
Urbanization of Pollution

15. •Issues--
•Infrastructure

16. STATUS OF URBAN INFRASTRUCTURE
•In India, existing infrastructure scenario critical.
•As per recent estimates:
-No city provides water 24 X 7 X 365 days
-only 50 % households -- access safe water.
- only limited households --have toilet facilities.
-More than two third population- left uncovered by
sanitation
-rainwater disposal -covers only 66 % of urban population.
• City roads- lack capacity resulting in
- -high degree of congestion –
-- Large number of Accidents
-- High degree of Pollution
-- Delays/wasting time
-- Promoting operational in-efficiencies
- Poor quality & maintenance of infrastructures
• -- Inadequate infrastructures
• -- hamper development and
• -- results in Lower Productivity

17. Cities finding increasingly difficult to provide /maintain
•infrastructures due to …..
--Enormous increase in growth of population,
-- widening gap between demand & supply
--High cost involved in making provision of service
-Over dependence on resources starved public sector
- Lower order of priority/ allocation of funds
Irrational user charges
Absence of innovative planning&
designing of infrastructures
Poor quality of construction
Low priority to maintenance /
& upkeep of services
•Absence of planning framework
INFRASTRUCTURE --ISSUES

18. INFRASTRUCTURE ISSUES
Mismatch between capacity, capability, resources & willingness of ULBs to provide infrastructures
Inadequate manpower available/deployed in provision / maintenance.
Low allocation of financial resources for infrastructure development at national/ state/ local level
Poor urban governance
 Poor delivery of services
Highly subsidized urban services
Poor recovery & collection of service charges
High degree of leakage
 Poor accountability
Divorcing Construction from maintenance

19. INFRASTRUCTURES-- ISSUES..
Large scale Unauthorized/unplanned sub-standard development
• Non-involvement of private sector in provision of services
 Lack of political will to rationalize service charges
•Poverty -25.7%urban population still live below poverty line
Compartmentalization of services.
 Lack of co-ordination among service departments
Non- involvement of people / stakeholders in prioritizing,
planning / maintenance of services
Outdated technologies-- for construction of infrastructures
Irrational norms-- for planning and provision of services
Inadequate/ appropriate space for city level infrastructures
Absence of Master Plans/ Development Plans

29. Urbanization-StatusUrbanization-Status

30. •Pattern of
Income and
Expenditure

31. Land- Urban Context-
• ULBs perpetually in financial distress
•Ever Increasing Gap between
Income/Expenditure
•Major Resources with state/ limited with ULBs
•Need support & empowerment from state &
parastatal agencies-
•Various studies conducted by
experts/Institutions - recommended for
financially empowering ULBS;
•Using various options of
•- Exploring potential of imposing new & higher
taxes
•-Levying fee-- for various services provided and
rendered in urban domain
•- Levying User Charges
•- Imposing Tolls
•-Making Optimum use of Land Resource

32. •Context of Urban land
•in
•Raising Resources
• for addressing
• issues of
•- Urbanization &
•-- Infrastructures

33. Land- Urban Context-
• Land
- most valuable gift provided by nature to mankind
•-inelastic
in nature -- cannot be created / enlarged
•Limited
supply of global land
•-
71 % planet area under water
•-
29 % under Land
•-
India 2.42 % ( 32.88 lakh sqkm- 29.73 lakh sqkm- landmass)
•--global
land mass-1489 lakh sqkm)-- 17.7 % population(1.4 B)
•-
Land – platform for all human activities-.
•- Land play Important role, relevance in
•-- planned urban development
•-- providing basic amenities of life,
•--creating state of art infrastructures
•- generating valuable resource for local agencies / development
•---
12 th FYP-
Working Group on Urban Development- - recommended
promoting land based fiscal tools- for augmenting financial resources-- for
urban infrastructure financing .
• MOUA Report--‘Study of Land Based Fiscal Tools and Practices for
Generating Additional Financial Resources’,-- exploring untapped potential
of urban development /context of land for making ULBs self-reliant
financially.
• 

