Learn Hindi in A Month by Ishwar Dhatt.pdf

Learn Hindi trought English

2. READWELL’S

LEARN HINDI

IN A MONTH

Easy Method of Learning Hindi
Through English Without a Teacher

By:
ISHWAR DATT
MA

Readwell Publications
NEW DELHI-110008

3. Published by :

READWELL PUBLICATIONS

B-8, Rattan Jyoti, 18, Rajendra Place

New Delhi-110 008 (INDIA)

Phone : [phone]

Fax : [phone]

E-mail : [email protected]
[email protected]

© All Rights including subject-matter, style are reserved
with the Publisher.

ISBN 81-87782-00-5

Printed at : Arya Offset Press, New Delhi.

4. Lessons

Contents

1. Alphabets, Vowels
2. Consonants,

3. Vowels & Consonants put together

4: Building the Words
5. Introducing Conjuncts
6. Grammar Noun

Tt

8.

9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
154
16.
1%

Gender
Number

Case

Pronouns

Verb

Tense
Auxiliary ‘/erbs
Compound Verbs
Participles
Moods

Adverb

Page
11
13
19
22
30
39
42
54
61
74
81
89
109
113
116
120
126

5. 18.
19?
20.
21.
22.
23

Grammar Pronoun
i: Adjective
Imperatives & Useful Expressions
Use of ‘No’
Interrogatives

Some More Expressions
—About the Shop

. Seasons & Weather

. Time

. Requests & Permissions

. Apologies

. Exercises for Letters Reading
:9. Conversation

Translation
Vocabulary

128
133
144
153
156

162
164
166
168
169
171
178
183
188

6. Preface

Sometimes ago while | was in search of a book on
a science subject | chanced to see a book about which
loud claims of learning a language in a short time without
the aid of a teacher, were made. My curiosity knew no
bounds and | wondered if it was possible to verify those
claims. After reading a few pages here and there it took
me no time to realise that this was a case of over-
estimation—not that this could not be done but because
the book had many drawbacks. However, it prompted
me to create a work myself which should be worthwhile
and should really benefit the learner. Although | will not
claim that one can master a language in a given period
of time because language is a boundless thing, yet |
have taken care to present my work in a simple and
easy-to-understand manner. A beginner can follow the
lessons without any pause and realise that this language
is just not that difficult to learn as he had dreaded.

There are writers who ignore grammar and fill their
books with translated sentences in the pious belief that

7. one can learn a language with the aid of only ready-
made sentences. But this is wrong. Knowledge of
grammar is essential for learning correct language. The
superstructure of translations, howsoever well-mastered,
just disappears as soon as the learner is asked to write
grammatically correct sentences. The learner realises
that he is nowhere near the language, and that the
learning of grammar is basic to the learning of correct
language. Once he understands the rules of grammar
he has crossed more than half the way towards the
learning of the language and easy presentation of these
rules smoothens his further path.

—Authors

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10. her 15 de #5
‘5h es &
Stuy RS

11. ES Fy 10 te te SERIE
:FBRPSEPER
SIT is to te 5 py ees
IS o eh S E 5 ls ño

12. LESSON 1

Alphabets
(amt art)

First of all we will deal with vowels which

number 11.
Hindi :

= (short) a
‘at (long) aa
@ (short) i
# (long) i
(short) u
3 (long) u
= (short) ri
u (long) ar
à (diphthong) ai oi,
ait (long) o

ait (diphthong) ou,
other

#- no

Vowels are called ‘swar' (ea) in

sounds like short ‘a’ as
in ‘at’

sounds like long ‘aa’ as
in ‘father

sounds like short ‘i’ as
in ‘it’

sounds like long ‘i’ as
in feet

sounds like short ‘u’ as
in ‘bull’

sounds like long ‘u’ as
in cool

sounds like short ‘ri’ as
in ‘rib’

sounds like ‘a’ as in
‘bay’ ‘say’

sounds like ‘ai’ as in
‘ha’ ‘as’

sounds like 'o' as in
‘coal’, mole

sounds like ‘au’ as in
‘mouse’ ‘tout’

Other ae or signs of vowels (eat far)
form; f

mt - I;

13. Er: 3-1! B-1!
os oe
CA mt; El
Note: short vowels are pronounced short and
long vowels, long. æ (short) is inherent in
every consonant sound but not written as
such We shall deal with this aspect of the
letter later.
Exercise

Identify the following vowels and write
their short forms also:
160202 ur 3.§ 4 5,4
Be 7.0 835 Ju, 10.3 1m

Ans.
1. ‘ai’ sounds as ‘a’ in the word ‘cash’

short sign ~

‘in ‘father’ short sign 1
in ‘Delhi’ short sign Y
‘o’ as 'o' in ‘over’ short sign ¥

‘a’ as ‘a’ in ‘also’ No short sign
as ‘i’ in ‘sin’ short sign f
‘e’ as'a' in ‘pet’ short sign ~

‘u’ as ‘u’ in ‘crook’ short sign 1,

9. ‘au’ as ‘au’ in ‘out’ short sign 1

10. ‘u’ as ‘u’ in ‘pull’ short sign 1,

11. ri as ‘ri’ in ‘Rhesus’ short sign 1,

The letters a, ar, st, a are also written like

a, a1, BY, e respectively. We will deal with
the placement of vowels, both in full or short.
form, later.

12

14. LESSON 2
Consonants

(dun)

There are thirtythree consonants in Hindi.
In every consonant the short vowel sound of
a (a) is inherent but the letter itself is not

used,
Consonant
in Hindi
= (+3)

English Hindi

equivalent Sound

K [Kit] Ka

Kh [Khud] Kha [com-
pound sound]

9 [gun] ga

gh [ghost] gha [ com-
pound sound]

n [like n na

nasal—long

ch [chill] cha

chh [much] chha [com-
pound sound]

i [jem] ja

13

15. Ore

jh [iheel]
[no sound in
English]
na[half nasal]
as in lunch

t [take] hard

tha [hard t]

d (hard) dog

dh [hard as
dhal]

n [no English,
hard sound]

t [soft as teeth]
or t in French
th [soft as
throat]

d [soft as then]
dh[as is dhow]
Gandhi

n [dental as
neck

P [paper]
14

jha [compound
sound]

na

ta

tha [com-
pound sound

da
dha [com-

pound sound]
na

ta
tha
da
dha [com-

pound sound]
na

pa

16. + ph [photo] pha

a b (bail) ba
a bh [Bharat] bha (compound
sound)

a m [more] ma

a y [vear] ya

= r [roar] ra

a [lower] "la

a v [vary. van] va

a sh [she] sha

a sha[cerebral sha
sound ‘of sha-
shut]

a s [sun] sa

€ h [her] ha

As we have said above each of the con-
sonants contains at the and vowel sound ‘a’
but it is not written as such in full or short
form. For example ‘&' = (%+) but to write
it like this is wrong. ‘%' in itself gives the
complete sound. However there are words
which reguire ‘#’ to be written like + +3, but
in that case a sign (_) which is called za (hal)
is attached to the consonant and the word
is written like 44+39=%; U+A-0; @+4=%

15

17. The consonant « is an exception. in

this case 1+4 = a
Besides the above vowels and consonants,
there are still some more alphabets in Hindi :

a LE z 3 A

#° is a nasal sound, like‘am’ ‘an’, and is prc-
nounced in Hindi as ‘camp’ ‘cant’ it is writtea
in its full form or in short form. The short form
is a mere full point placed over the consonant
preceding it. For example a, wa, ist (camp *
amb, Lanka)

a: sounds like the English ‘ah’ and is called
«visarga’ in Hindi. This is also written in full or
in short form which is a mere two vertical
dots placed one above the other; for exampie
æ:(i.e in combination with a vowel it loses
its written form) #+ (kah). In such letters
the sound ‘h in ‘ah’ is not fully pronounced.
Another example; ‘4x:' ‘punah’

” sounds like the half nasal ‘aun’ in @iz
chand (moon) ata daunt. (tooth) This sign is
used only when there is no vowel sign on to
of a letter. For example zta but #

% does not have an exact sound in English.
It gives a mixed sound in between the sound

16

18. of ‘d’ hard (as in doll) and (r) but it is read
as ‘r’ as for example gt (lari)

Similarly the letter 3. Its sound is also a
mixture of dh (hard) and r but reads like rh
as for example atg (barh=flood)

@ gives the sound of ‘z’. This letter is no

different from @ (j) in shape except for a dot
placed under it.

There are yet three more letters in Hindi
=, 9, x These three are a mixture of
half sounds of two letters. They are called
conjuncts.

