Law of restrictive trade practice and unfair trade practices by sameer lakhani

Law Of Restrictive Trade Practice � &�Unfair Trade Practices

1. Law Of Restrictive Trade Practice & Unfair Trade Practices Presented by: Sameer Lakhani Submitted by: Dr.Y.l.lad international agribusiness management institute( anand )

2. INTRODUCTION “trade” business , industry, profession or occupation relating to the production, supply, distribution or control of goods and includes the provision of any services ; trade practice” means any practice relating to the carrying on of any trade, and includes — ( i ) anything done by any person which controls or affects the price charged by, or the method of trading of, any trader or any class of traders, ( ii) a single or isolated action of any person in relation to any trade;

3. RESTRICTIVE TRADE PRACTICE[sec.2(0)] A restrictive trade practice is a trade practice, which Prevents , distorts or restricts competition in any manner; Which tends to Obstructs the flow of capital or resources into the stream of production; or Which tends to bring about manipulation of prices or conditions of delivery or effected the flow of supplies in the market of any goods or services, imposing on the consumers unjustified cost or restrictions.

4. What is goods? What is service? What is price?

5. Deemed Restrictive Trade Practices Agreement (Sec.33) ( a) any agreement which restricts, or is likely to restrict, by any method the persons or classes of persons to whom goods are sold or from whom goods are bought; ( b) any agreement requiring a purchaser of goods, as a condition of such purchase, to purchase some other goods; ( c) any agreement restricting in any manner the purchaser in the course of his trade from acquiring or otherwise dealing in any goods other than those of the seller or any other person; ( d) any agreement to purchase or sell goods or to tender for the sale or purchase of goods only at prices or on terms or conditions agreed upon between the sellers or purchasers;

6. (e) any agreement to grant or allow concessions or benefits, including allowances, discount, rebates or credit in connection with, or by reason of, dealings; (f) any agreement to sell goods on condition that the prices to be charged on re-sale by the purchaser shall be the prices stipulated by the seller unless it is clearly stated that prices lower than those prices may be charged; (g) any agreement to limit, restrict or withhold the output or supply of any goods or allocate any area or market for the disposal of the goods; (h) any agreement not to employ or restrict the employment of any method, machinery or process in the manufacture of goods;

7. ( i ) any agreement for the exclusion from any trade association of any person carrying on or intending to carry on, in good faith the trade in relation to which the trade association is formed; ( j) any agreement to sell goods at such prices as would have the effect of eliminating competition or a competitor ; any agreement restricting in any manner, the class or number of wholesalers, producers or suppliers from whom any goods may be bought; ( j) any agreement as to the bids which any of the parties thereto may offer at an auction for the sale of goods or any agreement where by any party thereto agrees to abstain from bidding at any auction for the sale of goods .

8. ( k) any agreement not herein before referred to in this section which the Central Government may, by notification, specify for the time being as being one relating to a restrictive trade practice within the meaning of this sub-section pursuant to any recommendation made by the Commission in this behalf; ( l) any agreement to enforce the carrying out of any such agreement as is referred to in this sub-section.

9. PROCEDURE FOR REGISTRATION OF AGREEMENT [SEC 35] RULES 12&14 Time Limit(60 day) Variation Or Determination Of Any Agreement Agreement Made Trade Association Numerous Agreement(large no) More Instrument (written copy)

10. Examination and recording of agreements(rule 13) The following particulars shall be endorsed on every document registered under these rules, namely :- Date on which it is registered; Serial number and page of the register of agreements in which entered . Every endorsement referred to in sub-rule (3) shall be signed by the Director General and shall bear his official seal.

11. Register of agreement(sec 36,R 15,11 and 11A) For the purposes of this Act, the Director General shall keep a register in the prescribed form and shall enter therein the prescribed particulars as regards agreements subject to registration . The Director General shall provide for the maintenance of a special section of the register for the entry or filling in that section of such particulars as the Commission may direct ,

12. Inspection Of And Extracts From The Register.(SEC.65 ,R10&16) he register, other than the special section, shall be open to public inspection during such hours and subject to the payment of such fees, not exceeding rupees twenty-five , as may be prescribed. Any person may upon the payment of such fee, not exceeding rupee one, for every one hundred words, as may be prescribed, require the Director General to supply to him a copy of, or extract from, any particulars entered or filed in the register, other than the special section, certified by the Director General to be a true copy or extract. A copy of, or extract from, any document entered or filed in the register certified under the hand of the Director General or any officer authorized to act in this behalf shall, in all legal proceedings, be admissible in evidence as of equal validity with the original.

