Language and Identity of United Kingdom

Various language in UK including Scottish, Irish, English and Welsh. The origin of language in UK. Various English Accents.

1. Languages in UK and Its Identity

2. The OrIGIN OF UK’s Languages

3. The Language of Scotland

4. Based on Linguistic History Celtic Goidelic (or Gaelic) Brittonic (or Brythonic ) Pictish Germanic Scots Scottish English Norn

5. Goidelic Languages Called Scottish Gaelic. Mostly spoken in: Outer Hebrides, small parts of the Inner Hebrides and Scottish Highlands. Descended from middle Irish, a derivative of Old Irish, which is descended in turn from primitive Irish, the oldest known form Goidelic languages. Usually borrowing word from Latin, ancient G reek, Norse, Hebrew, French, and Lowland Scots. Example: television , becomes telebhisean . The influence of Scottish Gaelic can be seen particularly in surnames (notably Mac- names, where the mac means "Son of...") and toponymy

6. Brittonic Languages None of the Brittonic languages of Scotland survive to the modern day, though they have been reconstructed to a degree. Mostly spoken in: Southern Scotland in Roman times and earlier. Mostly spoken by: Early medieval people, and Brittonic-speaking kingdom such as Strathclyde , Rheged , and Gododdin (part of the Old North, emerged in what is now Scotland). The main legacy of these languages has been Scotland's toponymy , e.g. names such as Aberdeen, Tranent and Ochiltree.

7. Pictish Languages Pictish is usually seen as a Brittonic language but this is not universally accepted. They are known collectively as the Insular Celtic languages . Mostly spoken in: Scotland down to Fife.

8. Scots Language Origin: Early northern Middle English spoken in Southeastern Scotland, also known as Early Scots. That began to diverge from the Northumbrian variety due to twelfth and thirteenth century immigration of Scandinavian-influenced Middle English-speakers from the North and Midlands of England . Later influences on the development of Scots were from Romance languages via ecclesiastical and legal Latin, Norman and later Parisian French due to the Auld Alliance as well as Dutch and Middle Low German influences due to trade and immigration from the low countries . Scots also includes loan words resulting from contact with Scottish Gaelic

9. 13 th Century : Early Scots spread further into Scotland via the burghs, proto-urban institutions which were first established by King David I. 14 th Century : The growth in prestige of Early Scots, and the complementary decline of French in Scotland, made Scots the prestige language of most of eastern Scotland. 16 th Century : Middle Scots had established orthographic and literary norms largely independent of those developing in England . 18 th Century : new literary language descended from the old court Scots emerged . 20 th Century : a number of proposals for spelling reform were presented.

10. The growth and distribution of Scots in Scotland and Ulster: [ Red ]  Old English by the beginning of the 9th century in the northern portion of the Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Northumbria, now part of Scotland [ Orange ]  Early Scots by the beginning of the 15th century [ Yellow ]  Modern Scots by the mid 20th century

11. Scots Dialects Insular Scots – spoken in Orkney and Shetland. Northern Scots – spoken in Caithness , Easter Ross, Moray, Aberdeenshire and Angus. Central Scots – spoken in the Central Lowlands and South west Scotland. and Southern Scots – spoken in the Scottish Borders and Dumfriesshire .

12. Names for the Scots Language Borders Braid Scots (Broad in English) Buchan Doric Dundonian Inglis Lallans Mither Tongue (Mother in English) Orcadian Patter The Scotch Shetlands Thetonica Ullans Ulster

13. Scottish English Scottish (Standard) English is the result of language contact between Scots and the Standard English of England after the 17th century.

14. Norn Languages Norn is an extinct North Germanic, West Scandinavian, language that was spoken on Shetland and Orkney, off the north coast of mainland Scotland, and in Caithness. Norn evolved from the Old Norse that was widely spoken in the Hebrides, Orkney, Shetland and the west coast of the mainland during the Viking occupation from the 8th to the 13th centuries. After the Northern Isles were ceded to Scotland by Norway in the 15th century, its use was discouraged by the Scottish government and the Church of Scotland (the national church), and it was gradually replaced by Lowland Scots over time.

15. Statistic

16. Explanation According to the 2001 census Scottish Gaelic has 58,652 speakers (roughly 1% of the population of Scotland). In total 92,400 people aged three and over in Scotland had some Gaelic language ability in 2001.15,723 of these reside in the Outer Hebrides, where the language is spoken by the majority of the population. [ There are also large populations of speaker in other parts of the Highlands. A Scottish Government study in 2010 found out that 85% of Scotland's adult population speak Scots. [ However , according to the 2011 census, 1,541,693 people can speak Scots in Scotland, approximately only 30% of the population. [2]

17. Status Before the Treaty of Union 1707, when Scotland and England joined to form the Kingdom of Great Britain, there is ample evidence that Scots was widely held to be an independent sister language forming a pluricentric diasystem with English. The UK government now accepts Scots as a regional language and has recognized it as such under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages.