@ represents the sounds of a and a
mixed together and is read as ‘khya’. For
example za (kakhya=class)

x represents the sounds of a and x mixed
together and is read as ‘tra’. For example sta
(chhatra-student)

@ represents the sounds of, a and q
mixed together and is read as ‘gya’. For
example ata (gyan-knowledge)

Although these three letters are included
in Hindi they are used not as frequently as in
Sanskrit.

us

19. Exercise

Identify the following consonants:
2.4

EFEC

% 4 0 4 4 4 A s aq

18

3:

4 4 à À 4 4 34 aa

ANAIS

20. LESSON 3
Vowels and Consonants put together
(Faz ag aaa BT Ae)

As already indicated a (short) has no
separate short form. Its sound is blended
with the consonants. So we will take up
the rest of the vowels one by one.

_. at sounds like aa. Put together with
consonants it is written as follows :

wt (ka), ar (kha), at (gha) and so on

The short form of at is called akar (1)
It is always written after the consonants
whose sound it affects.

& sounds like i (short). in Hindi it is called
ikar ( f). It is always written before the con-
sonant whose sound it áftects. For example
fis (ki), fer (khi), f (bi)

€ sounds like long (i) and is called iikar
(1) in Hindi, It is always written after the
consonant whose sound it affects. For
example =} (ii), m (gi), at (khi)

3 sounds like u (short) and its short form
is called ukar (1). It is always written

19

21. below but joining the letter whose sound it
affects. For example 4 (kun), ga (gun),
@@ (khun)

5 sounds like long u and its short form
is called ukar (1). It is also written below
but joining the letter whose sound it affects.
For example qa (khun), sa (kun).

y sounds like long e and in its short form
itis called ekar (7 ). Itis written above but
joining the letter whose sound it affects.
For example Wz (late), 3z (date)

à sounds like ai (diphthong) and in its
short form it is called aikar (* ). It is written
above but joining the letter whose sound it
affects. For example : ar (kaisa), var (jaisa).

ft sounds like o and in its short form it is
called okar (1). It is written after the letter
whose sound it affects. For example at (ko).
wit (lo) Mark the difference between the
short form of @ and that of wt. In the case
of the former, the above the letters is not
accompanied by a horizontal line while the
latter sign is joined to a horizontal line
beneath it.

sit sounds like ou, au (diphthong) and its
short form * is called aukar. It is also written

20

22. after the letter whose sound it affects. For
example æ#t4 (kaun), ata (gaun). Here also
the difference between the short form of à
and that of zit is similar as in the case of y
and gi.

x sounds like ri (short) and in its short
form it is written like 1, under the letter whose
sound it affects. For example 44 (narip=
king).

Exercise
Identify the following :
¿120330039031

21

23. LESSON 4

Building the words
(REZ Ta)

After you have learnt the vowels and
the consonants and begun identifying them,
te wext step is to build words using first
two and then more alphabets in one word.

I

sra kaan (ear); um khann (mine);
“ia gaan (song); ait baal (hair); art maan
(respect); rra rag (song)
arer malaa (garland); arar talaa (lock);
arar nanaa (grandfather); ater saraa (whole)
am am gaana ga (sing a song);
amı am talaa laga (put a lock)
x ar bhag ja (run away)
TT NT FT ar gaana ga kar ja (sing a song
and go)
ara m me zt at Saara kaam kara kar ja
(Go after helping all the work)

u

fra din (day); far him (snow); faa nit
(always); fra gin (count); faa likh (write);

24. ‘faa mill (meet), fer dil (heart) «x is (this),
«sr ichha (wish)

fafe giri (hill) or (kernel), fafa chiti (heap),
fafa (date)

frazı ar tinka la (bring the straw), fazer #7
fuz tirchha mat gir (don't fall obliquely), fafaz
arar ar timir aata tha (darkness was comina)

art faar ax aı dana milla kar kha (Mix the
grain and eat).

aıar fafe fraar ar dada giri ginta tha (Grand-
father counted kernals)

samt rH ara fear is ka kam sara kiya (did
its whole work)

gan feafers area at aarar idhar rimjhim barish
ka maza tha (here the drizzle was enjoyable)

mI

wt neech (mean), #x neer (water), iz
bheer (crowd), aa reet (custom), ña peet
(yellow)

war neechta (meanness), gars bheer bhar
(crowd), aras? aapkee (yours), it à cheene
naheen (no sugar)

auge fagt fast aapki chithi milee (got your
letter), as art sabzi khani thi (had to eat

23

25. vegetable), ge sz #1 art feux né is kar ki chabi
kidhar gayee (where is the key of this car),
az ya fit keechar mat gira (don't throw
mud)

IV

wear rukna (to stay), «sw jhukna (to
bend), gaz udhar (thither), zart kumari (maid
or miss), gs mulk (country), gaa fursat
(leisure), #gar kachhua (tortoise), ss uth
(stand)

añ ag bari vastu (big thing), 35 fgara rat:
st kuchh hisab rakhti thi (kept some account),
qu fra at are za dt tum kiski yaad rakhti thee
(who did you remember), ga € at azi mujh
see achhi larki (a good girl like me), ger aur
aqz phupha tatha sasur (uncle and father-in-
law) sat a udhar ja (go there)

v

ax badboo (bad smell), aq khushboo
(good smell), 8 mook (silent), 4m moosa
(rat), x ulloo (owl), #2 unt (camel).

ar wit chooha bhaga (rat ran), quí sé
khushboo uri (good smell spread), zea ser
ulloo ura (owl flew).

24

26. arg frat ur ? chakoo kidhar tha ? (where
was knife ?), sat vet fire at uncha patta girta
tha (high leave fell) gar gaz nar sunar udhar
gaya (goldsmith went there), sast gar wm
uski pustak rakhunga (will keep his book),
san aa sua udham mat karna (don't make
an uproar).

VI

auñarekta (unity), uf erhi (heel), +ar keila
(banana), äar leina (take), a7 kaleish
(quarrel), #zr mera (mine), ar teire (yours)

ear af aga ekta ki shakti bahut thi
(great strength in unity), qa fea à farra? tujhe
kis se milaon? (who would you meet)?, art
ga 07 dea à tare mujh par hanste the (star
laughed at me), ga fra & a suz 19? tum kis ke
saáth udhar gaye? (with whom did you go
there ?), grat «ml er eae à ear sia? tumhari
chachi ka idhar se kiya kam? (what work your
aunt has got hither ?)

VII

dar aisa (like this), Ger paisa (paisa),
# main (i), “ar kaisa (how), ¿a bael (ox),
“ar bhaisa (he-buffalo)

25

27. dar àu à paisa mera hai (paisa is mine),
da qua à bhains doodh deti hai (buffalo
gives milk), # za 33 ax Gar main is per par
baitha (| sat on this tree), 4 ad # äx main
nadi mein taira (| swam in the river).

ga sagt dam) à bar age gar mujhe uski
tayari se aisa mehsoos hua:(with his pre-
paration | felt like this), 45 3 4% & ar verg
bank mein check le ja raha hun (taking the
cheque to bank), afm am ant ax & wet mu à
dainik kam itni der se nahin karna hai (daily
work should not be done so late)

VII

lu dosh (harm), #a kosh (treasure), six chor
(thief), six zor (power), a oas (dew), ait
aaoe (come), awit khargosh (hare), sir log
(people), tx gol (goal).

35 sm wd kuchh kam karo (do some
work), mx ai a ax aa shor karoge to mar
paregi (if you make a noise you will be
punished), @ 53 # arı ana sd at a fan
khel kud mein sara samay isi taraha na
bitazu (Don't pass all the time play like
this), a ug à frarz at at ag aaa am jab Ramu
ne kitab kholi to woh boalne laga (when

26

28. Ramu opened the book then he began
speaking),

IX

æ sau (hundred), At nau (nine), ata maut
(death), sx aurat (woman), sas chauan
(fiftyfour), xr koua (crow), sta mausam
(weather), tz aur (and).

avait aga mauseri bahen (daughter of
mother’s sister), sat adaa fra ger mar à
uski badaulat kisko poochha gaya hay ? (who
has been cared for due to him ?), Nat ad
faa at # feux is naukar aur nahin mile to
main kidhar jaaon ? (If no other servant is
available what can | do ?), aa # qt ala azar
hauz mein pani kaun bharega (who will fill
the tank with water ?), ate az gai ar fr a ar
zar «1 laut kar usne dekha keh kaun aa
raha tha (he turned back and saw who was
coming), Mar dt ar atx Art get kaua roti ka
kaur le kar ura (the crow flew with a piece
of bread).

x

a’ t rang (colour), <* rank (beggar), war
ghanta (hour), ada basant (spring). ax boond
(drop), arm aarambh (beginning), fret

27

29. nirantar (continuous), zz nannad (sister-in-
law), az number (number), sis dhauns
(threat).
XI
a: gs duhkh (sorrow), gx: punah (again).
The a: is used in Hindi rarely. Its use in
Sanskrit is widespread.
XIE
a: ‘sgn rirran (debt), #4 ritu (season), fr
rishi (sage), == Rigved (Rigved), <9 rini
(debtor):
Exercises
Read the following sentences :
tae ata fer ap aT
a ENT?
3 gare eee ar Ra gate
ge fer q graru ga frat
x sad aed) aa arm ur fag ?
& Se ae AT wre or ow ate SA
o fama à ag Raa area É
s mé dar war eet F1
Ans:
1) mujhe teen din se zukam hai (1 have
been having bad cold for three days.)
2) ab tum kaise ho? (how are you
now ?)