34. Land – Urban Context
• Using
land-- as basis for raising financial resources,
•-
has roots in understanding that ;
•--planned
land - commands premium over unplanned land;
•--
land with infrastructure -- priced higher as compared to
land
having no infrastructure;
•--
granting planning permission to any land-- increases its
value

•--
land value in urban market -- dictated by permitted land
use
-. residential, commercial, industrial etc.
•-Urban
Land price-- dictated by demand for land for
development
• Based
on these minimal principles-- various options can be
explored/
leveraged,
•--Promoting
and ensuring -- Planned development
•--
using urban land as fulcrum,
•--for
generating/ raising financial resources at local level,
•--
for funding urban development
•--
enhancing financial status of urban local bodies,

35. Typologies
of Land Based
Resources

36. Land Based Tools for Raising Resources
•Promote
Planned Development
• Involve
Land Owners as partners in Urban Development
•Undertaking
Town Planning/Land Pooling Schemes
Levying
Charges for change in land use
Levying
Charging fee for scrutiny/ sanctioning building plans
Levying
Compounding Fee on built environment
Levying
Development Charges i.e. Internal & External Charges
 Levying
Property tax rationally
Taxing
Vacant urban Lands
Leveraging
/Granting Advertisement Rights
 Levying
Betterment charges.
Using Right to Air space
Trading
Floor Area Ratio
•Optimum
Utilization of Vacant Government Lands (OUVGL
•Levying
Parking Charges

37. 1. Promoting
Planned
Development---
Preparing Master
Plans; Development
plans

38. Promoting Planned Development
•Globally, planned development is valued - best
land-based option to raise financial resources,
• urban planning known to ;
•- promote Planned development of urban areas
•- Provide basic amenities/services
•-- Generate wealth for development agencies
•- makes cities self-financing / cash rich
•--helps in levying internal Development Charges
•-- Collecting external development charges
•-- for funding both hard / soft -- internal / external
infrastructures in city
•- creation of space for roads and mobility
•- providing open spaces
•- creating space for amenities/services
•- all funded & supported by allottees
•Chandigarh, Gandhinagar, Bhubaneshwar,-
demonstrated planned development – self
financing- generate resources for
cities/authorities/government/people

39. Chandigarh Master Plan- Le
Corbusier- Planned Development

40. Gandhi Nagar-Planned Dev.

41. 2. Land Pooling

42. 2.Land Pooling- Town Planning Scheme
•Town Planning scheme prepared-
•-- with final plots distributed to land owners
•--by charging betterment levy
•-- from those who have gained by reconstruction of plots
•-- by paying compensation to those who lost land.
•Entire process involves
•--pooling of land
•-- involving land owners.
•- promoting planned urban development-
•- without acquiring land proposed for development
•- without involving any expenditure on land acquisition
•- Without investing any expenditure on development
•-Self-financing /self-sustaining
•- making available land for roads-- free of cost
•- makes available public open spaces- free of cost
•- creating public infrastructure for city- without investing
•-making landowners co-parceners in development process
•- Making available land for public purpose to public
authority free from all encumbrances
•- Ahmedabad 76 Kms Ring Road funded / created by
Land pooling process
•--

43. • Sardar
Patel Ring Road -- 76 km long 
ring road encircling
 
Ahmedabad,
• Toll road built
by -- Ahmedabad Urban Development Authority (AUDA).
•Built
at a cost of 3.55 billion,₹
• opened
in 2004- Toll collection 98 crores in year 20-21-
•AUDA demarcated --a region of 1
 km around road—
• --residential affordable housing zone
• -- to improve affordable housing.
•- Greening City - 200 hectares of green public space -241 Parks

44. 3. Granting
Change of
landuse

45. 3. Change of Land Use
•Price
of land intricately related with
•-
location/ potential of area/ use of land
•Change of land use - invariably leads to increase in
Urban land prices,
• Change of land use charges levied
• --when land -- used for developing agriculture converted
into-- residential/commercial/ industrial use
•--Power to change of use of land -- falling within urban
limits- to vest with ULBs.
• For
making operational mechanism would need ,
•-
- Creating a legal framework
•--
Preparing Development Plans
•-
Mapping entire Land Resource with usage
•-
Defining Conversion charges
•-Creating
agency to assess conversion charges
•-
Rationalising Land use charges
•.
Undue charges lead to non-compliance of
•--
Creating law promoting unplanned/illegal development

