Laptop Basic Knowledge

Laptop Basic Knowledge

1. Laptop - Basic Knowledge

2. Introduction Evolution of computers Type of memories Primary memory Secondary memory Number system BIOS Obj e c ti v e s How to create a ‘bootable pendrive ’ using CMD. Windows installation process Windows installation process How to add a printer (Wired/Wireless) Abbreviations

3. Introduction 1. Input Devices 2. Output Devices Central Processing Unit (CPU) Memory or Storage Motherboard 1. System Software 2. Application Software H A RD W ARE S O FT W A R E A Laptop (or) Computer is a programmable device that stores ,retrieves and processes data.

4. H ar d w a r e Input Devices Output Devices CPU Memory/ Storage Motherboard Hardware equipment that receive data & instructions from user. Passes the information in the form that can be processed by laptop. e.g. Keyboard , Mouse. Displays the result processed by laptop. Displays in user readable format. e.g. Display , Monitor. Brain of a laptop. Composed of Control Unit (CU) & Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) . Controls activities of other hardware units & performs calculations. Place where all the data & instructions are stored. Results of the processing are also stored here. RAM & ROM are the primary memory. All other boards are connected to it e.g. CPU , BIOS, memory, mass storage interfaces and all the controllers for standard peripheral devices and hence acts like Mother of other boards.

5. So f tw ar e System Software Application Software Collection of programs that control the functioning of all other hardware resources directly. Not visible to users and loads automatically to the main memory when laptop is switched on. e.g. Operating System Programs that perform specific tasks for users. Consist of programs that direct laptop to perform specific information processing. e.g. Games , Word processors.

6. Introduction Action Device Function A user running a text-editor program types the letter Z on the keyboard. The keyboard sends a code representing the letter Z to the CPU. Keyboard Input The CPU processes the code and determines what letter was typed. Then the CPU sends instructions to the monitor to display the letter Z. CPU Process The monitor displays the letter Z. Monitor Output The user clicks the save button. The mouse sends a code representing the click. Mouse Input The CPU processes the code and determines what action was clicked. CPU Process The CPU saves the file on the disk. Hard disk Storage Quick Revision T he following table lists a few sample actions along with the name of devices and functions that are used when they are performed .

7. Evolution of Computers

8. Evolution of Computers

9. Evolution of Computers

10. Evolution of Computers Moore's law

11. Type of Memories Primary memory Includes ROM and RAM, and is located close to the CPU on the computer motherboard. Enables the CPU to read data from primary memory very quickly indeed. It is used to store data that the CPU needs immediately. Secondary memory Physically located within a separate storage device. e.g. hard disk drive(HDD) or solid state drive (SSD), which is connected to the computer system .

12. Primary Memory 2. ROM(Read Only Memory) Contains basic set of instructions a computer needs to carry out to become aware of the operating system and to load parts of the operating system into primary memory. Non-Volatile. Fast to read. 2.1 PROM(Programmable Read-Only Memory) Programmed by user once and not erasable. 2.2 EPROM(Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory) Content can be changed(erase & program) by exposing to UV light. 2.3 E EPROM(Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory) Content can be changed(erase & program) electrically. 1. RAM(Random Access Memory) Data that is required for imminent processing is moved to RAM where it can be accessed and modified very quickly. Volatile. Fast to read and write. 1.1. DRAM (Dynamic RAM) Most common type of RAM used in computers. Consists of a transistor and a capacitor in each cell. Uses more energy. Note: The oldest type of DROM is known as single data rate (SDR) DRAM, but newer computers use faster dual data rate (DDR) DRAM.DDR comes in several versions including DDR2 , DDR3, and DDR4. 1.2. SRAM (Static RAM) Faster than DRAM, but more expensive and bulker. Consists of six transistors in each cell. Uses less energy.