28

30. 3 hamare skool ka pustkalay idhar hai
(our school library is on this side).

4 kuchh din pahle tumhara patr mila
(got your letter some days ago).

5 itni jaldi sab aam kha liye ?

{eaten all mangoes so quickly).

6 is ghar mein mere bhai ka ek aur dost
rahta hai (in this house lives another friend
of my brother).

7 mein apni ankhun se yeh dekhna
chahta hun (| want to see all this with my
‚own eyes).

8 koi koi aisa kaha karte hain (some
people say like this).

29

31. LESSON 5
Introducing Conjuncts
agaararz (Samyuktakhar)

We have already discussed three Hindi
conjuncts—#, x, =. In their case the two
letters mixing together are different. In Hindi
there are several consonants which are
themselves doubled or trebled to_produce a
single sound. We shall deal with them below:

To double a consonant it is essential that
the consonant written first should be halved.
There are two ways to do this by writing it
half or by writing it full and then placing a
sign ( _) za. (hal) underneath it. For example

&+% is written as an or a5

You will see that in this case the loop of
the first letter (x) has been halved and then
the half (#) combined with the succeeding
full. In the other case the first & has been
written in full but the za sign has been app-
ended to it which means that this letter has
been halved. In this case there is no need
for writing the first & very close to the second
wm or for combining the two. This is true of

32. all letters which do not end ina horizontai
line.

Other examples :
=+2 is to be written as a+2 org (dda)

aya iis as q+a or ax ora (tta)
ata. FA as qx or = or sar
(chcha)

In Hindi there are consonants which end
in a separate horizontal line and which do not
end in such a line. In the above examples
the horizontal end-line is inherent but in
elphabets like ' there is a separate horizont-
al line-ending. When we have to doubie such
alphabets the method is to drop the horizont-
al line of the first alphabet and write it very
close to the succeeding alphabet. For
example

ES m orq+7

uta az Ora +”

In all cases of conjunction the vertical line
of the first alphabet is dropped and the
halved letter is brought under the vertical
fine of the succeeding alphabet,

In certain casas it is not the first alphabet
which is halved when combining with the

31

33. succeeding alphabet, but the second. For
example :

aora (tra)

3+70rx (pra)

This is mainly true of x when itis the
second alphabet. But when < is the first
alphabet and it is required to combine it with
the next alphabet, “<’ completely loses its
original shape. For example

+w—#in ví (karm=work)
r4+a=1749 4 in né (girl)
There are still more forms of conjunct
consonants :
&+a= as in aw (wakt time)
q +=" as in a4 (shram labour)
€ as in ura (hayat life)
&+a- as in sg (ahm I)
<+a--a as in faa (vidya knowledge)

Some more examples of conjuncts :
&+a-an (kiya-what)

+89 as in sad (makhi fly)
+2. as in <aa (rakt blood)
+. as in 3% (chakra wheel)
&+a--a4 as in Fa (kalesh quarrel)

32

34. = +9=a as in «rm (khyar salt)
+84 as in «san (makhan butter)
æ+x—# as in == (karam chain, order)
q+a=w as in au (takht throne)
z+a-a as in ara (khadya food)
&+<%=9 as in ax (vajra lightening)
a +2=® as in a (khyat famous)
+7 4 as in waz (fakhr pride)

a +9-#n as in sax (zakham wound)
4 as in ura (bhagya fate)

4 as in ava (lagan devotion)
=a as in fa (Greece)

7 +3=u as in star (gwala milkman)
q+a== as in fa (vighan difficulty)
a+x=# as in am (gharan nose)
Y+7=y as in qa (gharit ghee)
3+8==8 as in ze (kuchh some)
==4 as in saz (chayan gather)

a as in dar (sangya noun)

sa as in sax (jawar fever)

== as in usa (rajya kingdom)
Tata as in aaa (mamatav motherhood)
3 +97 as in em (tayag sacrifice)
744-1 or a as in gai or Fat (kuta dog)

33

35. q+a=w or mas in gar or «ar (pata leave
of a tree)

a as in a (yatan trial)
a ora as in va (patar letter)
3 +2==x as in wzr (bhadda ugly)
&+4=2 as in qa (shuddh pure)
a+H=9 as in qu (padma lotus)
a+t=x as in zeı (draviya liquid)
z+a—1 as in ar (dwar gate}
a+u as in ara (khadya food)
u -+2-=# as in asf (dharti earth)
9+7-q as in yeu (Dhritrashtar name )
a+a--e4 as in sam (Dhayan meditation)
a+7T=n as in 4 (narip king)
a+t<4 as in dm (nartaki dancer)
a+a as in asa (ant end)
ARA as in #4 (janam birth)
aaa as in aa (ann grain)
q+a=< as in «rr (piyar love)
4+<%=-5 org as in ax (prashan question)
or ata (darpan mirror)

qa. as in wa (palav leave of tree)
a+t-à4 as in ada (bartan pot)

# as in wat (Brahma God)
a +427 as in zara (biyaj interest)
#4-4:-53 as in azar (lamba tall)

34

36. 4 as in ee" (dambh show)

za as in sam (malan dirty or sad)
q +2==x as in tata (miyan sheath)

zas in græru (tumhara yours)
4+%= as in ax (namr mild)
a.+8=79 as in arar (amma mother)
e@+z=¢ as in ed (tatti latrine)

as in &# (tank)

z+9=% as in wi (karm duty)

™+<=% as in fax (Mishar a caste)
@-+7=z as in qm (tarrak)

@+2-z as in fai (chithi letter)
q+a=e as in sena (kalyan welfare)
ada «ww or sa as in fae“ or fear (billi-cat)
t+a=a as in ai (varg square)

$ as in as (tark argument)

as in gi (durg fort)

+= as in ex (samast complete)
q+a=«w as in ear (sayana wise)

+7: as in arzız (aahwan to call)

Identify the foilowing vowel-consonant
and other combinations :

1a 2m 3m 4% 5 fe
6 x 7 à 8 & 9 À 10 à
A Se AT LIN

35°

37. 164 178 183 19 af 20 f
218 22% 23 ff 243 254
263 27% 28a 29m 30%
31 32% 3344 34 m 35 fa
36 à
Ans. 1 *+a1T=41 as in rs (kaam) work
2 «+= as in da (khol) open
3 4+a1-=H1 as in ala (maut) death
4 a+ as in a (geet) song
fa as in faa (likh) write
as in ## (nek) good
7 9+3=d as in 4 (pen)
8 a+a—a as in ar (sona) sleep
9 + à as in # (jo) who, whoever,
whatever

10 z+7=2 as in 231 (tehra) crooked

11 4+5=fa as in faa (mill) meet

12 a4a:=3: as in ga: (punaha) again

13 =+at=sr as in sr (dali) branch of tree
14 ¢+%=@ as in Aa (dhol) drum

15 += 4 as in e (chhuri) knife

16 a+è= as in de (Lais)

17 a+€=at as in tt (kaisi) how

18 a+: as in #377 (kabootar) pigeon

36

38. 19 #-+31-=31 as in six (chonch) beak

20 z+2-12 as in ferz (ticket) ticket

21 a+eit— si as in sar (dhaola) white

22 #+t-=w as in #a (bhains) buffalo

23 4+x—fù as in frat (pita) father

24 14+3=3 as in gaaı (nuskha) prescription

25 a+35-7 as in aıq (aaloo) potato

26 4+7=3 as in aa (bail) creeper

27 &+4—=aa as in zart (kaawali)

28 +9 as in sara (malaan) faded

29 ¢+a=« as in “ar (piyar) love

30 4+<=% as in wot (shreni) class

31 7+:x=f as in fra (nikal) get out

32 ¿+83 as @ (nai) is

33 a_+<=d as in ad (sarp) snake

34 #+#=m as in an (amma) mother

35 4+ --fa as in fag (bindu) a drop

36 g+%=# as in wer (gharri) watch

Certain Hindi letters such ‚as 5, @, 7, #,
$ accompany a dot below them and are

written as ¿q 1x1 Dot denotes Persian
influence on Hindi which came through

37

39. Urdu. These letters will give the following
sounds :

æ (qua) as in aaa (price)

a (kkha) as in @aq (good smell)

a (gga) as in aaa (wrong)

# (za) as in «a (shirt)

$ (fa) as in gare (quarrel)

The dotted letters ¢ and 3 belong to
Hindi proper.

9

38

40. LESSON 6
Grammar
(TAO)

The aim of this chapter is to give a brief
introduction of the Hindi grammar because
to write correct language, the knowledge of
the basic rules of grammar is essential. In
fact the best method of learning grammar is
to read and read books and know the correct
language by direct method. Yet for the
beginner something of a background is re-
quired to explain a little easily the rules and
the exceptions in grammar.