18. Language Shift 16 th Century : written Scots was increasingly influenced by the developing Standard English of Southern England due to developments in royal and political interactions with England. 18 th – 19 th Century : the use of Scots as a literary language was revived by several prominent Scotsmen such as Robert Burns 20 th Century : knowledge of eighteenth- and nineteenth-century literary norms waned, and currently there is no institutionalized standard literary form. By the end of the twentieth century, Scots was at an advanced stage of language death over much of Lowland Scotland . Residual features of Scots are often regarded as slang. A Scottish Government study in 2010 found that 64% of respondents (being a representative sample of Scotland's adult population) "don't really think of Scots as a language", however, "the most frequent speakers are least likely to agree that it is not a language (58%) and those never speaking Scots most likely to do so (72% )”

19. Sample text This is the storie o the birth o Jesus Christ. His mither Mary wis trystit til Joseph, but afore they war mairriet she wis fund tae be wi bairn bi the Halie Spírit . Her husband Joseph, honest man, hed nae mind tae affront her afore the warld an wis for brakkin aff their tryst hidlinweys ; an sae he wis een ettlin tae dae , whan an angel o the Lord kythed til him in a draim an said til him, “Joseph, son o Dauvit , be nane feared tae tak Mary your trystit wife intil your hame ; the bairn she is cairrein is o the Halie Spírit . She will beir a son, an the name ye ar tae gíe him is Jesus, for he will sauf his fowk frae their sins.” Aa this happent at the wurd spokken bi the Lord throu the Prophet micht be fulfilled: Behaud , the virgin wil bouk an beir a son, an they will caa his name Immanuel – that is, “God wi us”. Whan he hed waukit frae his sleep, Joseph did as the angel hed bidden him, an tuik his trystit wife hame wi him. But he bedditna wi her or she buir a son; an he caa’d the bairn Jesus.

20. Sample sounds

21. Cymraeg(WELSH) Source: http://www.clickonwales.org/2013/10/welsh-language-community-needs-a-senedd/

22. The Welsh word for their country is Cymru ( Kumree ), the land of the Comrades T he people are known as Cymry ( Kumree ) T he language as Cymraeg ( Kumrige ).

23. [ kʰəmraːɨg ] / Y Gymraeg [ə gəmraːɨg ] A C eltic language spoken in Wales ( Cymru ) by 740,000 people Also spoken in E ngland ( Lloegr ), Scotland ( yr Alban ), the USA ( yr Unol Daleithiau ), Australia ( Awstralia ) and New Zealand ( Seland Newydd ) Official language in Wales

24. Timeline Primitive/ Archaic Welsh ( Cymraeg Cyntefig ) , mid 6 th -mid 8 th century Old Welsh ( Hen Gymraeg ), mid 8 th -mid 12 th century Middle Welsh ( Cymraeg Canol ), mid 12 th -mid 14 th century Modern Welsh ( Cymraeg Fodern ), early 15 th century-now

25. The Welsh alphabet ( Yr Wyddor Gymraeg ) A a B b C c Ch ch D d Dd dd E e F f Ff ff G g a bi èc èch di èdd e èf èff eg Ng ng H h I i L l Ll ll M m N n O o P p Ph ph èng aitsh i-dot èl èll èm èn o pi ffi R r Rh rh S s T t Th th U u W w Y y     èr rhi ès ti èth i-bedol w y

26. Genir pawb yn rhydd ac yn gydradd â'i gilydd mewn urddas a hawliau . Fe'u cynysgaeddir â rheswm a chydwybod , a dylai pawb ymddwyn y naill at y llall mewn ysbryd cymodlon . All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood. (Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights)

27. Language in England Official Language: English Main Spoken Language: English Polish Punjabi Urdu Bengali Gujarati Source: Office for National Statistics (ONS)

28. English Language Development Celtic The Celts Latin The Romans Saxon Anglo-Saxon or the Angles Norse Danes and Norsemen French the Normans Old English Middle English Modern English 450-1100 AD 1100-1500 AD 1500 - present Great Vowel Shift William Caxton first printing press Greek—Latin is dominating Renaissance Era Revolution Industry

29. Words Development

30. British Slang Slang definition: A type of language consisting of words and phrases that are regarded as very informal, are more common in speech than writing, and are typically restricted to a particular context or group of people. (Oxford Dictionary)

31. Example Ace - If something is ace it is awesome . Ex: Kids thought all cool stuff was ace, or brill (brilliant) . All right? - This is used a lot around London and the south to mean, "Hello, how are you" ? You would say it to a complete stranger or someone you knew. The normal response would be for them to say "All right"? back to you. It is said as a question. Sometimes it might get expanded to "all right mate"? Mostly used by blue collar workers but also common among younger people.