13. Secondary Memory: Hard Disk Drive(HDD) Usually largest, data storage hardware device in a computer/laptop. The operating system, software titles, and most other files are stored in the hard disk drive. The hard drive is sometimes referred to as the "C drive" due to the fact that Microsoft Windows, by default, designates the "C" drive letter to the primary partition on the primary hard drive in a computer/laptop. Some computers have multiple drive letters (e.g., C, D, and E) representing areas across one or more hard drives. The back end of the hard drive contains a port for a cable that connects to the motherboard. Hard Disk Drive(HDD)

14. Secondary Memory: Hard Disk Drive(HDD) SATA SATA stands for Serial ATA is computer bus interface used for connecting the motherboard to the storage devices like hard disk drives. The SATA devices and host adapters interact through the high-speed serial cable. The fundamental SATA connector usually have a connector(7 pins) for data , power etc. PATA PATA stands for Parallel ATA is computer bus interface used for connecting the motherboard to the storage devices like hard disk drives. It requires all the parallel signals to arrive at once. Therefore, it does not provide a high speed of data transferring. The fundamental PATA connector usually have a connector(40 pins) for data , power etc. Data Pins & Cable Data Pins & Cable

15. Secondary Memory: Hard Disk Drive(HDD) SATA vs PATA Basis for Comparison SATA PATA Expands to Serial ATA Parallel ATA Status Currently in use. Outdated. Speed Fast Moderate Hot swapping Supported Does not support Cable size Smaller Large Bit rate 150 MB/s ~ 600 MB/s 16 MB/s ~ 133 MB/s

16. Secondary Memory: Solid State Drive(SSD) New generation of storage device. Uses microchips to store information, and as a result, there are no moving parts. Lower failure rate, higher speed, and simply better overall performance. Uses a simple memory chip called NAND flash memory, which has no moving parts. Each grid (also called blocks) can store between 256 KB and 4MB. The controller of an SSD has the exact address of the blocks. Solid State Drive(SSD)

17. HDD vs SSD HDD SSD Stores data on a single disk with a moving arm. Stores data on chips. Older, less expensive technology. Newer and more expensive for the same amount of storage. Mechanical parts make for slower operation. Flash-style memory lets computer access and run data more quickly. Spinning drive and moving arm create noise. Runs silently. Moving parts are less reliable. Fewer parts to break.

18. Computer/laptop can only understand numbers. Input letter or words are converted into a format understood by system. Number system used in computer/laptop is ‘ Binary ’. A binary digit 1 or is called a ‘ Bit ’. Eight bits grouped together as a unit are called a byte, which provides enough combinations of 0s and 1s to represent 256 individual characters, including numbers, upper and lower case alphabet letters, punctuation marks and other characters Number System System Base Symbols Decimal 10 0,1,……..9 Binary 2 0,1 Octal 8 0.1…….7 Hexa-decimal 16 0,1,……..9 A,B,……..F

19. It is easier for the computer to process numbers. The characters are encoded to numbers. There are various character encoding standards, and ASCII and EBCDIC are two of them. ASCII ( American Standard Code for Information Interchange). Encoding standard that represents digits, letters, and symbols using numbers. The digits can be 1, 2, 3, etc. while the letters are a, b, c, A, B, C, etc. The symbols are characters like !, $, and #. EBCDIC ( Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code) Encoding standard mainly used on IBM mainframe and IBM midrange computer operating systems. Also supported by some platforms other than IBM. Number System

20. BIOS stands for Basic Input Output System . Software stored on a small memory chip on the motherboard. It's BIOS that's responsible for the POST and therefore makes it the very first software to run when a computer/laptop is started. Note: POST, short for Power On Self Test, is the initial set of diagnostic tests performed by the computer/laptop right after it's powered on, with the intent to check for any hardware related issues. The BIOS firmware is non-volatile, meaning that its settings are saved and recoverable even after power has been removed from the device. BIOS instructs the computer on how to perform basic functions such as booting and keyboard control. BIOS is also used to identify and configure the hardware in a computer such as the hard drive, floppy drive, optical drive, CPU, memory, and related equipment. BI O S

21. How to Create a Bootable Pendrive Using CMD? Bootable USB is a disk that is used to boot up a system for the installation of an Operating System. A USB can be made bootable using a command-line only for systems that have Windows(7/8/8.1/10) operating system. Linux Distributions can’t be used to create a bootable USB device without using third-party tools. Early versions of Windows i.e. before Windows 7, can’t be used for making a USB bootable.