The first thing to know in grammar is ‘noun’
since it is the most important part of speech.
The other equally important part of speech is
‘verb’. We shall deal with them one by one.

Noun (faateq=Visheshya)

In Hindi there are five kinds of noun :

1. Proper noun (sfr fas vyakti
vachak) : This is the name of a particular
person, name or thing i.e. gem, fes, daga

2. Common noun (stfaaras faner jativachak):
This is the name of any number of things in

41. the same class or kind. For example man
(gra), city (am), boy (azar), book (3.95)

3. Collective noun (azamaris fia samu-
dayavachak): This is the name of a number
of persons, animals or things spoken asa
whole. For example =P (class), “tg (bhir-
crowd), «1 ısabha, assembly)

4. Material noun (arm fade draviya-
vachk). This is the name of some material as
arar (sona-gold). ater (loha-iron), ar (pani-
water)

8. Abstract noun («ia farsa bhavvachi):
This is the name of a quality, action or state.
For example gear (sundarta-beauty), amar
(bachpan-childhood) etc.

Abstract nouns are formed in three ways,
the verbs, the objectives and the nouns can
be turned into abstract nouns with the help
of certain suffixes. For instance the verbs
take a, an, x art suffixes and become abstract.
nouns.

Examples :

azar (to fight) —azré2(larai-fighting)
fear (to win) sia (jeet-victory)
gaat (to laugh)=ee?t (hansi-laughter)
gaat (to call)--garar (bulawa-calling).

40

42. The adjectives take qı, at, $ as their suffixes
to become abstract nouns.
Examples
azar (tall) —arari (lambai=tallness)
aarzx (brave) =agızdt (bahaduri=bravery)
ada ¡poor
aver (fat) =
4x (rude)—%za (karoorta=rudeness)
The nouns take qa, $, at etc. as their
suffixes to become abstract nouns.
Examples
asar (child) ===wwa (bachpan=childhood)
wa (enemy) =wqar (shatruta—enmity)
+ (thief) = (chori=thett)

41

43. LESSON 7
Gender
(fer)

In Hindi gender is very important. To
write correct Hindi it is essential to have
correct knowledge of the gender because the
form of the noun or verb depends on the
gender of the subject. The change in gender
means a change in the form of verb, adjective
etc. For instance

Fa agar Stat à (My son is black)

but AU age era à (My daughter is black)

There are two genders in Hindi—sfar
(pulling=masculine) and «ñfar (striling—
feminine).

To distinguish the gender there are certain
rules but they are not the last word on it.
There are numerous exceptions too. Still it
is better to have some broad knowledge of
the rules to get going into the intricacies of
correct writing.

1. The animate objects take their gender

on the basis of their well-known sex. For
example

44. ager (boy) =masculine (gie)

agi (girl) feminine (pñfax)

2. Inthe case of inanimate objects the
gender is determined on the basis of their
end-vowels. Generally nouns ending with
the sounds of ‘a’ or at’ are masculine and
those ending with f (i) or %-(ee) are femi-
nine. For example :

ear (rasta= passage) is masculine

quí (pata=leaf) a a
but al (lakri=wood) „ feminine

arf (hani=loss) YE

But these rules are flexible. There
are many exceptions. Some inanimate
objects ending with the 1, st vowel sounds
are feminine. For instance fat (bhiksha=
alms) or fraıa (kitab—book)

Similarly some inaminate objects ending
with f or 1 vowel sounds are masculine.
For instance

ut (ghee=clarified butter)

As such we have to depend on the form
and meaning of the noun for determing its
gender. However the following rules should

43

45. be kept in mind :

1. Names of professions take masculine
gender irrespective of their end-vowel-
sounds. For example

a (dhol
cobbler)

washerman); at (mochi=

2. The names of rivers are always.
feminine:

am (Ganga), agat (Jamuna), art (Tapti)

3. The names of places are generally
masculine :

dona, feet, axe

4. The names of hills, mountains,
oceans, days and months are masculine :

farraa, cast, fgrangiamme, tfaarx, sürz etc.

5. The names of metals are masculine :
da, dea, atar

but @fat (chandi- silver) is an exception.

6. The names of jewels are masculine :

du (heera- diamond), am (neelam—

sapphire), qatia (pukhraj--topaz)

however af (mani--ruby) is feminine.

7. The names of planets are masculine :

x (chandar--moon), qa (surya sun) etc

44

46. However gt (prithvi=earth) is feminine
perhaps because we call it mother earth.

8. The names of stars are feminine :

srl (Sawati), aa (Ashwini)

9. The divisions of time are masculine on
the basis of their meaning :

fea, aver, ad, état, oa, fauna

but wa (fa night). gag (sta: morning),

wear evening, tagt noon, feminine

10. The name of trees are masculine :

ln (neem), tax (peepal) etc.

but à (beri), gat (imli) are exceptions.

11. The names of languages are feminine ;

ana, dut, feat, afar

12. The names of liquids are masculine :

qu (doodh=milk), da (tel—oil), zat (dahi
=curd), qt (pani=water)

but sts (chhachh=buttermilk) is feminine.

13. The names of cereals are masculine :

area (chaval=rice), sit (jau=barley). @at
(chana=gram)

but axe (sarson=mustard), qt (moong)
etc. are feminine.

45

47. 14. The names of spices are feminine :

gut (supari=betelnut); ara (dalchini
=cinnamon); zeit (haldi=turmeric), gaast
(ilaichi=cardamom)

but sitet (jeera—cuminseed), wate (adrak
=ginger), "qt (kapur=camphor), aac
(tejpatr=cassia) are masculine,

15. The names of foodstuffs are feminine:

Wet (roti=bread), wısit (bhaji=vegetable)
arm (dal=pulses), etc.

So far we have dealt with gender in rela-
tion to the meaning of the nouns. The other
method is to determine gender in accordance
with the form of the words.

As we have already said words ending in
mt (aa) vowel sounds are masculine and
those ending in $ (ee, i) are feminine. This is
a broad rule to determine gender in accord-
ance with the form of the words.

For instance =A (room), stat (umbrella)
are masculine and #zt (river), te (chair) are
feminine. So are tit (queen), atit (maid ser-
vant) feminine and «et (king), ava (servant)
masculine.

46

48. Besides there are other forms of ending to
determine gender.

1. Abstract nouns ending in ut, aa, ara,
are masculine. For example #terat (fatness),
azqa (greatness), agta (advance)

Words ending in sta are masculine :

fgata (account), gata (rose), But there are
exceptions —attra (wine) farara (book). These
two words have feminine gender.

2. Abstract nouns which end in «qq a and
@ etc. are masculine. For example:

qua (like animals), yea (dance) atad
(beauty), Tiza (pride).

3. Words ending in 3, a, a, etc. are mascu-
line:

For example ax (letter) Ma (friend), wer
(attempt)

4. words ending in f and ¥ are feminine-
For example «fa (brain), gfz (intelligence). But
there are exceptions eg. frál (mountain) is
masculine.

Words like tat (queen), ¿1H (cap) etc are
teminine but there are a few words with ?
ending which are masculine. These are ag

47

49. (curd), dt (clarified buttes mr (water), tet
(pearl) sft, (mind). These words have mascu-
line gender.

5. Words ending in a are feminine :

ura (af) night, sa (roof), qza (appearance)
but there are certain masculine words with
the same ending. For example : gta (village),
æfa (tooth)

6. Words ending in gz, az are feminine. For
example aatrge (perplexion), asraz (decoration)

7. Words ending in @, a = are feminine :
For example cara (thirst), ata (body) zur
(perplexion).

8. Words in at are feminine :

gfaat (world). gfeat (tumbler)

There are however certain exceptions: ‚st
(country) art (playing card), ate (bamboo) are
masculine.

As we have already said gender in Hindi
is the most important question. The know-
ledge of correct gender is so essential that
without it writing or speaking of correct Hindi
is impossible, We, therefore, give a list of
words with their genders to acquaint the
beginners with the intricacies of the langnage.
The b ‚inner may at first feel confused with

48

50. the plethora of rules and an equal number of
exceptions. But this is just at the beginning
stage. As one sets more and more familiar
with the language, all rules are relegated to
the background and the knowledge of gender
remains at the tip of the reader’s fingers. The
only thing that counts most is concentration
and ability to grasp the vocabulary which we
expect the learners to possess.