47. 4. Levying
Development
Charges-
External/Internal

48. 4. Levying Development Charges
•Development
Integral part of city/land development
•Development
charges include- cost of making provision of;
•-
Internal Development
•-External
Development
•Services
include;
•-
water supply, sewerage, road network, storm, water drainage,
electricity
etc.- networks of services /amenities etc.
•--
social infrastructure- healthcare, education, community
centres,
parks etc.
•--
Internal development works carried out within defined
area--
by Promoter/developer
• -
whereas cost of external development (city level services)
deposited
with ULBs.
•-
Entire development -- funded through development
mechanism
•--
without being loaded on local body.
•-
Costs ultimately passed on to -- plot holders by
• -
making part of cost of plot which is allotted to them

49. 5 Charges for Approving Building Plans
•Building Plan approval fee
•-- one of most vibrant sources of income
•-Ever evolving/devolving
•- never static /never finite
•- depends upon how vigilant local bodies are
•-Cost of approval varies for;
•- residential area,
•--commercial,
•-- industrial and
•-- institutional areas.
Cost levied for;
-Sanctioned plan
--Superseded pan
--Revised Plan
-- completion certificate
--- occupation certificate.
•Compounding charges
•- Need properly trained/skilled manpower-
transparency/ rational charges

50. 5. Building Plan Approval
Charges

51. 6 Charging Compounding Fees
• Compounding
fee charged for;
•-
regularizing minor violations- of building rules.
•-
violator pay defined fee
•-
for regularization of construction
•-
which otherwise require demolition.
Option
to be exercised with caution- compounding
violations--
which don’t impact planned development
•Charging
compounding fee need ;
•--
well defined,
•-
transparent and
•--rational
policy - to optimize returns
•--
otherwise leads to—
•--
major violation of building rules
•--emergence
of corrupt practices within
organization.
•-
Introduction of self Assessment of compounding fee

52. 7 Leveraging Floor Area
Ratio

53. 8 Tradable Floor Area Ratio
•FAR –determines Quantum of built area permissible over land.
• FAR- increases built space without change in area of land.
• Higher FAR- more built area.
• Increasing FAR- helps generating more revenue
•FAR, globally- a major instrument - used for high intensity
development / increases value of land.
•Cities,- where built space in demand -- where supply of developed
land remains scarce --FAR effectively used for overcoming shortage
of land / increasing supply of built space.
• Mumbai-demonstrated- strength /potential of generating large land-
based resources.
•In India, potential of FAR used in limited way,
• where maximum FAR placed at 3 or 4,
• in developed countries – FAR 20 -- in big metropolises
•Need for rationalizing FAR in few pockets - levying rational charges
for higher FAR
•Need to review FAR on periodic basis
• - without causing undue congestion and
•- overloading infrastructure

54. 9. Leveraging property Tax

55. 9. Rationalising Property Tax
•Property
tax - most vibrant / effective source of funding urban local bodies.
Mechanism
not appropriately utilized.
• Despite
lot of reforms - still large leakages in tax base remains
• Reasons for low collection of property tax remains;
•-- absence of data base- Constructed area/uses
•- Lack of documenting all properties constructed
•--cumbersome procedures of levying/defining tax;
•-- lack of qualified manpower for levying/collecting tax;
•--manual driven approach for levying/ collection;
•-- poor maintenances of record,- ambiguity of rates,
Encouraging/enabling/empowering Property owners-
-Promoting Self-assessment
---Simplify process of assessment- making tax area based
-Ease of depositing tax
- incentivizing compliance -in time – rebate-
- delay- imposing penalties
--Using Technology for creating data base/ levying tax/ collected
tax/defaulters/arrears
-- Moving from manual driven- technology driven approach
-Mumbai Target property collection tax Estimate - Rs 4500 crores
for 2023-24