22. Steps to Create a Bootable USB Using CMD(1/12) Step 1: Run command-prompt in Administrator mode. There are two ways to do the same: First way: Search for cmd in Start menu, right-click on the command prompt, click on Run as Administrator.

23. Steps to Create a Bootable USB Using CMD (2/12) Second way Open Task Manager, go to File->Run new task, search for cmd and press enter.

24. Steps to Create a Bootable USB Using CMD (3/12) Step 2: Connect the USB device to the computer that is to be made bootable. Step 3: Type the command ‘diskpart’ and then press Enter.

25. Steps to Create a Bootable USB Using CMD (4/12) Step 4: Type the command ‘list disk’ to display a list of all the available storage devices on your system. Press Enter to continue.

26. Steps to Create a Bootable USB Using CMD (5/12) Step 5 : Select the disk that is your pen drive. Generally, it is marked as Disk 1, it might vary system to system. Make sure not to select any other available disk as it will get formatted. To choose the disk, type the command ‘select disk 1’ and press Enter.

27. Steps to Create a Bootable USB Using CMD (6/12) Step 6 : To make a pendrive bootable, there is a need to format it to clean the existing data. This can be done by the use of ‘clean’ command.

28. Steps to Create a Bootable USB Using CMD (7/12) Step 7: Type the command ‘create partition primary’ and press Enter. This will make the disk primary and ready to be made bootable.

29. Steps to Create a Bootable USB Using CMD (8/12) Step 8: To choose the partition created as primary, type the command ‘select partition 1’ and press Enter.

30. Steps to Create a Bootable USB Using CMD (9/12) Step 9: Before making the disk bootable, there is a need to format it as NTFS because Windows uses NTFS file system for storage. This can be done with the use of command ‘format=fs NTFS’ and press Enter.

31. Steps to Create a Bootable USB Using CMD (10/12) Step 10 : Type the command ‘active’ and press Enter. This will mark the primary bootable partition as Active.

32. Steps to Create a Bootable USB Using CMD (11/12) Step 11 : Type the command ‘exit’ to exit DISKPART and press Enter. Now close the command prompt window.

33. Steps to Create a Bootable USB Using CMD (12/12) Step 12 : Now copy all the data from the OS(Windows/Linux/etc.) installation disk to your USB drive that is just been made bootable. Now, this Pendrive can be used to install the desired Operating System on any Laptop or Computer

34. Window Installation Process (1/8) 1. Make sure your Windows 10 installation media is connected : - Windows 10 installation file must be loaded into a flash drive. -The flash drive must be inserted into your laptop as shown in image. 2. Restart the Laptop: - Click on Windows icon and click on Power Option. -Click on Restart option to restart the laptop.

35. 3. Press and hold F2 or DEL Key to enter BIOS setup: Note – In the bottom of BIOS you will get these options to control the command Window Installation Process (2/8)

36. 4. Navigate to the Boot Tab: You'll use the arrow keys to select it. The Boot tab may instead say Boot Options , depending on your computer/laptop manufacturer. 5. Navigate to the Removable Device Tab: Here your pen drive name might visible Select Removable device or connected pen drive and press F10 Key to activate bootable command. Window Installation Process (3/8)

37. 5.1 Save your settings: After F10 Key your laptop will restart and pen drive will active as primary boot command. 6. Installing: Here you will get installing window. Select Language Time Format Keyboard and input And Click on Next option for further process. Window Installation Process (4/8)