Masculine Feminine

31 (old) (man) qu (old) (woman)
àa (god) à (goddess)

ara (servant) anit (maidservant)
tat (uncle) A (aunt)

star (nephew ais (niece)

«Ter (horse) mé (mare)

su (dog) zferar (bitch)

1 (mouse) fear

awsr (calf) as

gai (cock) af (hen)

ager (boy) ag (girl)

x (lion) x (lioness)

se (camel) zz (she-camel)
ara (elephant) fafa (she-elephant)
arg (barber) aréa (wife of barber)

49

51. Masculine Feminine

má (washerman) sift (washerwoman).
at (gardener) arfaa (female

gardener)
fsa (pandit) dfearzx (wife of

pandit)
‘zac (Sweeper) agar (sweepress)
wer (blacksmith) aierfer (wife of...)
tar (he-buffalo) sta (buffalo)
Wer (ram) wiz (sheep)
gx (son) gar (daughter)
faa (dear) frar (dear for female) .
fuera (teacher) füferst (teachress) |
arms (actor) aıfazı (actress) |
af (editor) arnfest (editress)
dar (writer) ‘fast (female writer) |
ars (reader) aıfsst (female reader)
srgx (priest) sut (wife of...)
gara (weaver) gara (female weaver
am (tiger) aıfem (tigress)
fag (lion) fai (lloness)

Some words undergo total change of form
with the change in gender :

ges (male) edt (female)

arq (father) at (mother)

50

52. Rat aaa
(husband's brother) (husband's sister)
daz (father-in-law) ara (mother-in-law)

arar (king) «mi (queen)

ara (son-in-law) az (daughter-in-law)
«té (brother) afet (sister)

fear (father) æiar (mother)

sf (husband) qe (wife)

az (bridegroom) war (bride)

The gender of the words denoting rela-
tionship depends on the gender of the
relation :

su arg aad afer
(cousin, son of (cousin, daughter of
father's brother) father’s sister)
air arg a afer
(cousin, son of cousin, daughter of
mother’s brother) mother's brother)
after are aaa ga
(blue sky) (bright sunshine)
tar watt aver art
(sweet syrup) (sweet medicine)
ag dr sa ett
(sour lemon) (sour curd)
WEST Aa ad az
(good boy) (good girl)

51

53. Fer wre ad afer

(my brother) (my sister)

Ser are ad que

(your work) (your book)

eu aa za weit

(green grass) (green vegetables)
Sa ett 3a qua

(cold water) (cold wine)

sası me saat afer

(his brother) (his sister)

Other words essentially feminine :—

ax (Cuckoo), má (fox), frazà (squirrel),
au (duck)

„FRE (application), s# (age), feara gar,
(book), itz (back), aaa (court), tr (crowd),
gaat (commotion), gaa (condition), amt
(danger), sta (death), ax (defeat), ata (eye),
fea (economy), ata (earth), six (enquiry),
feera (fate), asrárz (fate), ar (flood), sr
(intelligence), a4 (ice), sıza (habit), azz (help),
qa (hunger), aix (leg), gasa7 (love), art (move-
ment), qa (mistake), az (memory), weer
(necessity), saa (oath), aadt< (picture), arts
(praise), ax (root), #z (sleep), mz (seal),
a (tea), Ta (thing), sta (victory), wat
(waist), aa (wealth), wera (wine), ax (wave),
wis (buttermilk),

52,

54. æat (kindness), eat (forgiveness), gst
(wish), svat (prayer(, zıfa (loss), af (growth),
fagera (arch), geles difficulty), fraraz (adul-
tration), faarg (stiching), aragawat (need),
azıaaı (help), fazer (friendship), gfrat (world),
ae (burning), cara (thirst), amara (nonsense),
«es (road)

Masculine words :

aq (book), teat (road) sagt (cloth), Gar
amar (price), (sugarcane), sitet (lot), tara (urine),
‘aia (answer), gana (purgative), «a (opinion),
fax (picture), aa (fall), fa (song), sex (duty),
æatexa (health), fife (mountain), art (water),
ena (rice), qa (thread), frata (outlet).

Exercises

1. Change the gender of the following :
Sarga, ofa, qu, far, Far, rd ar,
arar, AE

2. Identify the gender of the following :
are, um, fea, aie, qa, fang, vint, asar,
ara, AE, Aa

3. Correct the following :

1. aed) wert 2. ser dat à. gar aa
aad wre x. grt ete 8 ma mar à
v. afan arate os. at art €. eat dare
te. agra ame te. sie irait à
mari vada a Mas

53

55. LESSON 8
Number
(am)

There are two numbers in Hindi—singular
(qs ax) and plural (aga). Here also there
are no absolute rules for change from one
number to the other, yet some broad guide-
lines are there for everyone to learn.

1. The masculine singular nouns ending
in ‘a’ sound do not change in plural. For
example uz, 3, FA

um ax (one house) xeo #7 (500 houses)
we Ye (one tree) Yoo 4 (500 trees)
we «a (one fruit) 2 wa (two fruits)

2. The masculine singular nouns ending
in ‘ change into 'Y in plural. For
example :

us dist (one horse) a ag (two horses)
us agar (one boy) à ag (two boys)
qe mar (one donkey) à ma (two donkeys)

3. The masculine singular nouns ending
in x[i] do not change in plural. For

56. example :

us aft (a poet) à wfa (two poets)

un af (a saint) à gf (two saints)

4. The masculine singular nouns ending
in € do not change in plural :
um met (one gardner) à art (two gardners)
es ar (one elephant) à grt (two elephants)

5. The masculine singular nouns ending
in 3, %, sounds do not change in plural. For
example :

am ye (one priest) à ge (two priests)

as aıq (one saint) à arg (two saints)

ur art (one potato) à mt (two potatoes)

ar wıq (one bear) à mq (two bears)

In above cases when the masculine
singular noun is oblique i.e. accompanied by
“Y the plural is formed by a change in the
end sound. For example:

(Singuler) (plural)
ma Sur
mr Sr
far fia
aft à frat à
aa aaa
aña gía
qu ges à
mya rt à

55

57. In the case of masculine singuiar nouns
ending in ‘st’ the change in the plural number
occurs as follows :

(Singular) (Plural)
eur me à à met à
RUE AH À à aget à
aar— ae ad à à mi à

Nouns ending in ‘a’ but showing relation-
ship do not undergo change in their plural
numbers. For example :

(Singular) (plural)
ara a art à (grandfathers)
rar à «rara à (uncles)
Tr À aaa
ES ut à
FEMININE

The feminine singular nouns ending in the
vowel sounds ‘a’ or ‘=’ do not change or
change taking ‘2’ sound in place of ' and Y
in the case of oblique plural forms. For
example :

(Singular) (plural)
at af à
am ae
aa à aay

arma (grandfather) ar à
56

58. (Singular) (Plural)

«sr à (king) rai +

ax (spaekar) aa à

caía à (eye) are à

aa # (night) ual à
ag ager amar & woh larka bhagta hai
That boy runs —singular
az #s% wii & woh larke bhagtei hain
Those boys, run —plural
un ater mi & ek aurat gati hai
One woman sings —S.
(vé) aed mt E kai aurtai gati hain
many women sing —P.

wat añ E nadi behti hai
The river flows —S.

afeat ag E nadian behti hain

The rivers flow —P,
# smrg main jata hun
I go —S,

ax ma % hum jate hain
we go —P.
q war à tu khata hai

you eat =S

57

59. ay añ a tum khate ho
you eat —P.

6. fifear edt à chirya urti hai
the sparrow flies —S.
fafeat szû E chiryan urti hain
the sparrows fly —P.

As you might have noticed from the
above examples, the verb undergoes changes
with the change in the number of subject.
# becomes ga, à changes into %, at changes
into Y or af, q changes into gu, The third
person ag does not change but the verb
changes e.g. ag amar @—ag m 1

Feminine singular nouns ending in st
[aa] are changed in their plural forms as
follows :
arar (mother) mima (mothers)
zat (medicine) zara (medicines)

Those ending in x [f] i sound:
fafa (tithi=a lunar day) fafwat (lunar days)
«fewer (malika=queen) fare’ (queens)

Those ending in t [$] ee sound:
irá (mori=hole) feat (holes)
añ (ghori=mare) feat (mares)

58

60. a (nadi=river)
añ (larki=girl)

afeat (rivers)
agfeat (girls)

Those ending in ‘=’ ‘u’ sound:

“y (vastu=thing)
«rg (dhatu=metal)

arar (things)
age (metals)

Those ending in ‘% ‘oo’ sound :

mz, (jharoo—broom)
ag (bahoo=
daughter-in-law)

asa" (brooms)
agg’ (daughters-in-

law)

Feminine singular nouns ending in ‘av’

sound change as follows :

afen (khatiya=cot)
fafear (bitiya=daughter)

afeat (cots)
fafeat (daughters)

We now give below a list of singular
words with their plural numbers in order to
acquaint the reader with more of the problem

of numbers :
Singular

fa (niti=policy)
mar (lata=creeper)
rat (mata =mother)
æar (katha=story)
wm» (bhaloo)
gt (kapra=cloth)

59

Plural
fat (policies)
aa
Arad
"ag
wait à
wor

61. Exercises
1. Give the plural form of the following :
arar, afan, ara, afa, fea,
aft, ag, a, ara, aa
2. Correct the following :

wal, ae, fe age, aia afan

60

62. LESSON 9
Case
(sis —Karak)

A word which determines the relation of

a noun or pronoun with the verb is called a
‘case’. There are eight cases in Hindi :

1. Nominative case wafers Asııma

(kartakarak) only in the

past tense
when the
verb is
*ransitive

2. Objective case ARTIE La

or
accusative case (karamkarak)