57. 10. Sharing
Property
Registration Tax-
Profession Tax

58. •
Sharing Property Registration/ Professional
Tax- Most vibrant Revenue Resources
•Mumbai municipal corporation demanded share
from State Government of --
•-- 50% share of stamp duty /registration charges
on property deeds ;
•-- professional tax deducted from employee’s
salary.
•- Currently, entire sum collected is retained by
state.
•Maharashtra state earns close to Rs9,000 crore
through stamp duty / registration charges
annually .
•one third of this, Rs3,000 crore-- estimated
collection from Mumbai.
• 50% share --will boost civic revenue by Rs1,500
crore.
• BMC hopes -- another Rs500 crore byprofessional
tax

59. 11. Taxing Vacant Land

60. 11. Taxing
Vacant Lands
•Speculation
in land -- gained enormous currency.
•Process
- put on hold large quantity of serviced urban land.
•In certain cities 25-35% of land/ 17% of housing stock remains
vacant for obvious reasons.
•Bringing
vacant/unused land into urban market/end
speculation/underutilization
of developed land-- desirable to ;
•--tax
owners
•--
Tax liability – deterrent for keeping land vacant.
Taxing
Vacant land-- Serve dual purpose ;
•--
beings land into urban market
•--generate
resources,
•--Rationalizing
land market.
•-
Make land prices stable
•-
Optimum utilization of land
•-
Optimum utilization of municipal services
•-
Process already followed by Development Authorities-
•--
PUDA imposed extension fee on-- vacant plots after three years of
allotment--
@ 2% of current allotment price
•-
Extension fee --Resulting in rapid construction on plots lying vacant
•

generating
lot of resources
•--
Financing infrastructure for cit
y

61. 12.Optimum Utilisation of vacant Municipal Land
•-Lot of valuable municipal land
•- remains unused/misused/abused and
•- locked in inefficient uses in urban areas
•-- in shape of institutions/ buildings etc.
•--State of Punjab - already launched a scheme
called,
•- ‘Optimum Utilization of Vacant Government Lands
(OUVGL)’,
•-- under which all unused /under-used potential
public lands
•-- identified, planned, developed and disposed of for
housing/commercial purposes leading to
•-- generating resources
•- for state infrastructure development
•-- also brought land into urban market.
•-- helped in protecting land from
squatters/encroachers
•- Creating a land bank for municipalities
•- Creating a data bank of Municipal land- for
monitoring/optimum utilisation
•--

62. 13. Leveraging
Advertisement
Rights

63. 13. Leveraging
Advertisement rights
•Advertisement Rights ;
•- Current era- era of advertisement
•-- fetch enormous revenue for ULBs for
•--Creating /maintaining urban infrastructure –
•- By granting right to advertise to private advertisers--
receiving money for such rights
•- including Planning/development/ maintaining
•--Open spaces - Chandigarh
•- Traffic rotaries -roundabouts in cities- Chandigarh
•--- local bus stops - Delhi
•--creating dumping yard for collecting waste- Delhi
•-Planting of roadside trees- Ludhiana
•-Street- light poles -- used for advertisement.
•Enacting Advertisement Controls Order
•-- identifying appropriate spaces for advertisement,
•--mapping sites for advertisement, --specifying -
hiring
experts
for identifying spaces
•-
evaluating potential for strengthening revenue base
.
•--- allotting made through a transparent bidding process,
•

70. 14. Charging
Betterment levy

71. 14. Imposing
Betterment levy
Levying
betterment charges, has genesis in;
--
increase in land values, of private properties-- &
Establishment
of Improvement Trusts in early
twentieth
century &
---
development projects undertaken
Involves -
sharing part of increase in land values
- benefit accrued/ increase in land values
- Despite
forming part of municipal legal framework,
--Betterment
charges-- not been levied/charged
---
lack of will - parastatal agencies/state government
-
difficulty in precisely quantifying
- If
levied/used logically/ rationally,
-Betterment
charges to emerge as potent option to
leverage
financial resources in urban areas.