13. Presumption as to the public interest that the restriction is reasonably necessary having regard to the character of the goods to which it applies, to protect the public against injury whether to persons or to premises in connection with the consumption, installation or use of those goods; that the removal of the restriction would deny to the public as purchasers, consumers or users of any goods, other specific and substantial benefits or advantages enjoyed or likely to be enjoyed by them as such, whether by virtue of the restriction itself or of any arrangements or operations resulting therefrom; that the restriction is reasonably necessary to counteract measures taken by any one person not party to the agreement with a view to preventing or restricting competition in or in relation to the trade or business in which the persons party thereto are engaged;

14. (c)that the restriction does not directly or indirectly restrict or discourage competition to any material degree in may relevant trade or industry and is not likely to do so; that such restriction has been expressly authorized and approved by the Central Government; (d) that such restriction is necessary to meet the requirements of the defense of India or any part thereof , or for the security of the State;

15. Act not to apply in certain cases (a) any undertaking owned or controlled by a government company, ( b) any undertaking owned or controlled by the government, ( c) any undertaking owned or controlled by a corporation (not being a company) established by or under any Central, Provincial or State Act, ( d) any trade union or other association of workmen or employees formed for their own reasonable protection as such workmen or employees, ( e) any undertaking engaged in an industry, the management of which has been taken over by any person or body of persons in pursuance of any authorization made by the Central Government under any law for the time being in force, ( f) any undertaking owned by a co-operative society formed and registered under any Central, Provincial or State Act relating to co-operative societies, ( g) any financial institution .

16. Definition Of Unfair Trade Practice. A trade practice which, for the purpose of promoting the sale, use or supply of any good or for the provision of any services, adopts any unfair method or unfair or deceptive practice.

17. ( i ) falsely represents that the goods are of a particular standard, quality, quantity, grade , composition, style or mode; ( ii) falsely represents that the services are of a particular standard, quality or grade; (iii) falsely represents any re-built, second-hand, renovated, re-conditioned or old goods as new goods; (iv) represents that the goods or services have sponsorship, approval, performance, characteristics, accessories, uses or benefits which such goods or services do not have; (v) represents that the seller or the supplier has a sponsorship or approval or affiliation which such seller or supplier does not have; (vi) makes a false or misleading representation concerning the need for, or the usefulness of, any goods or services;

18. (VII) gives to the public any warranty or guarantee of the performance, efficacy or length of life of a product or of any goods that is not based on an adequate or proper test thereof: Provided that where a defence is raised to the effect that such warranty or guarantee is based on adequate or proper test, the burden of proof of such defence shall lie on the person raising such defence ;

19. Unfair practices may be categorised as under: False Representation Bargain Price Offering Of Gifts And Prizes Sale Of Sub Standards Goods Hoarding Or Destruction Of Goods

20. FALSE REPRESENTATION Falsely suggests that the goods are of a particular standard quality, quantity, grade, composition, style or model. Falsely suggests any re-built, second-hand renovated, reconditioned or old goods as new goods. Makes a false or misleading representation concerning the need for, or the usefulness of, any goods or services. Materially misleads about the prices at which such goods or services are available in the market.

21. BARGAIN PRICE The price stated in the advertisement in such manner as suggests that it is lesser than the ordinary price. The price which any person coming across the advertisement would believe to be better than the price at which such goods are ordinarily sold.

22. OFFERING OF GIFTS AND PRIZES Creating impression that something is being offered free along with the goods, when in fact the price is wholly or partly covered by the price of the article sold. Offering some prizes to the buyers by the conduct of any contest, lottery or game of chance or skill, with real intention to promote sales or business.

23. SALE OF SUB STANDARDS GOODS Any sale or supply of goods, for use by consumers, knowing or having reason to believe that the goods do not comply with the standards prescribed by some competent authority, in relation to their performance , composition, contents, design, construction, finishing or packing , as are necessary to prevent or reduce the risk of injury to the person using such goods, shall amount to an unfair trade practice.

24. HOARDING OR DESTRUCTION OF GOODS Any practice that permits the hoarding or destruction of goods, or refusal to sell the goods or provide any services, with an intention to raise the cost of those or other similar goods or services, shall be an unfair trade practice.

25. WHEN COMMISION INQUIRE Reference By Central Government Director General Application Own Knowledge or information

26. ORDER OF COMMISSION (a) the practice shall be discontinued or shall not be repeated . ( b)any agreement relating to such unfair trade practice shall be void or shall stand modified in respect thereof in such manner as may be specified in the order . (c ) any information, statement or advertisement relating to such unfair trade practice shall be disclosed, issued or published, as the case may be, in such manner as may be specified in the order.]

27. R eference K.R.BULCHANDANI:BUSINESS LAW FOR MANAGEMENT .p,54S3 to 572

28. THANK YOU