3. Instrumental case “ome a
(karankarak) (by, with)

4. Dative case RENATA I a
(sampradan (to)

karak)

5. Ablative case ATT SITE a
(appadan karak) (from)
6. Possessive case amara) ar, &, at
(sambandh (of)

karak)

63. 7. Locative case aftru er Y (in)
(adhikaran à or
karak) ax (on)
8. Vocative case adaware à, ae, AT
(sambodhan (Oh, O)
karak)
Examples
2 saliera (à)
fa ade | ate bread Singular
ent dd af We ate bread Plural
A QA ex You ate bread Ss.
am ad arg You ate bread Bo
gat à até He/She ate bread S.
welt à art They ate bread P.
à is used when the verb used is transitive
except in verbs like daar (speak) —# ar (I
spoke), yarı=# war (I forgot), awar—# asr (I
barked), ari=8 arar (I brought) and not # à
da FA yar, FA wm, FA aa
3. aer (FT): In this case generally
the English ‘to’ in Hind! become ‘ko’ (mt) eg.
(A) gut (hum ko), (B) gu at (mujh ko),
qu # (tum ko). But these Hindi post-

62

64. Positions are not acceptable to the correct
reader. Instead we say g# and not en at, gi
and not ya #1 and gr#, not qua

When the pronoun used is in first person
singular i.e. Y, we also do not say #=t but
gu

ae (qu) amd

mujhe (mujh ko) jana hai

| have to go Singular
ai (gra) am à

hamain (ham ko) jana hai
we have to go Plural
at (gam) wt à

tujhe (tujh ko) jana hai
you have to go Ss.
GE (gr ans MN) war e
tumehn (tum ko=aap ko) jana hai
you have to go In

sa or san war à

usse or us ko jana hai
he/she has to go 5)
we or san amar À

unhein or unko jana hai
they have to go —P.

63

65. 3 mue (A): with this case-ending, an
action is done—®’ means ‘by’. ‘with’,
‘through’ etc.

itz à am gaind se khelo

Play with the ball

a à aa} payar se chalo
walk on foot

yx à ara #à mujhse baat krao
talk to us S.

za 3 am a humse baat karo

take to us Pe
ga à gar g tujh se kehta hun
I say to you S.

qua (am à) mag

(tum se (aap se) kehta hun

I say to you pi

su à ara wd uss se baat karo

talk to him S,

sa à am *a uss se baat karo

talk to them E

at à am (Mam) dhire se challo

welk slowly (Adverbial sense)

4 daar mH (wm) (à fau) for: This case

indicates the person or thing for which a work

64

66. is done. xt means (to). Its case-ending signs
are & fax (kai liye), & at (ke vaste) i.e. for.

am at (5 fac) car wed à

Beemar ke liye dawa zaroori hai
medicine is essential for the sick
378) má afer

bache ko (ke vaste) gari chahiye
the child needs train.

ada À @ oy a à

garib ko (ke liye) roti do

give bread to (for) the poor

gat (gaa) ae fra a
mujhe—mujh ko—more liye—pustak lao
bring me a book Singular

ai (um) amt fae ges a

hamein (hamko) hamare liye pustak lao
bring us the book—plural

Ja Qu far— gar ara

tujhe (tujhko) tere liye pustak lao

bring you a book S.

Os Gawd) gue, ae faq gran asi
tumehn (tumko) tumhare aep ke liye
pustak lao

bring you a book RB,

65

67. a8 (sam) sae faq gem are

usse (usko) usske liye pustak lao
bring him/her a book Ss.

we (an) ar fae gers aa
unhen (unko) unke liye pustak lao
bring them a book lh

5 agai stze—a [from]: The oblative
case is indicative of separation from or cam-
parison with something. Its signs are from,
since, than):

tada

main tumse bara hun

l am older than you

% & oar rara

per se pata girta hai

A leaf falls from the tree
za giv da à gara

mujhe panch roz se bukhar hai
| have been in fever for five days
wa à ot rar à

chhatse pani girta hai
water falls from the roof

war waa à feat
dawa chamach se piyo
take medicine with a spoon

66

68. ar à waar aer À
admi se Bhagwan bara hai
God is greater than man

6 area mee (a, à, wi) of: The pos-
sessive case shows the possession of some-
thing. In the first person rt, ? À are used
in place of a & ati

ga fs ar ca dar à

iss per ka phal meetha hai
the frist of this tree is sweet
ea hae Ñ germ at

iss lekhak ki pustak achhi hai
this writer's book is good

va $ wag Ge a
uss ke kapre phat gaye
his clothes were torn

A singular masculine noun takes z1 while
a plural masculine noun take &. A feminine
noun, singular or plural, takes #. All depends
on the number and gender of the noun
following. For example :

za mat ar aa aa
iss kamre ka darwaza kholo
open the door of this room

67

69. za wat za ate
iss kamre ke darwaze kholo
open the doors of this room

sa gat at fast dt
iss kamre ki khirki kholo
open the window of this room

zu wat a fasfeat A
iss kamre ki khirkian kholo
open the windows of this room

Fu (qa el) ager wa gt nat
mera (mujhka) larka pass ho gaya
my son has got through Sing.Mas. noun
Ha Ga añ aa dt ag
mery (mujhki) larki pass ho gaye
my daughter has got through

Sing. Fem. noun
zu (que) eer ge À war
hamara (hamka) larka pass ho gaya
Our san has passed S.M. noun
Bart (ent) wee va gy ag
“hamare (hamke) larke pass ho gaye
our sons have passed P.M. noun
gard (gaat) aa na à nf
hamaree larkian pass ho gayein
our daughters have passed P.F. noun

68

70. da (qua) arm aa gi var

tera (tumka) larka pass ho gaya

your son has passed S.M. noun

aa (0) wget on A ag

teri (tumki) larki pass ho gayee

your daughter has passed S.F. noun

Gar ash ga À aq

tumhare larke pass ho gaye

your sons have passed P.M. noun

great (qu) asteat wa gt né

tumhari (tumki) larkiyan pass ho gayen

your daughters have passed P.F. noun

Gerd (ait respectful way of addres-
sing the third person)

saat añ wa a mé

usski larki pass ho gayee

his daughter has passed S.F. noun

EN EE ge gt war

usska (unka) larka pass ho gaya

his son has passed S.M. noun

wos age oa at at

unke larke pass ho gaye
their sons have passed P.M. noun

69

71. 3 asfeat ga gt ae
unki larkiyan pass ho gayein
their daughters have passed P.F. noun
We can say that ¡nm the possessive case
the suffix changes according to the gender
and number of the noun possessed.

æ, #t are used to express the value of

a thing:

aa way AER HIT

das rupai metre ka kapra

ten rupees a metre cloth

À wat a ae

do rupaye ki sabzi

two rupees worth vegetables

$, Y are used to indicate relationship
irrespective of the number and gender of
the noun possessed :

er à à are &
neela ke do bhai hain
Neela has two brothers
Rd À gra &
mere do hath hain

| have two hands

70

72. 7. festa sree: (à, ar) in, on :—This
case denotes the place or time at which
some action takes place. Its post-position or
case-ending signs are à, qu

wa at stat chhat par jaao
go on the roof
ax $ dat ghar mein baitho
sit in the house
fra wa 4x & kitab mez par hai
the book is on the table
va a À au à?
uss jeb main kiya hai
what is in that pocket?
ga &, ax (mujh main, par) Sing. Mas.
má, ax (ham main, par)
Plu. mas or fem.

a ga ä (a) (tum main, tujh main)

(par) S.M. or F.
am Y, ax (aap main, par) P.M. or F.
ga Y, qu (uss main, par) S.M. or F.
ga #, ax (un main, par) P.M. or F.

8. asa er: This is the case of
address and signifies the person addressed to.

71

73. Its signs are % mt wall, etc. These signs
are used before the nouns addressed :

¿fa ! gat fea at & ?

hey mitr ! itne din kahan rahe ?

Oh friend! where were you all
these days ?

a anata! ag sar gt nur ?

hey Bhagwan ! yeh keya ho giya ?

Oh God ! what is all this ?

at wg! a at a?

arei bhai ! kiyun larte ho

O brother ! why do you quarrel ?

aol ast! gait au war ?

aji chhoro ! iss main kya rakha hai ?

O, leave it ! what is there in it ?

am! au ma we?

Ram ! tum kab aaye ?

Ram ! when did you come ?

Exercises
1. Fill in the gaps:

Le IF — M1 rar Re UN Te
2, Ma——— ferar Y. ar gar

72

74. x. gta €. O
we. TEA RO MH
2 Ta — Mar À Lo. Tae fr le

22. dar.
er à.

AMÉ RRA TO arr
afer 1d. UF TE}

WW Faut ETE tg, ana fre

Ro. age———aga Wig à
Qs, ——anara | Areas?