72. 15. Promoting
Public-Private
Partnership

73. 15Public-Private Partnership
- Considering limitations of public sector in term of -
-Resources -Manpower- Skill
--Expertise– Technology- Cost Management
-- necessary to encourage private sector\-- in large-
--assembly development / disposal of land
--provision of infrastructures
-- supplement efforts of public agencies.
Haryana State taken a lead
-- by evolving a comprehensive/ effective framework
- for sanctioning of colonies,
- bringing lot of reputed builders in urban centers
. Haryana model needs replication
-- for attracting Reputed developers
- Private developers helped in
-- promoting orderly growth
-Generating financial resources
- making available large number of plots
-- for urban poor
---at affordable price

74. 16. Using Air Space Rights

75. 16. Charges for Air Space Rights
•Future Source of generating Revenue
•Example of railways using air space rights
• in Navi Mumbai – helped in
• -- generating revenue
•-- creating state of art infrastructure /
railway stations
•- creating Space for construction of
offices / commercial spaces,
•-- Generating revenue on perpetual basis.
•Accordingly,
•-- mechanism of air space rights
•-- need to be innovatively used /optimized
•-by ULBs on its land
•- for promoting development
•--to generate resources

77. 17 Parking Charges
•Only 10% time – vehicle on move
•Rest 90% time – stationery
•-Parking remains important component of urban
mobility
•Increasing vehicles- create problem of parking
•Institutional/ commercial areas faces problem
•Charging Parking fee – another source of income
•Need for rationalizing parking charges
•- Most visited place- with less parking space -
need higher parking charges
•- Parking fee charged based on-
•- parking time - class of vehicle parked
•-place of parking/ time of parking
•- peak/non-peak hours
•- Creating dedicated spaces for parking during
working hours/ near housing in off- office hour
•Creating an app – for availability of parking-

79. 18 .Levying User
Charges- SW
Collection; Charging
higher rate for higher
Consumption

82. 19 Leveraging Technology

84. 19 . DATABASE CREATION THROUGH GIS
• Existing Land Use Plan- City/ Zones/Wards
• Proposed Land Use Plan-- based on existing land use Plan
• Mapping growth & Development in peri-urban area;
• Mapping information related to;
•Water-Surface/ ground water- Source/recharge zones
• Environment-Identification of Eco -Sensitive zones;
• Pollution-Identification of areas /sources of pollution
•Traffic--Identifying zone of High Traffic and Parking ;
•Density- Identifying Thickly build areas slums ,
educational instts.
•Ownership--Mapping Property ownership indicating;
•-Name of owner / extend of ownership
•Use of land--- use of land, No of Storeys, type of
Construction etc
• intensity of development , Covered area , FAR, etc;

85. Role of GIS Technology in Planning
Planning
•;GI S gives better & deeper understanding of city for
guiding decisions/actions by
•- Mapping /planning accurately- Cities, infrastructures,
buildings, neighborhoods , Flora& Fauna
•analyzing existing situation of a specific area of city –for
making informed decisions about planning /development.
• addressing specific challenges - traffic management, green
space planning, environmental impact assessment
•facilitates feasibility assessments for projects—locating
schools, waste disposal facilities.
•visualization, spatial analysis, spatial modeling -
for informed decisions on urban development
•Increasing ULBs Resources- Mapping buildings, Land uses,
Levying Taxes Charges, Fees, tolls- property tax, budling
approval taxes
•Promoting Good Governance, Preparing Resource
inventory;

86. Why GIS is important in urban planning
•GIS - fundamental tool used in urban planning for spatial data analysis
/ visualization, contributing to informed decisions regarding land
use, infrastructure development , resource management.
•Better understanding of current urban needs: Using geospatial data from -
satellite images aerial photographs – helps detailed view of land infrastructure,-
facilitating design
•Greater support for more informed decisions: visualizations of current
environmental conditions and comparison with expected results helps more
informed decision-making;
•Data integration and visualization: GIS integrates /visualizes large amounts of
data from different sources, offering a comprehensive overview - supports
development of alternative solutions, prediction of demographic changes, land
use modifications, and traffic flows;
•Efficient information management: -, improving planning quality & facilitating
communication among stakeholders;
•More efficient resource management: GIS helps identify natural/ human-made
disasters and monitor population, contributing to more efficient resource
management;
•improved mapping: Stored in a single location, GIS can enhance map credibility
increase effectiveness of thematic mapping, reduce data storage costs;
•Optimization of communication among stakeholders : GIS simplifies process
of collecting, organizing, and retrieving information from a wide range of sources
and allows data visualization from various devices—