32. Any road - Up north, instead of saying anyway , they say "any road"! Barmy - If someone tells you that you're barmy they mean you have gone mad or crazy . For example you'd have to be barmy to visit England without trying black pudding ! Beastly - You would call something or somebody beastly if they were really nasty or unpleasant . Most people would consider you a snob or an upper class git if you used this word. Belt up - It's the British for shut up Best of British - If someone says "The best of British to you" when you are visiting the UK, it simply means good luck . It is short for "best of British luck".

33. Blimey - Another exclamation of surprise. It is all a corruption of the oath God Blind Me . Bloody - One of the most useful swear words in English. Mostly used as an exclamation of surprise i.e. "bloody hell" or "bloody nora ". Something may be "bloody marvellous " or "bloody awful". It is also used to emphasise almost anything, "you're bloody mad", "not bloody likely" and can also be used in the middle of other words to emphasise them. E.g. " Abso -bloody- lutely "! Americans should avoid saying "bloody" as they sound silly. Cram - Before a big exam you would be expected to cram. This simply means to study hard in the period running up to the exam. Full of beans - This means to have loads of energy Haggle - To haggle is to argue or negotiate over a price

34. Jolly - You hear people use this in all sorts of ways, but basically it means very Khazi - Another word for the toilet Kip - A short sleep , forty winks, or a snooze . Ex: You have a kip in front of the telly (TV) on a Sunday afternoon. Naff - If something is naff , it is basically uncool Nancy boy - If someone is being pathetic you would call them a nancy or a nancy boy

35. Official Language of Northern Ireland English Irish (Gaelic, Irish Gaelic, Erse) Celtic language 138,000 first language 1,000,000 second language 276,000 first language worldwide 10% of the population in Northern Ireland by 2011 Gaeltacht a n Irish-speaking are a (Belfast & southern  County Londonderry   centred on Slaghtneill ( Sleacht Néill ) and Carntogher ( Carn Tóchair ) )

36. Good Friday Agreement/ Belfast Agreement 1998 Donegal (Ulster, Northern Irish) European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages . In the academic year 2011/12, 4691 children were enrolled in Irish-medium education: 45 nurseries ( Naíscoileanna ) with 1,047 pupils 36 primary schools ( Bunscoileanna ) with 2,892 pupils 1 second level gaelscoil ( Gaelcholáiste) with 579 pupils 4 Irish language streams ( Sruith Lán-Ghaeilge ) : Maghera, Donaghmore, Castlewellan and  Armagh Media : BBC Northern Ireland TG4 RTE’s Irish language radio station

37. Religion in UK According to BBC UK, there is evolution of UK’s religion. Now, UK is a Christian country, but it can be different in the next years. People who are 2010 2050 (Predictions) Christians 64% 45% Muslims 5% 11% Hindus 1.4% 2% Jews 0.5% 0.3% Buddhists 0.4% 0.9% Folk Religions 0.1% 0.3% No Religion 28% 39% Source: Pew Research Center

38. UK’s Population Source: CIA World Fact Book (2011)

39. The population of the UK at 30 June 2014 is estimated to be 64,596,800. Source: www.ons.gov.uk Minority Group

40. British Stereotypes

41. Very Close to True

42. Hates talking to a stranger Complains a lot Says sorry a lot Sarcastic Sticklers for the rules Terrible food

43. False Stereotypes

44. North New Castle, Manchester, Liverpool Sincere Direct Friendly Northerners  Southerners Arrogant Rude Two-faced South London, Oxford, Essex Affluent Intelligent Sophisticated Southerners  Northerners R agged dressed Poverty infested lands

45. References http:// www.bbc.com/news/uk-32722155 http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/2011-census-top-20-languages-1563629 http:// www.englandforever.org/england-languages.php http:// www.theguardian.com/uk/2013/jan/30/polish-becomes-englands-second-language http:// www.studyenglishtoday.net/english-language-history.html http:// www.bbc.co.uk/history/interactive/timelines/language_timeline/index_embed.shtml https:// www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2075.html http://www.rt.com/uk/157012-britain-ethnic-minorities/