38. 7. Click on Install Now Option for next step . 8. If you are using genuine window then it will ask you to insert alphanumeric production key. - Insert the correct key which is bound with window runtime and click on Next option. Window Installation Process (5/8)

39. 9. In the window setup it will ask to check the window license terms . Click on “I Accept the License terms” and click on Next Select Upgrade or Custom option (Based on Requirement) Upgrade – Because of this we can use 2 windows in same laptop. Customer – This option will ask to format the previous window drive or previous installed window (Does not matter previous window is working fine or not) Window Installation Process (6/8)

40. Here we can select the partition in which window to be installed. In the Down side we have multiple options like:- Refresh – This will help to refresh all the partition to check the correct MBs availability in that partition. Delete – It will use to delete the partition. Format – If use want to format the partition only then he can use this option. It will format the stored data from the partition but partition will remaining the same. New – It helps to re-create the new partition. Load Drive – This option will if we use CD to recover the windows. Extend – This can be used to extend the partition. Note – After Create a new partition just select the partition and click on Next option Window Installation Process (7/8)

41. 11. Here Copying process will start. Once all file copied, system/Laptop will restart automatically and will ready to use by accessing some stings like time, date, password set etc. Window Installation Process (8/8)

42. Here we have three options to install windows driver: Laptop brand support site DPS (Driver Pack Solution) Online Update Windows Drivers Installation Process (1/3)

43. 1. Laptop brand support site: We can visit to particular brand site and download drivers from there and install in the laptop 2. DPS (Driver Pack Solution): This is a third part tool which is available on google, we can download it from google. Once installed in the laptop it check your laptop configuration and do check the available drivers in the system. And based on requirement it suggests to user about latest or required drivers. Windows Drivers Installation Process(2/3)

44. 3. Online Update: Right Click on This PC/My Computer Click on manage and click on device manager Select the window default driver and press right click and select Update driver option there. Windows Drivers Installation Process(3/3)

45. Connect the printer to your computer using the USB cable and turn it on. Open the Settings app from the Start menu. Click Devices. Click Add a printer or scanner. If Windows detects your printer, click on the name of the printer and follow the on-screen instructions to finish the installation. And you're done. Note – If it does not work, please visit to printer brand site and download the particular driver and install in the laptop How to add a wired printer

46. The steps to install a wireless printer may vary by manufacturer. In general, however, modern printers today will detect your network and automate the installation. Use the printer's LCD panel to enter the wireless setup. Setup > Wireless LAN Settings. Select your Wi-Fi network. You'll need to know your home network's SSID, which you can find by hovering your mouse over the Wi-Fi icon in the taskbar. Enter your network password. Note – In some cases, you might need to temporarily connect your printer to your computer via USB to install software. But otherwise, that's it. You should find your printer automatically added in the Printers & scanners section under Settings > Devices. How to add a wireless printer

47. 1. First need to set up a HomeGroup. Windows' home networking feature called HomeGroup automatically shares printers and certain files with other computers on your home network. 2. Set Up a HomeGroup Note – Skip this step if your home network already has a HomeGroup set up. If you're not sure, follow the steps. Right-click on the wireless icon in the taskbar and select "Open Network and Sharing Center". Click "Ready to create" next to HomeGroup. If a HomeGroup already exists on your network, it will say "Joined." How to add a shared printer

48. 3. Click the Create a homegroup button. 4. Click Next. 5. Select what you want to be shared. Printers & Devices are shared by default. How to add a shared printer

49. Write down the HomeGroup password Windows creates for you. You'll need it for each computer you want to join the HomeGroup. Click Finish. Connect to a Shared Printer on the HomeGroup . Now head to the other computer(s) on your network to join the HomeGroup. Click Homegroup and then the Join now button in Windows Explorer. Click Next. How to add a shared printer

50. 8.3. Verify what you want to share and click Next. 8.4. Enter the password and click Next. 8.5. Click Finish. How to add a shared printer

51. 8.6. Click Network in Windows Explorer and you should see the shared printer installed. How to add a shared printer

