Layers of the Scalp.pptx

Anatomy of the scalp and limited clinical correlation.

1. A natomy of the SCALP MED2101 - REGIONAL & APPLIED ANATOMY Dr. Paramanand Gopie

2. Group members Ronique Sancho 1041519 Mercel-Anna Crandon 1037298 Zamani Collins 1038079 Keisha Jaisingh 1040719 Devkumar Gangaram 1041479 Kamla Persaud 1027259 Malika Griffith 1031679 Atishta Seenarine 1043881 Group #2 [10-12 batch]

3. Table of contents 01 05 02 06 03 07 Boundaries of the Scalp Layers of the Scalp Arterial Supply Lymphatic Drainage Innervations References 04 Venous Drainage

4. Boundaries of the SCALP 01

5. Boundaries of the scalp Anteriorly Superciliary Arches of the Frontal Bones Posteriorly External Occipital Protuberance & Superior Nuchal Lines of the Occipital Bone Laterally Continues inferiorly to the Zygomatic Arches The layers of skin and subcutaneous tissue that cover the bones of the cranial vault are referred to as the scalp .

6. Layers of the SCALP 02

7. Layers of the scalp S - Skin C - Connective Tissue (dense) A - Aponeurosis L - Loose Connective Tissue P - Pericranium ‘ Scalp proper ’ 3 layers tightly bound together and move as a unit

8. S kin Outermost layer Has many hair follicles and sebaceous glands, making it a typical location for sebaceous cysts. C onnective tissue Dense Connects the skin to the aponeurosis. It's well-vascularized (arteries & veins) and innervated (nerves). Its blood vessels are very tightly bound to the connective tissue. Hence, if lacerated, they are unable to properly constrict and the scalp becomes a source of excessive bleeding. Layers of the scalp

9. A poneurosis (epicranial) A thin, tendon-like structure that connects the occipital belly posteriorly and frontal belly anteriorly to form the occipitofrontalis muscle Layers of the scalp Part of Muscle Origin Insertion Innervation Action Frontal Belly Epicranial Aponeurosis Skin & subcutaneous tissue of eyebrows and forehead Temporal branch of facial nerve Elevates eyebrows; Wrinkles skin of forehead; Protracts scalp Occipital Belly Lateral ⅔ of superior nuchal line Epicranial Aponeurosis Posterior auricular branch of facial nerve Retracts scalp

10. L oose Areolar Connective Tissue A thin layer of connective tissue that separates the skull's periosteum from the epicranial aponeurosis. It has many blood vessels, including emissary veins that connect the scalp veins to the diploic veins and intracranial venous sinuses. Facilitates movement of scalp proper over calvaria P eriosteum The outer layer of the skull bones is known as the periosteum. At the suture lines, it merges with the endosteum. Layers of the scalp

11. Arterial Supply of the SCALP 03

12. The scalp receives a rich arterial supply via the external carotid artery and ophthalmic artery (a branch of the internal carotid artery) These arteries anastomose freely with each other within the dense connective tissue. (Layer 2 of the scalp) The branches of the external carotid artery involved are: Superficial temporal artery - supplies the frontal and temporal regions. Posterior auricular artery - supplies the area superiorly and posteriorly to the auricle. Occipital artery - supplies back of the scalp Arterial Supply of the scalp

13. Diagram showing the branches of the external carotid artery that supply the scalp

14. The branches of the Opthalmic artery (branch of the Internal Carotid Artery) are: Supraorbital artery - larger than supratrochlear A.; supplies the front of the scalp up to the vertex. It anastomosis with the superficial temporal artery Supratrochlear artery - supplies the forehead and scalp. Arterial Supply of the scalp

15. Diagram showing the arterial supply of the scalp

16. Venous Drainage of the SCALP 04

17. Venous Drainage The veins which drain the scalp are: Supratrochlear and Supraorbital veins – drain the anterior portion of the scalp (superciliary arches to the vertex of the head). These two veins communicate with the ophthalmic vein and unite to form the angular vein. Superficial temporal vein – drain the lateral portion of the scalp. It descends anteriorly to the auricle and joins the maxillary vein to form the retromandibular vein.

18. Posterior auricular vein - drain the scalp posterior to the ear and empties into a branch of the retromandibular vein. Occipital vein – drains the area of the scalp from the external occipital protuberance and superior nuchal line to the vertex of the head. It passes in the posterior neck to join in the formation of the plexus of veins in the suboccipital triangle.

19. Lymphatic Drainage of the SCALP 05

20. There are no lymph nodes in the scalp . The lymphatics in the occipital region initially drain to occipital nodes (at the base of the skull). Further along, it drains into the upper deep cervical lymph nodes. Lymphatics from the upper part of the scalp drain into two directions : Posterior to the vertex of the head, they drain into the mastoid nodes . (posterior to the ear near the mastoid process of the temporal bone). Efferent vessels from these nodes drain into the upper deep cervical nodes. Anterior to the vertex of the head, they drain to preauricular and parotid nodes anterior to the ear on the surface of the parotid gland. Lymphatic Drainage

21. Finally, there are some lymphatic drainage from the forehead to the submandibular nodes through the efferent vessels that follow the facial artery. Lymphatic Drainage Diagram showing the lymphatic drainage of the scalp

22. Innervations of the SCALP 06

23. The scalp is innervated by two main nerve supplies: the Trigeminal nerve (CN V) the Spinal cutaneous nerves (C2 and C3). Trigeminal nerve (CN V) innervates the scalp a nterior to the auricles. Spinal cutaneous nerves (C2 and C3) innervates the scalp p osterior to the auricles. Innervations of the SCALP

24. Supratrochlear nerve – branch of CN V1 which innervates the anteromedial forehead. Supraorbital nerve – branch of CN V1 which innervates a large portion of the scalp between the anterolateral forehead and the vertex. Zygomaticotemporal nerve – branch of CN V2 ,this innervates the temple. Auriculotemporal nerve - branch of CN V3 which innervates skin anterosuperior to the auricle. Innervation of the scalp anterior to the auricle:

25. Innervation of the scalp posterior to the auricle: Lesser occipit a l nerve – derived from the anterior ramus of C2 and innervates the skin posterior to the ear. Greater occipital nerve – derived from the posterior ramus of C2 and innervates the skin of the occipital region extending to the vertex. Great auricular nerve – derived from the anterior rami of C2 and C3 and innervates the skin posterior to the ear. Third occipital nerve – derived from the posterior ramus of C3 and innervates the skin of the inferior occipital region.

26. REFERENCES Moore, K. L., Dalley, A. F., & A M R Agur. (2014). Moore clinically oriented anatomy (pp. 843–859). Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Drake, R. L., Vogl, W., Mitchell, A. W. M., Gray, H., Tibbitts, R., Richardson, P., & Horn, A. (2020). Gray’s Anatomy for Students (4th ed., pp. 922–927). Elsevier. Harris, C. M. (2022, December 22). Scalp Anatomy: Structure, Nerve Supply, Arterial Supply . Medscape.com; Medscape. https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/834808-overview?icd=login_success_gg_match_norm#a1 The Scalp - Layers - Innervation - Blood Supply - TeachMeAnatomy . (2016). Teachmeanatomy.info. https://teachmeanatomy.info/head/areas/scalp/ SkinKraft. (2020, June 26). The 5 Layers Of Scalp Explained . SkinKraft. https://skinkraft.com/blogs/articles/layers-of-scalp ‌

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