Ans.
ei Va co x.
PP aia bao v. à «4
um .. Y 22% 22. MT
ad des aro. A ee À
20. at {= +
2. Correct the following :
t. ga à mar ae à ar
3. at arg ar act Y. Ur aT a
x, Farma
Ans.
2 #4 Har 2. agar dar

a. me NA ad Y. om à ga à
x. are aaa

73

75. LESSON 10
Pronouns
(adam Sarvnam)

A pronoun is a word which is placed in
place of a noun. Its. gender and number
depend on the noun it replaces. There are
11 pronouns in Hindi—# (I), q (you), sa
(yourself), ag (this), ag (that) #t (who or
which), 58 (anything), tt (who or which)
wat (what), mé (anyone, someone), & or
ag (he or that) 4

There are six kinds of pronouns :

1 Personal pronoun (gant ada): The
personal pronouns are # (1) singular, qu, ga
«tm (we, we people) plural, q (you) singular,
IR, ga, «a (you, you people) plural, ag (he)
singular, 3 (they) plural, ag (this) singular,
à (these) plural, à (he-respectful) singular,
à etm (they) plural.

Examples :
4 ana y
main jata hun=1 go Singular
m
hum jate hain=we go Plural
q m

(tu jata hai=you go Sr

76. ga or ga Ma wt à

tu or tum log jate ho--you go s.

am wat à

aap jate hain=you go S. respectfully

a at ma E

aap log jate hain - all of you go B

az war À

woh jata hai -he goes 5

a ma à

way jate hain--they go P.

ag aredt stat À

‘yeh admi jata hai--this man goes Sy

à wa &

yeh jate hain=these people go p;

à an wa à

way log jate hain=those people go P.

2 Relative pronoun (arqaras agate) : Its
signs are mi, #t. This pronoun denotes
relationship.
Exemples :

Su À va où gras à, at rats

uss ke pass jo pustak hai so meri hai

the book with him is mine

aa Oh Tearar fra & a AR ara Baar à

Ram jo tumhara mitr hai so mere saath

khelta hai
Ram who is your friend plays with me

75

77. 3 Reflexive pronoun (eadatat aaa): In
this category fall words like wta, «ad etc.
These are used in all the three persons.

Examples

an art (a7) à er war

tum aap-soyam-hi aa jana

You come yourself

# u (ei) à at nator

main aap-soyam-hi wahan jaonga
| will go there myself

ag ma (aq) À se arar ar

woh aap-soyam-hi wahan jata tha
He himself used to go there

4 Demonstrative pronoun (aaatat agam): |
This pronoun whose signs are ag, ag points
to any particular person or thing.

Examples :
ag tus à yeh mera makan hai
this is my house S:

Te sat ax & woh uska ghar hai
that is his her house S.

à à? as E [ye mere bache hain
these are my children P,

76

78. à sum gent &
way uski pustkein hain
those are her/his books GA
5 Interrogative pronoun (sanas ada) ı
This pronoun has ta, «at signs and denotes
questioning.
Examples
Wa arar ? (kaun aya—who came ?)
az an à ? (yehkiya hai=what is this?)
6 Definite and Indefinite pronouns (fear
aa aaa ada): In this category
fall signs like ag (singular) à (plural); ag
(singular) à (plural), ME, 38 etc. The first
two are used as Definite pronouns and the
latter two as Indefinite pronouns.

Examples
ag Wa gus à yeh meri pustak hai
this is my book —thing near
à #0 gas E ye meri pustkain hain
these are my books —things near
ag wet a ? woh kahan gaya
where has he gone ? —far off thing

à wei mé ? way kahan gaye 4
where have they gone ? —far off thing

77

79. mí is used in different ways. It can show
unknown object, express a sense of approxi-
mation etc.
Examples :
ai we avi à
yahan koi aaya hai
somebody has come here —unknown

# agi WE cH da dar
main wahan koi ek ghanta baitha
1 sat there for about an hour
—approximate
agi a aa TE oT apart à
yahan to sab koi ja sakta hai
there all people can go —collective
agi at ME ar awat à
yahan har koi aa sakta hai
here everyone can come —collective
gt aa AE 4 AE HE Hear quan &
we have to do some or the other work
always —optional
gs is sometimes used as a pronoun in
the following sense :
al go qué wt À
yahan kuchh pustkain pari theen
here some books were lying

78

80. ge gi wt at aa
kuchh hamein bhi to sikhao
teach us something

Exercises

Indicate the pronouns in the following :

PRG me Kw wD

to.
tr.
RR
LE
te.
tx,

an.

ag au 2?

aan or à

an at & à?

À ar à M dar à
eat À ai waa

az mt?

ag agi Fa um ?

ma mar 8?

wae H ME à

aq se ag ary at ara &
mat ere are der a à mg
ag san ma à

go a ge tar à agar
aig a a NT À

à am via à?

a 80 qe da

79

81. evaws®

11

15

personal
interrogative
reflexive
personal
indefinite
indefinite
indefinite
interrogative

80

oo+N

10
12
14
16

idefinite
relative
interrogative
interrogative
indefinite
demonstrative
indefinite
demonstrative

82. LESSON 11
Verb
(feat Kriya)

The verb is also an important part of
speech in Hindi because it changes in its
form in accordance with the gender of the
subject, the number and person of the

subject and in accordance with the tense

and mood.

Examples
ag arar à (woh jata hai=he geos)
a at & (Woh jati hai=she goes)
à wm & (way jate hain=they go)
# stat g (main jata hun=! go)
aa ma a (tum jate ho=you go)
ag arar ur (woh jata tha=he used to go)
ag sœur (woh jayega=he will go)

There are two kinds of verb :

Transitive and intrensitive :

The transitive verb shows an action
which is complete only with the help of an
object :

aq arar à (he eats, what ?) without know-

83. ign the object teh sense of the sentence is
incomplete. So we have to say
wg wet war & (he eats bread)

The intransitive verb shows an action
which is complete even without the need of
an object :

# dear & (I run), This sentence is in itself
complete and requires no object.

The following is the list of some useful
verbs :

To abuse amet dar
” accept ANT BRAT
” admire ards ETAT
” answer ware dar
” approve A BAT
” arrive qa
” ascend ag
” ask gear
” awake amar
” bathe Ag
” be ar
” be afraid zan
” beat dear

82

84. become
begin
believe
blame
borrow
break
bring
build
buy
carry
change
chat
choose
clean
climb
come
compare
conceal
consent
continue
cook
cough
cover
cry

cut
dance

83

85. To decide
deny
desire
* die

” dig
dine

” do

” doubt
dream
* drink
drive
eat
excuse
expect
” fall

” fear

” feed

» fight
” find

” finish
” follow
” forget
gain
give
go
grow
hang

84

FAA ar
ll
ea FU
ar
az

dá arar
rar
LS
eae Raat
dar

a arar, 93 zin
am

aa ar
a ART
Rat

zur
Fara
azar

za
SAS
fer eat
waar

ATX Sarat

Bar

ar

arm

zit Rat

86. hate
hear
hide
hire
hold
hope
imagine
inform
introduce
invite
jump
jeer
keep
know
laugh
learn
lend

lie down
live
light
like

lose
love

* make

marry
meet

85

gar au
mar

Barr
feat a7 Sar
gasar
aren Bear
ETAT HAT
war wur
fera dar
Fran dat
gar
AGIR LAT
mar
armar
gear
atest
SET ar
wear

eat

QT sear
Tae VAT
dar

az BAT
arar
si
faaar

87. To mix fam
” mount en
move fan

»
” obey anar AIAAT
” object argfer sar
” open daa

” order qua

” play aaar

” please aaa Fa
” pluck arar (FR)
” praise star WTA
” prepare dare A
” prevent Asa

” print Sıgat

” punish ae dat

” quarrel agar

” read gar

” reap TEAT

” receive Gama FAT
” regret Az FE STAT
” remember ae BAT

” repair ATA FAT
” rest ATUR BAT
” rise seat

” run Dar

” say SE

86

88. search
see
sell

* send

serve
sew
shut
sigh
sign
sing
sit
sleep
smell
sow
speak
spin
spit
stay
stedi
strike
study
swear
take
taste
teach
tear

87

agar

qm

amar

Wort

Raı aaar
faaré su
aq a
sí ata Bar
BENT BRAT
Ma arar
dar

am

qu

da da
daa
STAT, THT ETAT
qua

eT

M0 sar
FT ATA
Fa

Faq STAT
Far

sr Fat
Far Rar
Sa

89. To tell

” thank

” tie

” touch

” translate

” travel

” understand
wash
wake
” wait
want
” walk
wear
weep
” weigh
” work
worship.
write
* yawn
yell

88

aarar
yraaız BAT
aiaaı

gar

que rar
araı wear
aa

dar

amar
ear
meat

saat

gear

ar

daa

TA FAT

gar ear

fawat

art Fat, ang
Maar

90. LESSON 12
Tense

(ara)

There are three tenses in grammar—
present (adam wrH=vartman kaal); past
Gaeta -bhoot kaal) and future (fasıa eta =
bhavishayat kaal) The three tenses are
further divided into many types.