52. Abbreviations (1/3) Abbreviation Full Form AAC Advanced Audio Coding. ADC Analog – to – Digital Converter ALGOL Algorithmic Language ALU Arithmetic Logical Unit AMR Audio Modern Riser APCI Application – Layer Protocol Control In formation ASCII American Standard Code for Information Interchange ATA Advanced Technology Attachment AVC Advanced Video Coding AVI Audio Video Interleaved BAL Basic Assembly Language BCD Binary Coded Decimal BER Bit Error Rate. BFD Binary File Descriptor. BGP Border Gateway Protocol BiDi Bi – Directional BIN Binary BIOS Basic Input Output System BIT A Binary Digit BPS Bits Per Second BT Bit Torrent / Bluetooth BW Bandwidth.. CAD Computer – Aided Design CAE Computer – Aided Engineering Abbreviation Full Form CAQA Computer – Aided Quality Assurance CC Compiler / Carbon Copy CD Compact Disk / Change Directory CDMA Code Division Multiple Access CD-R Compact Disk – Recordable CD-ROM Compact Disk – Read – Only Memory CD-RW Compact Disk – Rewritable CG Computer Graphics CGA Colour Graphics Array CMOS Complementary Metal – Oxide Semiconductor CIFS Common Internet File System CIM Common Information Model COBOL Common Business – Oriented Language CPU Central Processing Unit CTR Cathode Ray Tube DB Database DBA Database Administrator DBMS Database Management System DDR Double Data Rate DNS Domain Name System DOS Disk Operating System DPI Dots Per Inch DVD Digital Versatile Disk / Digital Video Disk DVD-R Digital Versatile Disk – Recordable

53. Abbreviations (2/3) Abbreviation Full Form DVD-ROM Digital Versatile Disk – Read Only Memory DVD-RW Digital Versatile Disk – Rewritable DVI Digital Visual Interface DVR Digital Video Recorder EBCDIC Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code EEPROM Electronically Erasable Programmable Read Only memory EOF End of File EOL End of Line EOM End of Message EPROM Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory EXE Executable FAT File Allocation Table FDD Floppy Disk Drive FIFO First In First Out FS File System FTP File Transfer Protocol Gb Gigabit GB Gigabyte GIF Graphics Interchange Format GPU Graphics Processing Unit GUI Graphical User Interface HDD Hard Disk Drive HTML Hypertext markup Language HTTP Hypertext Transfer Protocol Abbreviation Full Form Hz Hertz IBM International Business Machines IE Internet Explorer I/O Input/Output IP Internet Protocol ISP Internet Service Provider JPEG Joint Photographic Experts Group JS Java Script JUG Java User Group KB Kilobyte Kb Kilobit KHz Kilohertz KBPS Kilobyte per second LAN Local Area Network LED Light Emitting Diode LIFO Last In First Out Mb Megabit MB Megabyte MDI Multiple Document Interface MIDI Musical Instrument Digital Interface MIMO Multiple-Input Multiple Output MIPS Million Instructions Per Second MPEG Motion Pictures (coding) Experts Group MS-DOS Microsoft Disk Operating System

54. Abbreviations (3/3) Abbreviation Full Form NT New Technology NTFS NT File System OS Operating System OSS Open Source Software P2P Peer-To-Peer PATA Parallel ATA Pnp Plug-and-Play POST Power-On Self Test PSU Power Supply Unit PPI Pixels Per Inch RAM Random Access Memory ROM Read Only Memory SATA Serial ATA SDRAM Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory TTS Text-to Speech TB Terabyte UI User Interface UL Upload USB Universal Serial Bus URL Uniform Resource Locator VBA Visual Basic for Applications VOIP Voice Over IP VPN Virtual Private Network WAN Wide Area Network Wi-Fi Wireless Fidelity WMA Windows Media Audio WPA Wi-Fi Protected Access WWW World Wide Web

55. Thank You