87. Benefits of GIS for Local Governments
•. Better understanding of City needs
•Optimising communication among stakeholders
• Better Urban Governance --Increased
efficiency in decision-making;
•Time/Cost savings-- due to easy access to
information;
•Data-driven decision making;--More effective
management of public resources;
•Greater citizen involvement in decision-
making processes;--Promotion of
transparency in public administration.
•Improving mapping of urban land
•- improving land based municipal Resources,

88. GIS TECHNIQUE -- EXISTING LAND
USE

90. Supply, Property Tax etc
•.

92. 20 Smart Technologies
•Using smart technologies for ;
•-- smart parking- to help find a parking space / allow for digital payment.
•-- smart traffic management-- to monitor traffic flows / optimise traffic
lights to reduce congestion/ride-sharing services / digital bus stops- bus
schedule -Managing Traffic/parking --Minimizing travel
•Promoting Energy conservation / environmental efficiencies- dimming
streetlights when roads are empty–
•-- improving operations /maintenance / planning of power supplies.
•-- Combat climate change / air pollution
•--waste management / sanitation -- rubbish collection, bins /fleet
management
•-- Promoting safety measures-- monitoring areas of high crime-- using
sensors for early warning for floods, landslides, hurricanes or droughts.
•-- Smart buildings --structural health monitoring -- feedback to determine
when repairs are necessary.
•-- Citizens notifying officials about problems,-- road potholes—
monitoring infrastructure problem leaks -- water pipes.
•-- improving efficiency of energy use,
•-- connecting all services to provide combined solutions for citizens.

93. Way Forward

94. WAY FORWARD….
•Preparing inventory of Urban land--Mapping all
land falling within urban l
•Creating a data bank of existing buildings--
constructed in city including;
•-Location
•-Plot area
•-number of floors
•- total covered area-area under different uses
•- use of residential/commercial/industrial etc.
•- - Typology of construction
•- ownership
•- Year of Construction
•- Year of approval
-Mapping all new construction
-- ensuring all building constructed legally
-Specifying rational policies/programs for Property
tax/ change of land use/ vacant land
tax/Advertisement charges/compounding fee etc
---Involving communities in planning/development

95. WAY FORWARD….
•Involving private sector in planned development/
infrastructure development
•Mapping all urban infrastructure.
•Preparing Master Plans/Development Plans for city
•Creating ownership of Master Plans
•Having authority to undertake land pooling scheme
•Rationalizing Building Bye-laws
•Leveraging technology
•Having dedicated department for buildings- mapping,
plan approval, identifying illegal construction
•Levying Parking Charges
•Mapping good urban practices
•Bringing all urban local bodies on same platform
•Promoting research in reinventing land based fiscal
tools
•Exploring potential of Floor Area Ratio
• Creating a land bank
•Creating assets yielding dividends on regular basis
•Using technology- for bringing operational efficiency,
economy, time efficiency, minimizing manpower,
lowering maintenance cost , ensuring quality,
•Sharing part of Property Registration - Stamp Duty

96. WAY FORWARD….
•In addition to raising resource and
increasing income
•- urgent need to manage expenditure
intelligently
•Having qualified manpower for managing
income & expenditure
•Leveraging Technology for------
•Providing facilities / ease of deposits
•- redressal of complaint
•Involving Communities
•- Bringing efficiency in service delivery
•Centre , State– must come on same
platform to empower ULBs to raise more
resources- through efficiency;
transparency; easy levying/collecting;
rationalising charges; avoiding subjectivity
& corrupt practices

97. Indore Municipal Corporation- SWM-Lessons
•Political will & administrative commitment-- crucial for
successful implementation of SWM
•Public awareness and participation - ensuring success
of waste management initiatives.
•Strict monitoring and enforcement mechanisms-- help
ensure waste management rules & regulations
•Investing in modern waste processing infrastructure--
improve operational efficiency of waste management
systems & reduce environmental impact.
•Adopting Comprehensive/ integrated approach - help
addressing waste management challenges.
•Creating Appropriate Legal Framework
•Empowering Institutional Capacity 

98. Thanks For
Your Valuable
Time &
Attention