Me sculine 1st person singular

= arg (main khata hun=1 eat)
Present

# war ar (main khata tha=1 aet)
Past

4 asa (main khaonga=| will eat)
Future

Feminine Ist person singular
# art g (main khati hun=l eat) P.

§ art À (main khati thi=l ate)
Past

3 asf (main khaongi=! will eat) F.
Masculine 2nd verson singular
3 am & (tu khata hai=you eat, P.

7 ae a (tu khata tha=you ate)
Past

91. q am (tu khayega=you will eat) ES
Feminine 2nd person singular
q at à (tu khati hai=you eat) P.
a añ @ (tu khati hai=you ate)
Past
q mm (tu khayegi=you will eat) F.
Masculine 3rd person singular
ag wm 3 (woh khata hai=he eats)
P:

ag «rat at (woh khata tha=he ate)
Past

= am (woh khayega=he will eat) F.

Feminine 3rd person singular
ag ar à (woh khati hai=she eats)

Es

ag ar à (woh khati thi=she ate)
Past
ag amt (woh khayegi=she will eat) F.

Sub-divisions of Tenses
Present—Present Indefinite, present doubtful,
present continuous
Past —Past indefinite, present perfect, past
perfect, past imperfect continuous,
past doubtful, past conditional
Future—Future indefinite, future doubtful.

90

92. As we have said already the verb in Hindi
changes in accordance with the gender,
number and person of the nominative. We
shall deal with this most important aspect
in detail now :

Present Tense (data tt)
# wm arar g main khana khata hun

| eat bread first person mas. sing,
ga am ad f ham khana khate hain

we eat bread first per. mas. plu.
q em war a tu khana khata hai

you eat bread second per. mas. sing.
ana (qu) arar aná à aap (tum) khana khate ho
you eat bread second per. mas. plu.
ag am arar à woh khana khata hai
he eats food third per. mas. sing.
à wm am & way khana khate hain
they eat bread third per. mas. plu.

Change of gender

4 amı art g main khana khati huni
l eat bread first p. fem. sin.

ga at edt % ham khana khati han
we eat bread first p. fem. plu.

q srr at & tu khana khati hai
you eat bread second p. fem. sin.

91

93. 17 (qa) arar art à aap (tum) khana khati hain
yon eat bread second p. fem. plu.

ag em art à woh khana khati hain
she eats bread third p. fem. sin.

3 arar ar à way khana khti hain
they eat bread third p. fem. plu.
Changes of Tenses
Past Tense (4411)

aa aqu arar maine khana khaya
! ate bread

ant arar ar hamne khana khaya
we ate bread

qa amr arar tune khana khaya
yor ate bread

gui arar ara tumne khana khaya
you ate bread

sau arar ara Ussne knana khaya
he ate bread

ia arar ara unhun ne khana khaya
they ate bread
Future Tense (afasaa sa)

% am asm main khana khaunga
| shall eat bread

92

94. a wma ham khana khange

we shall eat bread

ga ar at tum khana khaoge

you will eat bread

aq am stam woh khana khayega

he will eat bread

à arm amy way khana khayenge

they will eat bread

We now give a few examples of verbs

in all the three tenses :

Present Past
see=tear èar
(dekhna) (dekha)
eat=art arr
(Khana) (khaya)
drink= tar frar
(peena) (piya)
sleep—#tar ar
(sona) (soya)
rose= eat ser
(utthna) (uttha)
talk=aiaar rar
(bolna) (bola)
write fra faar
(likhna) (likha)
bathe=agrt wart
(nahana) (nahaya)

93

Future
aaa
(dekhega)
ar
(khayega}
fam
(piyega)
aaa
(soyega)
sear
(utthega)
arent
(bolega)
Faènr
(likhega)
aa
(nahayege)

95. Present indefinite tense (aTarFa «GATA FT)
Hoag, E quad ga we zs,
azwmd, 38 ¿—all are examples of this
tense in masculine singular and plural
number and in all three persons. When
feminine gender is required the verb ‘sar’
is changed into “amaY ı
Present Continuous Tense
(rutas adan Ta)
$ wt wt g main ja raha hun
I am going
au at x £ ham ja rahe hain
we are going
a a <q & tu ja raha hai
you are going
a a & à tum ja rahe ho
you are going
ag at verá woh ja raha hai
he is going
à or x # way ja rahe hain
they are going
Doubtful Present Tense (afrarq AAA m) ı
afar gar main jata hoonga
I may be going Masculine

94

96. # at ga main jati hoongi
| may be going

zu ar ga ham jate hoonge
we may be going

ex wat gat ham jati hoongi
we may be going

q mar gia tu jata hoga
you may be going

a wet ait tu jati hogi
you may be going

ga wa gt tum jate hoge
you may be going

aa ad ght tum jati hogi
you may be going

ag oat gt woh jata hoga
he may be going

ag ur añ woh jati hogi
she may be going

à «à ¿ii way jate hoonge
they may be going

à qa git way jati hoongi
they may be going

95

Feminine

M.

97. Past Tense (ya ma) Bhoot kaal :
There are six kinds of past tense in Hindi
(1) Past Indefinite Tense (arma Ya)
(Samanya bhoot)
Past Indefinite tense in formed by adding
«-ué to the root of the verb.
Examples
Root verb—@a

# Ser main khela=| played
first person sin. mas.
qu aa ham khele=we played
first per. plu. mas.
añ main kheli=! played
first per. sin. feminine
zu at ham khelin=we played
first per. plu. feminine
q è tu khela=you played
second per. sin. mas.
qu es tum khele—you played
second per. plu. mas.
q % tu kheli=you played
2nd p. sin. fem.
qu à tum khelein=you played
2nd p. plu. fem.

96

98. a2 ar woh khela=he played

3rd p. sin. mas.
3% a woh khele=they played

3rd p. plu. mas.

aa ai woh kheli=she played
3rd p. sin. fem.

à à way khelen=they played
3rd p. plu. fem.

[II] Present perfect (arama ya) Aasanbhoot

This tense is formed by adding the
present tense of the verbs ‘to be’ (gtat) to
the Past Indefinite tense. For example :

# za g main gaya hun=! have gone

1st p. sin. mas.

# nf g main gayee hun=!I have gone

1st p. sin. fem.
qu ag & hum gaye hain=we have gone
1st p. plu. mas.
qu 1 & hum gayee hain=we have gone
1st p. plu. fem.

x &m % tu hansa hai=you have laughed

2nd p. sin. mas.

3 dd 3 tu hansi hai-=you have laughed

2nd p. sin. fem.

97

99. qu && @ tum hanse ho=you have laughed
2nd p. plu. mas.
du ¿fi à tum hansi ho=you have laughed
2nd p. plu. fem.

ag mat à woh gaya hai=ne has gone
3rd p. sing. mas.
à az # way gaye hain=they have gone
3rd p plu. mas.
az af à woh gayee hai=she has gone
3rd p. sin, fem.
3 nf E way gayee hain=they have gone
3rd p. plu. fem.

[II] Past Perfect (qi mete
poorn bhootkal)

When the past tense of the verbs ‘Etat
is added to the Past !ndefinite tense, it
becomes Past Perfect. Examples :

# war ar main gaya tha

I had gone 1st per. sin. mas.
# a À main gayee thi

I had gone ey COR
zu a à ham gaye thay

we had gone » plu. mas,
aa ai dí ham gayee theen

we had gone ” „ ten

98

100. q mar a tu gaya tha

you had gone 2na per. sin. mas.
q À tu gayee thi

you had gone a „ fem.
qu a à tum gaye thay

you had gone » plu. mas.
qu af df tum gayee thin

you had gone a » fem.
ag mar ar woh gaya tha

he had gone 3rd sin. mas.
ag at À woh gaye thi

she had gone En fem.
à ag à way gaye thay

they had gone n plu. mas.
à ut df way gaye theen

they had gone 5 fem.

[IV] Past doubtful
(afzıı gama) Sandigadh bootkal

This tense is formed by the addition of
the future tense of the verb ‘gtat’ to the Past
Indefinite tense in accordance witn the
number and gender of the nominative. For
example :

# aaı gat main khela hoonga

! might have played 1st per. sin. mas.

99

101. 4 a git main kheli hoongi

I might have played 1st per. sing.fem.

ga &à zit ham khele honge
we might have played
ea a gat ham kheli hoongi
we might have played

q Sar am tu khela hoga
you might have played 2nd
qu aa dt tum khele hoge
you might had played

q añ ami tu kheli hogi
you might have played

Aa añ ¿mi tum kheli hogi
you might have played

ag &ar ur woh khela hoga

he might have played 3rd
aaa ¿m way khele honge *
they might have played

ag ad q woh kheli hogi
she might have played

3 at gi way kheli hoongi
they might have played

100

plu. mas.

„ fem.

sin. mas.

plu. ,

sin. tem.

plu.

sing. mas.

Pl

sin. fem.

plu.